Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Fikret Soyal

Bu çalışma, İslâm düşünce geleneğinde önemli bir yere sahip olan reddiye literatürü çerçevesinde, Hıristiyanlık eleştirilerini “tahrif” ve “tebşîrat” kavramları üzerinden değerlendirmekte ve bu bağlamda Abdullah b. Abdullah et-Tercüman’ın (ö. 832/1429) katkılarını incelemektedir. Katolik bir rahipken İslâm’ı kabul eden ve Anselmo Turmeda adıyla bilinen Tercüman, Tuḥfetü’l-erîb fi’r-red ʿalâ ehli’ṣ-ṣalîb adlı eseriyle Hıristiyanlık eleştirisini hem bilgi hem yöntem açısından farklı bir düzleme taşımıştır. Reddiye geleneği, İslâm dünyasında Hıristiyanlık ve Yahudilik gibi dinlerin teolojik öğretilerine karşı geliştirilen eleştirileri içermektedir. Bu geleneğin temel kavramlarından biri olan “tahrif”, ilahî kitapların zamanla insanlar eliyle değiştirildiğini ve orijinal mesajdan saptığını ifade eder. “Tebşîrat” ise, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin önceki kutsal metinlerde müjdelendiği inancına dayanır. Tercüman’ın çalışması, bu iki kavram etrafında şekillenmiş olup hem teolojik hem de metinsel açıdan özgün katkılar sunar. Üç ana bölümden oluşan eserin üçüncü ve en geniş kapsamlı bölümü Hıristiyan inançlarının eleştirisine ayrılır. Bu bölümde, dört İncil arasındaki metinsel çelişkiler, Hıristiyan mezheplerinin görüş ayrılıkları ve Pavlus’un Hıristiyanlık üzerindeki etkisi gibi konular detaylandırılır. Tercüman, mevcut dört İncil’in yazarlarının Hz. İsa ile doğrudan bağlantılarının bulunmadığını ve metinlerin birbirinden farklı ifadeler içermesinin, kutsal kitapların tahrif edildiğine delil olduğunu öne sürer. Yazar, Hıristiyanların Hz. İsa’ya tanrılık vasfı atfetmelerini, İncil metinlerindeki bazı ifadelerle çürütmeye çalışır. Ona göre Hz. İsa’nın bir insan ve peygamber olduğu yönündeki deliller bizzat İncil’in içinde bulunmaktadır. Tercüman ayrıca, Pavlus’un Hıristiyanlık inancına getirdiği felsefi etkilerle dini özünden uzaklaştırdığını ve hakikatin üzerinin bu sayede örtüldüğünü belirtir. Bu noktada, Tercüman’ın kullandığı delillerin çoğunlukla Hıristiyan kutsal metinlerinden seçilmiş olması dikkat çeker; bu yaklaşım onu klasik reddiye yazarlarından ayıran önemli bir özelliktir. Tebşîrat kısmında ise Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin Tevrat, Zebur ve İncil’de yer aldığı iddialarına odaklanılır. Tercüman, özellikle “Paraklit” kavramının Hz. Muhammed’i ifade ettiğini, “Farân dağlarından doğdu.” gibi ifadelerin Mekke ve Hicaz bölgesine işaret ettiğini savunur. Bu yorumlarıyla Tercüman, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin önceki ilahî kitaplarda açık ya da örtük biçimde yer aldığını ifade eder. Özellikle Yeşaya ve Mika gibi metinlerdeki sembolik anlatımların İslâm peygamberiyle ilişkili olduğunu öne sürer. Tercüman’ın bu yorumları, kelâm geleneğindeki “beşâirü’n-nübüvve” anlayışıyla paralellik göstermekte ve nübüvvetin ispatı açısından önemli bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Tercüman yalnızca teolojik bir savunma yapmamakta; aynı zamanda metin merkezli tarihsel bir analiz ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak Tercüman’ın reddiye anlayışı, klasik İslâm reddiye geleneğine özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır. Naklî delillere dayanarak yaptığı eleştiriler, onu aklî delillere ağırlık veren önceki yazarların ötesine taşımakta, Hıristiyan metinlerinin iç tutarsızlıklarını vurgulayarak İslâm’ın tevhîd anlayışını savunmaktadır. Bu yönüyle Tuḥfetü’l-erîb sadece bir teolojik metin değil aynı zamanda tarihsel, metinsel ve polemiksel bir inceleme niteliğini haizdir. Klasik ve çağdaş kaynaklara dayanarak hazırlanan çalışmada, öncelikle reddiye geleneğinde tahrif ve tebşîrat konusu incelenmiş ardından Tercüman’ın konumu tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespitten sonra onun eserini hem içerik hem yöntem açısından analiz etmek amaç ve hedef olarak belirlenmiştir. Tercüman’ın yaklaşımı, hem İslâm-Hıristiyan ilişkileri bağlamında hem de teolojik tartışmaların dönüşümü açısından önemli bir kaynak olmaya devam etmektedir.

Dr. Hurriya Kamal Baz

The Role of Religions in Promoting Peace and Cultural Tolerance Religions are among the most prominent civilization and cultural components that have shaped the course of human history and contributed to building the values and principles that regulate social relations. Although religion is often portrayed in the media as a source of conflict, the essence of divine religions and various spiritual philosophies calls for peace, encourages tolerance, and establishes a culture of coexistence between people of different ethnicities and beliefs. This research addresses the role that religions play in promoting the values of peace and cultural tolerance in societies by examining their foundational texts, ethical teachings, and their impact on individual and collective behavior. Peace does not merely mean the absence of violence; It also encompasses the presence of justice, mutual respect, and constructive dialogue between cultures. Religions are one of the most important sources that nurture these concepts, as most of them converge in advocating for mercy, justice, and human dignity. Religious institutions, clerics, and followers of different faiths have played tangible roles in national reconciliation processes and in building bridges of dialogue between culturally and religiously diverse societies.

Jayshree Singh

The rise of vernacular languages and local dialects emerged the revival of classical myths in literature, there was in a way revival of Hindu Renaissance and Religious Reformation in the Mediaeval History of India. These languages materially aided in the development of national and human consciousness and self-realization. It indeed undermined the feudal order and universal religious intolerance and casteism in India. The vernacular languages established through their respective literatures’ fundamental truth, that there is a divine power and interference behind human force and the goal of individual and society is the social, religious, political unity and economic justice. Yet, there was gruesome picture of society in India where heretics were punished both by Hindus and Muslims respectively in their own communities, as it was treason to doubt the already prevalent teachings and principles of prescribed religions i.e., Hinduism and Islam.

Indra Jaya Rukmana, Bintang Roy Tambunan, Bina Impola Sitohang et al.

Comparative criminal law is an attempt to compare various legal systems, whether between nations, states or religions. The aim is to find differences and similarities between the systems, by providing research-based explanations of how the law functions and how juridical problems are solved in practice. In addition, non-legal factors that may have an influence will also be examined. A deeper understanding of this can only be gained through the study of legal history, so the science of comparative law requires the analysis of legal history. The benefits of comparative law include a better understanding of legal codification at national, regional and international levels. In addition, it helps in the harmonization of laws between international conventions and national laws. Comparative law is also important for determining general principles of law, especially for judges in international courts. These principles are essential for establishi ng general principles of law which are an important source of international law. The object of legal comparison in this research is the legal system or policy in countries that have more than one legal system, in this case, Indonesia, England and the Netherlands, which is carried out by comparing laws relating to the settlement of criminal cases outside the court

Ruhugül Özge Gemici, Duygu Okumuş Prini, Yusuf İhsan Yılmaz

Grave and cemetery culture is shaped according to the lifestyles, cultures and religious beliefs of societies and is remarkable because it represents life after death. Cemeteries represent the oldest structures in human history that carry and illuminate information about cultural identity such as religion, history, social, economic, customs and crafts to the present day. As a basic function, cemeteries are storage areas that allow dead bodies to mix with the soil without endangering public health. In addition, they are places of remembrance, visitation and symbolic meaning for the living. The main material of the research is the Musalla Cemetery, located in the Selçuklu district of Konya province, with an area of 191,875 m². Musalla Cemetery was used during the Seljuk, Principalities, Ottoman and Republican periods and is the largest cemetery in Konya that has survived to the present day. The purpose of this study is to examine the current situation of Konya Musalla Cemetery in terms of landscape design principles. In this context, firstly, cemetery structural and vegetative design principles were researched, and then Musalla Cemetery was examined and evaluated in line with the mentioned principles. As a result, it has been determined that the vegetative design principles are not fully fulfilled in the area that is generally found to be suitable for structural design principles. While the lack of parking in or near the area puts visitors in a difficult situation, insufficient lighting elements threaten human safety in the evening hours.

Mikhail G. Katz

Infinitesimals have seen ups and downs in their tumultuous history. In the 18th century, d'Alembert set the tone by describing infinitesimals as chimeras. Some adversaries of infinitesimals, including Moigno and Connes, picked up on the term. We highlight the work of Cauchy, Noël, Poisson and Riemann. We also chronicle reactions by Moigno, Lamarle and Cantor, and signal the start of a revival with Peano.

Kiwhan Song, Boyuan Chen, Max Simchowitz et al.

Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a key technique for improving conditional generation in diffusion models, enabling more accurate control while enhancing sample quality. It is natural to extend this technique to video diffusion, which generates video conditioned on a variable number of context frames, collectively referred to as history. However, we find two key challenges to guiding with variable-length history: architectures that only support fixed-size conditioning, and the empirical observation that CFG-style history dropout performs poorly. To address this, we propose the Diffusion Forcing Transformer (DFoT), a video diffusion architecture and theoretically grounded training objective that jointly enable conditioning on a flexible number of history frames. We then introduce History Guidance, a family of guidance methods uniquely enabled by DFoT. We show that its simplest form, vanilla history guidance, already significantly improves video generation quality and temporal consistency. A more advanced method, history guidance across time and frequency further enhances motion dynamics, enables compositional generalization to out-of-distribution history, and can stably roll out extremely long videos. Project website: https://boyuan.space/history-guidance

Catalin-Stefan Popa

The quest for peace among the Abrahamic religions is a complex and multifaceted endeavor. By nature, religions are intended to be forces of peace, and any deviation from this reflects a distortion of their essential purpose. This study, informed by historical literature, outlines several approaches to fostering interreligious harmony, articulated through four distinct models that emphasize tolerance. These models, exemplified through specific cases, include: (1) the avoidance of direct conflict by maintaining neutral or defensive postures; (2) engaging in constructive dialogue and fostering respectful, thoughtful consideration of other religious traditions, with an emphasis on shared values; (3) identifying direct links between religions through their common historical and ideological foundations; and (4) promoting a framework of collaboration and cooperation that transcends historical stereotypes, advocating instead for a culture of peace cultivated through education within religious communities.

Marina S. Starodubtseva

The study of the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the life of Russian society is an urgent task for Russian historical science. The solution of this problem requires a comprehensive objective study of the missionary activities of Orthodox monasteries in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The contradiction between the insufficient knowledge of the missionary activity of women’s monasteries and the need to study it in order to obtain a holistic view and an objective assessment of this activity has become a research problem. The purpose of the article is to analyze the participation of women’s monasteries in the missionary activities of the church among groups of the Russian population of different confessions in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the evolution of the establishment of nunneries is investigated; the main directions and forms of their work are characterized; factors that influenced the work of monasteries in the church mission are identified; the results of their missionary activities are analyzed. For the first time, summary statistics on women’s missionary monasteries are presented. The study was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach using the principles of objectivity and historicism, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author concludes to the conclusion that the activities of women’s monasteries contributed to the expansion of the church mission through the use of various forms of work with the population. Social and charitable activities were of great importance. The advantage of nunneries is the use of forms of work that are attractive to the population. This not only contributed to the solution of missionary tasks but also ensured the cultural and civilizational development of the population, influenced its religious and moral state. The results of the research can be used in the content of the academic disciplines “History of Russia”, “History of traditional religions of Russia”, in studies on the church mission, the history of Russian Orthodox female monasticism. The prospects of the research are to study the missionary activities of “non-native” nunneries, co-religionist nunneries, and women’s missionary communities.

Khaoula Saeed Al Arabi Hamidullah, Ali Ali Gobaili Saged, Azmil Zainal Abidin Abidin et al.

This research explores the relationship between Abrahamic religions and pagan beliefs in modern feminist thought. It is using descriptive-analytical methods to review the information and previous literature, and a survey method for a field study at Hassan II University in Morocco, the study details differing opinions on the relationship between feminist thought and Abrahamic religions. It also addresses criticisms of women's roles in these religions, such as Christian, Jewish, and Islamic feminism, and examines the aversion of feminists to religion. The research highlights the intersection between pagan feminist thought and the New Age movement, discussing the risks posed by this influence. Key findings indicate that religious feminist movements aim to eliminate male dominance, but these movements derive from Western philosophies that contradict Islamic views. The new feminist movement's principles align with ancient pagan beliefs, promoted by the New Age movement through the media. The study recommends protecting society, especially women, from suspicious pagan ideas and preventing the spread of feminist and New Age thoughts, to maintain adherence to Islamic teachings and preserve the identity of Islamic society.

V. Vlasov

The aim of the study is to identify the features of the development of Islam in the North Caucasus, establish the causes that contribute to extremist and separatist manifestations and determine measures to eliminate them. The article examines the genesis of Islam in the North Caucasus and the main reasons that contributed to this process. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the Russian state and Sufi Islam, traditional for the region. Aspects of the confrontation between Sufi Islam and radical Islam (Salafism) are touched upon. The reasons contributing to the spread of religious extremism are determined. Measures are proposed aimed at strengthening the all-Russian identity and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to disintegration on religious grounds. The methodological basis of the study was philosophical methods and principles of cognition. The work organically combines the method of comparative analysis in combination with the principles of objectivity, historicism, unity of historical and logical, dialectics of objective and subjective factors of history, general scientific research approaches (systemic, structural and functional). Among the general scientific methods used, one can note - analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that Islam penetrates the North Caucasus already in the 6th century. The process of Islamization is due to the cultural influence of the Arab Caliphate, the Seljuk Turks, the Golden Horde, the conquests of Timur, Iran, the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate. Islamization of the region was mainly completed in the 19th century, which was facilitated by the Caucasian War, during which Islam became the ideological basis of the struggle against the Russian Empire. Sunni Islam, the Shafi'i madhhab, was established in the North Caucasus in the form of Sufi brotherhoods. This religious movement has become part of the local tradition. The relationship between Islam and the Russian state, and then the USSR, was contradictory. Persecution alternated with periods of mutually beneficial cooperation. In the Russian Empire, Islam was recognized as a tolerant religion. In the USSR, like other religions, it was persecuted by the atheistic regime. With the abolition of the monopoly of communist ideology, a religious renaissance began. The religious factor was used to confront the federal center during the first Chechen war. Later, a process of gradual convergence of the interests of the federal government and representatives of Sufism began, due to the emergence of a common enemy - radical Islam (Salafism). The popularity of the Salafi ideology is due to economic problems, historical grievances, changes in the demographic and social structure of North Caucasian society. To eliminate the causes of religious extremism in the region, it is necessary to: improve its economic situation; delicately approach the coverage of historical issues; propose a modern secular national supra-religious modernization project; strengthen the all-Russian identity and increase the prestige of Russian citizenship.

Victor Umaru

Modern Africans, especially Hona people, have attitudes towards marriage that are more akin to those of the Europeans of the same generation than their parents or grandparents, especially regarding the start of a relationship. Although some antiquated practices, like polygamy and the bride price, are a reminder that contemporary Africans still make an effort to stay connected to their history despite how the world has changed. Despite this assertion, one can gradually see the sudden disappearance of the cultural marriage pattern among the Hona people. The discursive and analytical approach used in this research to close this existential gap typically refers to the use of language as a social practice and established methods of generating the meanings of phenomena, knowledge, and reality, as well as the networks connecting them. Through this method, the researcher examines how meanings are created in human contact about the biblical guidelines for marriage. Christianity (religion) in Africa is progressively starting to rule Hona and some parts of Africa; the argument made in this paper is that biblical standards for marriage must be accepted among all races on the continents. The study’s findings reveal that marriage is instituted and invented by God; attached is the manual on how it can be operated for the beneficiary’s benefit. This manual is the Bible, available in almost every Christian home. If strictly adhered to its teachings, there will be no incidences of malfunctioning. Christian homes and marriages are having issues because the Manufacturer’s prescription is not followed. Therefore, the study pitched its tent that if marital relationships work, there is a need to understand the concept of “Oneness” different from sameness. Finally, there is a need to understand how the mind is structured. For marriage to be sustained, the paper recommends that submissiveness and love are non-negotiable traits between couples.

Robert van Leeuwen

The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.

Huu Phuoc Hoang

This paper provides an overview of intertextuality in folk tales and applies it to study the influence of religious texts on Vietnamese legends. Specifically, from examining collections of folklore, medieval literature, religious myths, official and unofficial history in Vietnam, and then collecting stories about dragons and kings, this study demonstrates manifestations of Three Religious principles (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism) and the way these principles are harmoniously woven into these stories. This research also reveals texts from these religions were used in these stories to serve political purposes in the ideal form.

Animisme Magis Sosial-Keagaman E.B Agama, J. Taylor, Frazeer Tapanuli Tengah et al.

Modern society is a society that has a very well-established and rational mindset in doing something. However, in reality on the ground there are still practices of animism and magic in faith and healing in the Central Tapanuli Society. Initially in E. B. Taylor's theory, human beliefs originated from animism, in religions of a local or large nature undergoing a religious evolution with complexity in the practice of worship. In his theory, J.G. Frazer revealed that magic is a human attempt to control the forces of nature. The method in this research uses text literature on the beliefs of the people of North Sumatera and the oral study of the history of the community of Central Tapanuli. This research confirms that there are still practices of animism and magic in the life of Central Tapanuli coastal communities.

Leonid I. Gurvits

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry is a radio astronomy technique distinguished by a record-high angular resolution reaching single-digit microseconds of arc. The paper provides a brief account of the history of developments of this technique over the period 1960s-2020s.

Doreen Fraser, Maria Papageorgiou

The formulation of a measurement theory for relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) has recently been an active area of research. In contrast to the asymptotic measurement framework that was enshrined in QED, the new proposals aim to supply a measurement framework for measurements in local spacetime regions. This paper surveys episodes in the history of quantum theory that contemporary researchers have identified as precursors to their own work and discusses how they laid the groundwork for current approaches to local measurement theory for QFT.

Arif Muzayin Shofwan, Dessy Farantika, Rizanatus Solikah

Most Indonesian people who embrace Islam seem appropriate to instill the values ​​of multicultural Islamic education. In addition, the Indonesian people feel that it is appropriate to instill a multicultural Islamic education, because it has a diversity of religions, ethnicities, cultures, customs, and the like. This qualitative descriptive paper with a literature study will reveal techniques for inculcating multicultural values ​​in Islamic education in Indonesia. This research data analysis uses content analysis by sorting out data according to the research objectives. The findings in this paper are the inculcation of the values ​​of multicultural Islamic education can be done by considering the following points. First, the cultivation of the values ​​of multicultural Islamic education can be done by considering the principles and development of multicultural values ​​in Islamic religious education subjects, for example: Al-Quran subjects, Fiqh subjects, Moral subjects, and Islamic Cultural History subjects. . Second, the cultivation of the values ​​of multicultural Islamic education must prioritize the role and role model of education practitioners. Third, the cultivation of multicultural Islamic educational values ​​must be facilitated by educational institutions, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Nik Trontelj

The article presents the meaning of the principle of separation of Church and state in the European context. Christian teaching distinguishes between the secular and the spiritual sphere. In European society, such a division is accepted, but questions about the correct relationship between the Church and the state have been arising throughout history. The Church and the state seldom lived in a peaceful coexistence, and the state often interfered with the Church and vice versa. The correct understanding of the separation of Church and state means that spiritual leaders should not act as state leaders and that state leaders should not express their opinions on spiritual and moral matters. Church and state must work together for the welfare and progress of both the entire community and the individual.

Sirijit Sunanta, Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot

The interview with Mrs. Chongcharoen Sornkaew Grimsmann, a long-term member and former president of Thai Women Network in Europe (TWNE), was originally conducted in English over email by Sirijit Sunanta and Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot in July 2022. It was supplemented by an online interview (via WebEx) in Thai by Sirijit Sunanta in November 2022. Mrs. Grimsmann served as the President of TWNE from 2019 to 2022. TWNE is well-established and one of the most active organizations of Thai migrant women with individual and organizational members in 16 European countries, the US, and Thailand. TWNE seeks to collaborate with governmental and non-governmental organizations, both in Thailand and the destination countries, to improve the welfare of Thai migrant women. They organize annual general meetings to discuss topics relevant to Thai migrant women’s lives in destination countries and publish an annual newsletter Sarn Satree (สารสตรี) to circulate information. Mrs. Grimsmann has extensive experience of providing community service as a social volunteer and working with international organizations, particularly in the area of women and children’s welfare. She is now based in France and Thailand.