Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

Noam Kolt

The prospect of artificial superintelligence -- AI agents that can generally outperform humans in cognitive tasks and economically valuable activities -- will transform the legal order as we know it. Operating autonomously or under only limited human oversight, AI agents will assume a growing range of roles in the legal system. First, in making consequential decisions and taking real-world actions, AI agents will become de facto subjects of law. Second, to cooperate and compete with other actors (human or non-human), AI agents will harness conventional legal instruments and institutions such as contracts and courts, becoming consumers of law. Third, to the extent AI agents perform the functions of writing, interpreting, and administering law, they will become producers and enforcers of law. These developments, whenever they ultimately occur, will call into question fundamental assumptions in legal theory and doctrine, especially to the extent they ground the legitimacy of legal institutions in their human origins. Attempts to align AI agents with extant human law will also face new challenges as AI agents will not only be a primary target of law, but a core user of law and contributor to law. To contend with the advent of superintelligence, lawmakers -- new and old -- will need to be clear-eyed, recognizing both the opportunity to shape legal institutions as society braces for superintelligence and the reality that, in the longer run, this may be a joint human-AI endeavor.

Dalal Alrajeh, Vesna Nowack, Patrick Benjamin et al.

Investigating serious crimes is inherently complex and resource-constrained. Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) grapple with overwhelming volumes of offender and incident data, making effective suspect identification difficult. Although machine learning (ML)-enabled systems have been explored to support LEAs, several have failed in practice. This highlights the need to align system behavior with stakeholder goals early in development, motivating the use of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE). This paper reports our experience applying the GORE framework KAOS to designing an ML-enabled system for identifying suspects in online child sexual abuse. We describe how KAOS supported early requirements elaboration, including goal refinement, object modeling, agent assignment, and operationalization. A key finding is the central role of data elicitation: data requirements constrain refinement choices and candidate agents while influencing how goals are linked, operationalized, and satisfied. Conversely, goal elaboration and agent assignment shape data quality expectations and collection needs. Our experience highlights the iterative, bidirectional dependencies between goals, data, and ML performance. We contribute a reference model for integrating GORE with data-driven system development, and identify gaps in KAOS, particularly the need for explicit support for data elicitation and quality management. These insights inform future extensions of KAOS and, more broadly, the application of formal GORE methods to ML-enabled systems for high-stakes societal contexts.

Lukas Krupp, Ian O'Connor, Luca Benini et al.

The semiconductor industry is pivotal to Europe's economy, especially within the industrial and automotive sectors. However, Europe faces a significant shortfall in chip design capabilities, marked by a severe skilled labor shortage and lagging contributions in the design value chain segment. This paper explores the role of European universities and academic initiatives in enhancing chip design education and research to address these deficits. We provide a comprehensive overview of current European chip design initiatives, analyze major challenges in recruitment, productivity, technology access, and design enablement, and identify strategic opportunities to strengthen chip design capabilities within academic institutions. Our analysis leads to a series of recommendations that highlight the need for coordinated efforts and strategic investments to overcome these challenges.

Avinash Agarwal, Manisha J. Nene

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into telecommunications infrastructure introduces novel risks, such as algorithmic bias and unpredictable system behavior, that fall outside the scope of traditional cybersecurity and data protection frameworks. This paper introduces a precise definition and a detailed typology of telecommunications AI incidents, establishing them as a distinct category of risk that extends beyond conventional cybersecurity and data protection breaches. It argues for their recognition as a distinct regulatory concern. Using India as a case study for jurisdictions that lack a horizontal AI law, the paper analyzes the country's key digital regulations. The analysis reveals that India's existing legal instruments, including the Telecommunications Act, 2023, the CERT-In Rules, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, focus on cybersecurity and data breaches, creating a significant regulatory gap for AI-specific operational incidents, such as performance degradation and algorithmic bias. The paper also examines structural barriers to disclosure and the limitations of existing AI incident repositories. Based on these findings, the paper proposes targeted policy recommendations centered on integrating AI incident reporting into India's existing telecom governance. Key proposals include mandating reporting for high-risk AI failures, designating an existing government body as a nodal agency to manage incident data, and developing standardized reporting frameworks. These recommendations aim to enhance regulatory clarity and strengthen long-term resilience, offering a pragmatic and replicable blueprint for other nations seeking to govern AI risks within their existing sectoral frameworks.

Janneke Gerards, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Algorithmic decision-making and similar types of artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to improvements in all sectors of society, but can also have discriminatory effects. While current non-discrimination law offers people some protection, algorithmic decision-making presents the law with several challenges. For instance, algorithms can generate new categories of people based on seemingly innocuous characteristics, such as web browser preference or apartment number, or more complicated categories combining many data points. Such new types of differentiation could evade non-discrimination law, as browser type and house number are not protected characteristics, but such differentiation could still be unfair, for instance if it reinforces social inequality. This paper explores which system of non-discrimination law can best be applied to algorithmic decision-making, considering that algorithms can differentiate on the basis of characteristics that do not correlate with protected grounds of discrimination such as ethnicity or gender. The paper analyses the current loopholes in the protection offered by non-discrimination law and explores the best way for lawmakers to approach algorithmic differentiation. While we focus on Europe, the conceptual and theoretical focus of the paper can make it useful for scholars and policymakers from other regions too, as they encounter similar problems with algorithmic decision-making.

Simon Suh

The adoption of open science has quickly changed how artificial intelligence (AI) policy research is distributed globally. This study examines the regional trends in the citation of preprints, specifically focusing on the impact of two major disruptive events: the COVID-19 pandemic and the release of ChatGPT, on research dissemination patterns in the United States, Europe, and South Korea from 2015 to 2024. Using bibliometrics data from the Web of Science, this study tracks how global disruptive events influenced the adoption of preprints in AI policy research and how such shifts vary by region. By marking the timing of these disruptive events, the analysis reveals that while all regions experienced growth in preprint citations, the magnitude and trajectory of change varied significantly. The United States exhibited sharp, event-driven increases; Europe demonstrated institutional growth; and South Korea maintained consistent, linear growth in preprint adoption. These findings suggest that global disruptions may have accelerated preprint adoption, but the extent and trajectory are shaped by local research cultures, policy environments, and levels of open science maturity. This paper emphasizes the need for future AI governance strategies to consider regional variability in research dissemination and highlights opportunities for further longitudinal and comparative research to deepen our understanding of open-access adoption in AI policy development.

Julius Kirshner

Lo studio si concentra su un consilium del giurista perugino Onofrio Bartolini, intervenuto in una disputa tra la località di Castiglione e la città di Arezzo negli anni Settanta del Trecento. Al centro della questione vi è il caso di una donna di Castiglione, andata in sposa ad un cittadino di Arezzo, mantenendo però la proprietà di un immobile nella sua città d’origine. Castiglione sostiene che tale immobile sia soggetto alla sua tassazione e debba versare a Castiglione l’imposta diretta (libra), mentre Arezzo replica che, a seguito delle nozze, la donna ha perduto la cittadinanza castiglionese, divenendo aretina, con la conseguenza che le sue proprietà sono ora soggette alla libra del Comune di Arezzo. Bartolini, seguendo i principi formulati da Bartolo sulla cittadinanza della mulier alibi nupta, conclude che la giurisdizione in materia di imposizione fiscale rimanga a Castiglione, ove la donna conserva la propria cittadinanza.

Jan Beránek, Tereza Blažková

Conference report

Dikran M. Zenginkuzucu

Under international law, it is each State’s obligation and responsibility to recognize the most serious crimes committed against the international community, as well as criminalize and conduct effective investigations and prosecution of them. The establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court, whose well-known complementarity principle is one of its central tenets, has finally emerged as a pillar in the fight against the impunity of international crimes. The article derives from various implementations a test for determining the characteristics and functions of the correction function of international law, thus presents the argument that the Rome Statute’s complementary role provides a corrective function.

Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius, Nina Baranowska, Philipp Hacker et al.

This brief paper provides an introduction to non-discrimination law in Europe. It answers the questions: What are the key characteristics of non-discrimination law in Europe, and how do the different statutes relate to one another? Our main target group is computer scientists and users of artificial intelligence (AI) interested in an introduction to non-discrimination law in Europe. Notably, non-discrimination law in Europe differs significantly from non-discrimination law in other countries, such as the US. We aim to describe the law in such a way that non-lawyers and non-European lawyers can easily grasp its contents and challenges. The paper shows that the human right to non-discrimination, to some extent, protects individuals against private actors, such as companies. We introduce the EU-wide non-discrimination rules which are included in a number of EU directives, and also explain the difference between direct and indirect discrimination. Significantly, an organization can be fined for indirect discrimination even if the company, or its AI system, discriminated by accident. The last section broadens the horizon to include bias-relevant law and cases from the GDPR, the EU AI Act, and related statutes. Finally, we give reading tips for those inclined to learn more about non-discrimination law in Europe.

Robert Law, David Chandler, Phillip Voigt et al.

Glacier and ice-sheet motion is fundamental to glaciology. However, we still lack a consensus for the optimal way to relate basal velocity to basal traction for large-scale glacier and ice-sheet models (the 'sliding relationship'). Typically, a single tunable coefficient loosely connected to one or a limited number of physical processes is varied spatially to reconcile model output with observations. Yet, process-agnostic studies indicate that the suitability of a given sliding relationship depends on the setting. Here, we suggest that this arises from myriad overlapping setting- and scale-dependent sliding sub-processes, including complicated near-basal stress states not captured by large-scale models, reviewed here as comprising a basal 'sliding layer'. A corresponding 'bulk layer' then accounts for ice deformation only minimally influenced by bed properties. We provide a framework for incorporating arbitrarily many sub-processes within a given region -- separated into normal ('form drag') and tangential ('slip') resistance at the ice-bed interface, stressing that the maximum scale of cavitation is an important contributor to the division between the two. Under reasonable assumptions, our framework implies that sliding relationships should fall within a sum of regularised-Coulomb and power-law components, with a rough-smooth distinction proving more consequential in dictating sliding behaviour than a traditional hard-soft transition.

Sandra Žatková

The previous report from 2022 presented a newly started international anti-hate speech project with the participation of students from the Faculty of Law of the Comenius University in Bratislava. Despite the EU-funded project started in April 2022, in December of the same year, we were already able to present tangible results. At the end of 2023, the project can be described as fully established and set to reach its ambitious goals thanks to the synergy among students, volunteers and the client Forum for Human Rights (“FORUM”). This report is a follow-up to the first one and presents new interesting developments and challenges. It focuses on the role of students, aspiring young professionals, in protecting the human rights of Roma people.

Giuliano Pinto

Il breve scritto rende conto degli eventi che, a partire dalla riedizione del 1999 degli Statuti del Comune fiorentino del 1322-25, hanno condotto all’edizione, nel 2023.

Kristóf Mihály Heil

The codification attempts of Criminal Law in the time of the Enlightenment of the 1790 s and the liberalism of the 1830s and 1840s are the focal points of the study. In order to draft bills to reform the feudal state based on customary law and privileges without changing the basic public law framework, nine so-called national regular committees were set up by Article 67 of Act 1791. The committees completed their work and sent their drafts, known as operatives, to the king between 1792 and 1795. After all, the completed operatives were not put on the agenda of the Parliament due to changes in the domestic and foreign policy status quo. They could find a way out from the archives of the Chancellery only thanks to the committees set up by Article 8 of Act 1827. These committees were responsible for reviewing the „forgotten“ operatives, which were finally printed and sent to the counties for comments. The Hungarian liberal noble opposition was organised first as a movement and then as a party during these county debates (1831–1832) in order to replace the feudal system by manifesting the basic principles of the civil transition in the so-called laws of April.

Enes Zaimović

In an unexpected turn of events, Council Directive 2001/55/ EC and the status of temporary protection became an inevitable choice of the EU when dealing with the largest displacement of individuals since World War II. What was once believed to be a forgotten reminiscence of the past within the Common European Asylum System stands now at the heart of the EU’s response to the mass influx caused by the Russian aggression in Ukraine. And while arguably bringing a fresh change to EU asylum law, the current success of temporary protection is still only of a temporary nature given the Commission’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum and the proposed repeal of the Directive. The article aims to tackle the use of temporary protection at the EU level in 2022 and 2023 and explore the question of its relevance in EU law more than two decades after the adoption of the currently employed legal framework of temporary protection within the Common European Asylum System.

Fabio Pavanello, Cedric Marchand, Paul Jimenez et al.

In the contemporary security landscape, the incorporation of photonics has emerged as a transformative force, unlocking a spectrum of possibilities to enhance the resilience and effectiveness of security primitives. This integration represents more than a mere technological augmentation; it signifies a paradigm shift towards innovative approaches capable of delivering security primitives with key properties for low-power systems. This not only augments the robustness of security frameworks, but also paves the way for novel strategies that adapt to the evolving challenges of the digital age. This paper discusses the security layers and related services that will be developed, modeled, and evaluated within the Horizon Europe NEUROPULS project. These layers will exploit novel implementations for security primitives based on physical unclonable functions (PUFs) using integrated photonics technology. Their objective is to provide a series of services to support the secure operation of a neuromorphic photonic accelerator for edge computing applications.

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

C. Alvarez Garcia, A. Gomez Martín

Introduction Migratory flows are increasing more and more, especially regarding the refugee crisis during the last years. There are around 86,7 million migrants in Europe. Migrants share similar experiences that may affect their physical and mental health, such as loss of a social network, lack of economical support or high levels of stress and discrimination. Objectives To analyze the obstacles that migrants must face to obtain a mental health assistance and the importance of an intercultural approach. Methods A narrative review of the existing literature on the subject. Results Although there exists evidence that shows that migrants tend to have more health needs, they usually seek less medical advice and receive a poor-quality attention, fulfilling the inverse-care law. This is due to several reasons. Many migrants are excluded of the health care system due to bureaucratic impediments. Also, the language has a determining role, since a higher quality of communication could lead to a better understanding of the symptoms, reducing the risk of erroneous evaluations. Besides, different background and culture between the patient and the doctor can result in lack of communication, mistrust, mistreatment, poor adherence, and worse prognosis. Conclusions Despite the exponential growth of migration in the last decade and the continue progression, migrants still face many barriers to receive healthcare. It is necessary to do more research on the mental health of migrants and ethnic minorities to ensure quality care to different cultures. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Xiao-Jun Yang

In this article, we propose an anomalous chaotic system of the scaling-law ordinary differential equations involving the Mandelbrot scaling law. This chaotic behavior shows the "Wukong" effect. The comparison among the Lorenz and scaling-law attractors is discussed in detail. We also suggest the conjecture for the fixed point theory for the fractal SL attractor. The scaling-law chaos may be open a new door in the study of the chaos theory.