Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Mikhail G. Katz

Infinitesimals have seen ups and downs in their tumultuous history. In the 18th century, d'Alembert set the tone by describing infinitesimals as chimeras. Some adversaries of infinitesimals, including Moigno and Connes, picked up on the term. We highlight the work of Cauchy, Noël, Poisson and Riemann. We also chronicle reactions by Moigno, Lamarle and Cantor, and signal the start of a revival with Peano.

Kiwhan Song, Boyuan Chen, Max Simchowitz et al.

Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a key technique for improving conditional generation in diffusion models, enabling more accurate control while enhancing sample quality. It is natural to extend this technique to video diffusion, which generates video conditioned on a variable number of context frames, collectively referred to as history. However, we find two key challenges to guiding with variable-length history: architectures that only support fixed-size conditioning, and the empirical observation that CFG-style history dropout performs poorly. To address this, we propose the Diffusion Forcing Transformer (DFoT), a video diffusion architecture and theoretically grounded training objective that jointly enable conditioning on a flexible number of history frames. We then introduce History Guidance, a family of guidance methods uniquely enabled by DFoT. We show that its simplest form, vanilla history guidance, already significantly improves video generation quality and temporal consistency. A more advanced method, history guidance across time and frequency further enhances motion dynamics, enables compositional generalization to out-of-distribution history, and can stably roll out extremely long videos. Project website: https://boyuan.space/history-guidance

Andrew D M Green

This article offers a reassessment of late medieval resistance to the Valois monarchy, through examining south-western France in the mid-fifteenth century as a case study. Whereas modern scholarship has often foregrounded Valois success and treated Gascony as sliding inexorably into the maw of the French state, it is shown here that a deep-rooted revolt against King Charles VII occurred in the south-west in 1452–53, in conjunction with Gascon exiles and the English. Influential and durable networks under the leadership of regional nobles were fundamental throughout the movement, and these entities remained a potent force even after it was defeated. Overall, this is indicative of how backing for, and cooperation with, the English in France around the end of the Hundred Years’ War has traditionally been underestimated, and of how noble-led networks retained the ability to underpin and inspire resistance to the French monarchy.

T. Koçak, Göze Özlem Karaca Koçak

Understanding the interactions between the Ottoman Empire and the Silk Roads can advance our knowledge of how international trade evolved from the late Middle Ages to the modern era. During this period, the Ottomans held significant power and a geostrategic position along the Silk Roads. However, these interactions are often only superficially discussed in the literature. To address this historiographic gap, the current study examines the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Silk Roads from the 14th to the early 20th century. The integration of Bursa into the Silk Roads established the Ottomans as a major trading hub in Eurasia, fueling their early expansion and economic power. The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 further strengthened their control over land and maritime trade, igniting cultural exchange and indirectly prompting Europe's search for new sea routes. While Ottoman naval dominance maintained their influence in the Mediterranean in the 16th century, European powers eclipsed them in the 17th and 18th centuries. This repositioned the Ottomans as intermediaries, deepening their economic dependence. Despite reforms, industrial stagnation and dependence on agricultural exports weakened the empire in the 19th century. External dependence and conflicts then accelerated its collapse in the early 20th century. While Ottoman dominance of the Silk Roads initially consolidated their economic and political power, their dependence on this trade route weakened their influence as global trade gradually shifted to sea routes, making them vulnerable to European expansion.

Supriya Manna, Niladri Sett

Modern Education is not \textit{Modern} without AI. However, AI's complex nature makes understanding and fixing problems challenging. Research worldwide shows that a parent's income greatly influences a child's education. This led us to explore how AI, especially complex models, makes important decisions using Explainable AI tools. Our research uncovered many complexities linked to parental income and offered reasonable explanations for these decisions. However, we also found biases in AI that go against what we want from AI in education: clear transparency and equal access for everyone. These biases can impact families and children's schooling, highlighting the need for better AI solutions that offer fair opportunities to all. This chapter tries to shed light on the complex ways AI operates, especially concerning biases. These are the foundational steps towards better educational policies, which include using AI in ways that are more reliable, accountable, and beneficial for everyone involved.

Robert van Leeuwen

The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.

Md. Nurul Amin

Hagia Sophia, an iconic architectural wonder, has stood as a testament to the passage of time and the amalgamation of diverse cultural influences. The journey of Hagia Sophia begins in 537 AD when it was constructed in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) during the reign of Emperor Justinian I. As the grandest cathedral of the Byzantine Empire, it showcased remarkable architectural innovations. In 1453, the city fell to the Ottomans, marking a turning point for Hagia Sophia. Under the rule of Sultan Mehmed II, the cathedral was converted into a mosque, and several modifications were made. During the 20th century, Turkey underwent a period of significant political and social reforms under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. As part of his efforts to modernize the nation, Hagia Sophia was transformed into a secular museum in 1935. This transition aimed to embrace the structure’s historical and cultural significance while promoting Turkey's secular identity. However, in recent years, Hagia Sophia has faced controversy and debate over its status. In 2020, it was reverted to a mosque by a decree from the Turkish government, igniting international reactions and raising questions about the delicate balance between cultural heritage and religious symbolism. This historical analysis delves into the evolution of Hagia Sophia as a remarkable architectural marvel that has witnessed the rise and fall of empires and served as a potent symbol of religious and cultural harmony. This study employed qualitative method of historical research mainly based on the secondary sources. By examining its transformation from a Byzantine cathedral to an Ottoman mosque and eventually a museum, this study sheds light on the complex interplay of historical, political, and religious forces that have shaped the destiny of this extraordinary monument.

Joan-Pau Rubiés

Mark Cauchi

The aim of this article is to examine the role of Catholic political thought in relation to the history of European integration and show how the shift away from this communitarian tradition by mainstream social democratic and conservative parties can help explain the rise of populism. The idea of Europe as a unified entity has always been grounded in its Christian character, and this was the basis of the Christian Democratic pan-European project of the EU’s ‘founding fathers’ in the mid-twentieth century. The rise of both social and economic liberalism in the ensuing years led to a disconnect between the political establishment – who remain largely supportive of the project – and growing numbers of disaffected citizens. A refocusing of the political narrative in relation to European integration on the continent’s communitarian and Christian (and Social) Democratic traditions could halt the advance of populist-nationalism and Eurosceptic parties.

Sylvain André

Jacobo Lopez Felipe

El presente artículo plantea un recorrido sobre cómo se ha abordado e investigado el auge y consolidación de vox, la formación de extrema derecha que desde 2018 ha penetrado en las instituciones del Estado jugando un papel destacado en la agenda política de los distintos niveles de gobierno. En este sentido, se ponen de relieve las publicaciones más importantes tanto de académicos como de personajes públicos que se han aproximado a este fenómeno, con dispares niveles de rigurosidad, contribuyendo al conocimiento colectivo sobre las causas y la naturaleza del éxito relámpago de la formación de Santiago Abascal.

Leonid I. Gurvits

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry is a radio astronomy technique distinguished by a record-high angular resolution reaching single-digit microseconds of arc. The paper provides a brief account of the history of developments of this technique over the period 1960s-2020s.

Doreen Fraser, Maria Papageorgiou

The formulation of a measurement theory for relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) has recently been an active area of research. In contrast to the asymptotic measurement framework that was enshrined in QED, the new proposals aim to supply a measurement framework for measurements in local spacetime regions. This paper surveys episodes in the history of quantum theory that contemporary researchers have identified as precursors to their own work and discusses how they laid the groundwork for current approaches to local measurement theory for QFT.

A. Degg

K. Mallett, S. Guarín, R. Sierra

Dual mobility (DM) components are increasingly used to prevent and treat dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Intraprosthetic dissociation (IPD) is a known rare complication of these implants and has reportedly decreased with modern implants. The purpose of this paper is to report the diagnosis and treatment of modern DM IPD.1453 DM components were implanted between 2010 and 2021. 695 in primary and 758 in revision THA. 49 hips sustained a dislocation of the large head and 5 sustained an IPD at presentation. 6 additional IPD occurred at the time of reduction of large head. The average age was 64, 54% were female and the mean follow-up was three years. Of the 11 IPD, 8 had a history of instability, 5 had abductor insufficiency, 4 had prior lumbar fusion, and 3 were conversions from fracture.The overall IPD incidence was 0.76%. Ten of the 11 DM IPD were missed at initial presentation or at the time of reduction, and all were discharged with presumed reduction. The mean time from IPD to surgical treatment was 3 weeks. One patient died with an IPD at 5 months. A DM head was reimplanted in six, two underwent revision of the acetabular component with exchange of DM head, and four were revised to a constrained liner. The re-revision rate was 55% at a mean 1.8 years. None of the patients who underwent cup revision required subsequent re-revision while half of the constrained liners and exchange of DM heads required re-revision.The overall rate of DM dislocation or IPD is low. It is critical to identify an IPD on radiographs as it was almost universally missed at presentation or when it occurred iatrogenically. For patients presenting with IPD, the surgeon should consider acetabular revision and conversion to a constrained liner or a larger DM, with special attention to removing impinging structures that could increase the risk of re-dislocation.

Jorge Ramón Ros

Este artículo analiza, por un lado, cómo eran percibidas las relaciones entre l'Horta y la ciudad de Valencia por las autoridades municipales y la prensa a través de sus representaciones de los fematers (agricultores encargados de la recogida de desperdicios urbanos); y por otro, cómo la última generación de este oficio ha dado sentido a sus recorridos pasados entre el campo y la ciudad. De acuerdo a las fuentes interpretadas (documentación interna consistorial, literatura, prensa y entrevistas orales) son contrastados tres contextos distintos. En primer lugar, el de sus conflictos sociales con el incipiente gobierno blasquista a principios del siglo XX; en segundo lugar, una etapa de malestar agrario generalizado entre la I Guerra Mundial y el trienio bolchevique (1916-1921) y por último, en los albores del desarrollismo franquista en Valencia, etapa en la que desempeñaron su trabajo los fematers entrevistados.

Gustavo Rodrigues Rocha, Dean Rickles, Florian J. Boge

It will be presented in this chapter a historical account of the consistent histories interpretation of quantum mechanics based on primary and secondary literature. Firstly, the formalism of the consistent histories approach will be outlined. Secondly, the works by Robert Griffiths and Roland Omnès will be discussed. Griffiths' seminal 1984 paper, the first physicist to have proposed a consistent-histories interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by Omnès' 1990 paper, were instrumental to the consistent-histories model based on Boolean logic. Thirdly, Murray Gell-Mann and James Hartle's steps to their own version of consistent-histories approach, motivated by a cosmological perspective, will then be described and evaluated. Gell-Mann and Hartle understood that spontaneous decoherence could path the way to a concrete physical model to Griffiths' consistent histories. Moreover, the collective biography of these figures will be put in the context of the role played by the Santa Fe Institute, co-founded by Gell-Mann in 1984 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where Hartle is also a member of the external faculty.

Anthony Kaldellis

After the Roman Empire lost Egypt and Syria to the Arab conquests of the seventh century, it survived in the Balkans and Asia Minor until the fifteenth century in a form that modern historians call “Byzantium.” This state expanded gradually until the eleventh century, conquering Bulgaria, but then experienced the shock of sudden contractions, especially when it lost most of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks and when the Fourth Crusade captured its capital Constantinople and dismembered the empire. This chapter examines how the empire’s governing institutions adapted to these changing circumstances, the combination of Roman and Christian Orthodox ideology that sustained it, and the shifting balance of ethnic diversity within it. At all times, the majority of the population consisted of Greek-speaking Orthodox Romans: “empire” was thus more a relationship that obtained between the state and its conquered or absorbed minorities, which Byzantium was good at assimilating.

Beatriz Sánchez Hita

Book review

Leonardo Castellani

A formalism is proposed to describe entangled quantum histories, and their entanglement entropy. We define a history vector, living in a tensor space with basis elements corresponding to the allowed histories, i.e. histories with nonvanishing amplitudes. The amplitudes are the components of the history vector, and contain the dynamical information. Probabilities of measurement sequences, and resulting collapse, are given by generalized Born rules: they are all expressed by means of projections and scalar products involving the history vector. Entangled history states are introduced, and a history density matrix is defined in terms of ensembles of history vectors. The corresponding history entropies (and history entanglement entropies for composite systems) are explicitly computed in two examples taken from quantum computation circuits.