Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

Piotr J. Wróbel

General Lucjan Żeligowski’s dilemmas regarding his national identity reflect the difficult choices faced by millions of people living in the borderlands between Russia and various East-Central European nations over the past several centuries. Born and raised in a Polish-patriotic family in 1865 in the heart of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was controlled by Tsarist Russia, he joined the Russian Army out of poverty and became almost entirely Russified. Seeking a compromise between his Polish and Russian identities, he became interested in Slavophile ideology. By the end of World War I, his Polish identity had prevailed over his Lithuanian and Russian sentiments, and he contributed to the rebirth of Poland. However, he noticed a distinction between Poles from central Poland and himself, a “Polish” or “Slavic Lithuanian”. He was very critical of Warsaw’s policies towards the regions of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and endeavoured to preserve their separate character. In 1939, he escaped from Poland and joined the Polish émigré authorities. In the West, he returned to Pan-Slavic ideology, hoping it would help bridge the Polish-Soviet chasm. Also, his political views shifted. In interwar Poland, he became an agrarian, but he was moving to the left, dreaming of a “People’s Poland”. This allowed him to stay connected with the Soviets during World War II and later to decide on his return to communist-controlled Poland. He had never found peace of mind and paid a steep price for his numerous identity crises. He was not alone; millions traversed similar mental paths, impacting the entire history of Eastern and East Central Europe.

Zhengyu Li

Ivana Lučić Todosić

This paper explores the development of veterinary anthropology as a subfield of anthropology that focuses on issues of animal health and disease within human societies and cultures. Emerging in the late 1970s in the United States, initially through ethnoveterinary research and development, it was supported by programs such as the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program (SR-CRSP) and the Niger Range and Livestock Project (NRL). It arose from the need to integrate the perspectives and expertise of anthropologists and veterinarians in the study of local practices, technologies, resources, and belief systems related to the cultural and social contexts in which animal healthcare occurs within livestock production systems. The term veterinary anthropology was first proposed by Solod and Knight in the early 1980s and was further developed by Constance McCorkle, who introduced a holistic approach within the existing framework of ethnoveterinary research and development. This included the application of theory and practical knowledge to improve livestock health and productivity in developing countries. The emergence of new infectious diseases such as Ebola, SARS, H5N1, and BSE, along with the ensuing public health crises, stimulated renewed collaboration between anthropologists and veterinarians. This led to the formulation of a new research field initially labeled the anthropology of zoonoses (2015), which, by 2016, was reintegrated into the broader scope of veterinary anthropology through engagement with the concept of One Health, marking the formal rebirth of this subdiscipline. Beyond interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinarians and anthropologists, this subdiscipline examines the social implications of animal diseases and health perspectives through contemporary anthropological approaches, including structuralism, ontology in human-animal relations studies, and multispecies ethnography. Research perspectives have become increasingly globalized, with fieldwork conducted in disease outbreak centers such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Donbas. As the field expanded, veterinary anthropology has undergone repeated re-evaluation and reflection. Building on existing ethnographic studies of animal-borne diseases and fostering interdisciplinary dialogue, the concept of veterinary humanities was introduced in Vienna in 2020 as an expanded field of inquiry, bringing together scholars from animal studies, animal welfare, veterinary science, multispecies anthropology, medical anthropology, and the anthropology of ethics. The most recent framework positions veterinary anthropology as a philosophical reflection on human–animal relations, developed in collaboration with veterinarians while simultaneously interrogating their roles in those relationships. In less than half a century, veterinary anthropology has transformed from an applied discipline into a science field that challenges established norms and veterinary practices in search of new responses and innovative solutions that account for the well-being of both animals and humans.

Michal Uhrin

The cognitive and evolutionary approach to the research of religion in cultural and social anthropology has been systematically developing since the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century. At the end of the 1990s, cognitive and evolutionary theories of religion began to be applied in the research of religion by a narrow group of ethnologists, religionists, and anthropologists in Slovakia. This paper aims to provide a basic overview of the fundamental concepts of cognitive and evolutionary anthropology of religion. It focuses on selected scholars whose works and ideas are considered pivotal in the development of this field. The second objective is to outline how cognitive and evolutionary theories of religion have been reflected in ethnology and sociocultural anthropology in Slovakia.

Larisa E. Ilyina, Lidiya Vladimirovna Romasenko

The development of anthropology and ethnology in Europe of the late 18th century was facilitated by accumulation of practical material which provided grounds to study the human and human communities at various angles. Studies of folk art (folklore) remain relevant at present; globalization, the development of technology, mass media and communications have become factors to promote modern folklore. The works of folk art and modern folklore reflect the mentality, culture and traditions of the people, the development of language and literature, changes in social structures and values of society. The scientific basis for the study of folk art is anthropology and ethnology. The purpose of this article is to draw attention of researchers to the works of French scientists and show the range of anthropological studies concerning socio-cultural context of emergence and existence of folklore. The article presents the stages anthropology development with examples from the works of French scientists, many of which are little known in Russia. Finally, it is concluded that anthropological and ethnological approaches make it possible to study folklore and its role in the dynamics of culture and history.

Luz Niyereth Vásquez Acevedo, Dora Inés Arroyave Giraldo

La pandemia ocasionada por el Covid-19 representó para la escuela cambios importantes en la forma de plantear y conducir su propuesta pedagógica, lo cual hizo necesaria la reflexión sobre los aprendizajes para la vida y la construcción de nuevas ciudadanías. La metodología es resultado de un análisis, interpretación y síntesis documental de textos producidos durante la pandemia y que aportan a la comprensión de los retos que se generan en la postpandemia. Se plantea la escuela como escenario que trasciende la transmisión del conocimiento hacia una ciudadanía que aprende para la vida, en el contexto.  Se resalta la importancia de reconocer los procesos sociales gestados alrededor de la escuela como una oportunidad para fortalecer las relaciones con la comunidad y desde allí, configurar una propuesta educativa que mejore las condiciones del contexto en el que realiza su acción pedagógica.   Finalmente, se enfatiza en la importancia del acto educativo en el emprendimiento de una transformación ciudadana orientada en los principios de equidad y justicia social, como aporte a la construcción de ciudadanías críticas, democráticas y participativas, corresponsables con las comunidades y abiertos a la alteridad.

Emily Ruth Allen, Isabel Machado

This article investigates the contradictions that characterize Mobile, Alabama’s Joe Cain Day celebration. We look at the official narratives that established Mobile’s Mardi Gras origin myths and the event’s tradition invention in 1967 with a People’s Parade centered around Cain’s redface character, Chief Slacabamorinico. Then we discuss the complicated and ever-evolving symbolism surrounding the character by discussing more recent iterations of this public performance. In its inception, the Joe Cain celebration was a clear example of Lost Cause nostalgia, yet it has been adopted, adapted, and embraced by historically marginalized people who use it as a way to claim their space in the festivities. Employing both historical and ethnographic research, we show that carnival can simultaneously be a space for defiance and reaffirmation of social hierarchies and exclusionary discourses. We discuss here some of the concrete material elements that lend this public performance its white supremacist subtext, but we also want to complicate the definition of “materiality” by claiming a procession as a Confederate monument/memorial.

Jianyue Chen

Abstract The founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) established and consolidated a new type of socialist ethnic relations, and the people of all ethnic groups in China have embarked on a socialist road since then. This “had never occurred in thousands of years” in the history of China’s ethnic relations and was based on the correct path for solving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics pioneered by the Communist Party of China (CPC), the institutional core of which is the system of regional ethnic autonomy. So to speak, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, as a fundamental political system of the country, is the reconstruction of the important content and system of ethnic relations and the reconstruction of the governance system of a unified multi-ethnic country. Around the year of 1949, the Chinese communists planned the system of regional ethnic autonomy in a systematical and comprehensive manner, and established a basic discourse guiding the ethnic work, ethnic policies and ethnic studies in the PRC. On the basis of historical literature, this paper arranges and sorts out the ethic policies and thinking context at the early stage of the governance by the CPC.

Budimansyah Budimansyah, Nina Herlina Lubis, Miftahul Falah

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguak tata ruang Galuh Pakwan sebagai ibukota terakhir Kerajaan Galuh, sejauhmana pola ruang kota tersebut berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai kelokalan sebagaimana tergambar dalam historiografi tradisional. Dalam penelitian ini metode sejarah akan dipergunakan sebagai fitur utama agar menghasilkan suatu hasil kajian yang komprehensif, dan menggunakan teori tata kota, serta metode deskriptif-kualitatif. Minimnya sumber terkait sejarah Galuh Pakwan, wawancara secara mendalam kepada para narasumber diharapkan bisa menjadi suatu bahan analisis historis. Berdasarkan fakta di lapangan, Galuh Pakwan sebagai ibukota kerajaan berawal dari sebuah kabuyutan. Pada masa pemerintahan Niskalawastu Kancana, kabuyutan tersebut dijadikan pusat politik dengan tetap menjalankan fungsi kabuyutannya. Seiring waktu, Galuh Pakwan menjelma menjadi sebuah kota yang tata ruangnya menunjukkan representasi dan implementasi konsep kosmologi Sunda. Galuh Pakwan terbentuk oleh pola radial-konsentris menerus, sebagai gambaran kosmologi Sunda sebagaimana terungkap dalam naskah-naksah Sunda kuna. The research is not only aimed at uncovering the spatial layout of Galuh Pakwan as the last capital of Galuh Kingdom, but also at exploring how well the relationship between the urban spatial patterns and the local values as depicted in the traditional historiography. Beside having the historical methods as the main feature to produce a comprehensive study result, the study also uses the urban planning theory, as well as the descriptive qualitative methods. The historical sources related to the history of the Galuh Pakuan are very limited. As a result, the in-depth interviews with the resource persons are expected to be appropriate as the observation material for historical analysis. Based on the facts found in the field, the Galuh Pakwan as the capital of the kingdom originated from a Kabuyutan. During the reign of Niskalawastu Kancana, Kabuyutan served as a political center while maintaining its original function as Kabuyutan. As the time passed, the Galuh Pakwan was transformed into a city whose spatial layout represented and implemented the Sundanese cosmological concept. The Galuh Pakwan was formed by a continuous radial-concentric pattern, as a description of Sundanese cosmology in the ancient Sundanese manuscript.

Igor Rolemberg

Eija Stark, Kati Mikkola, Pia Olsson

The article analyzes the logic behind the archival policies concerning language and ethnic minorities in Finland, drawing examples from three minority groups: the Sámi, the Finnish Roma (the Kaale), and the Finland-Swedes. We base our discussion on the documented descriptions, manuscripts, questionnaires, and fieldwork activities dealing with language and ethnic minority groups archived by the Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, SKS) and the Society of Swedish Literature in Finland (Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, SLS) from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the early twenty-first century. Viewed from a historical perspective, the establishment of archives in Finland was inextricably connected to the societal power enjoyed by certain ethnic and language groups seeking to preserve their heritage.

Karolina Bielenin-Lenczowska

Vandimar Marques Damas

Este texto é resultado de uma etnografia realizada sobre os artefatos do povo indígena Tapirapé. Para esse povo, os artefatos e a pintura corporal são saberes xamânicos o xamã é o responsável por trazer esses saberes dos espíritos para eles. Além de ornamentar e embelezar o corpo, os artefatos podem proteger dos espíritos, provocar doenças e a morte. Alguns artefatos são considerados encantados e devem ser destruídos após o ritual, e não podem ser conservados e expostos em museus. Reflito sobre como os artefatos transitam entre significados e espaços, os rituais, no cotidiano da aldeia, museus, mercado, modos de confecção e intercâmbio com outros povos.  Abstract This text is the result of an ethnography carried out on the artifacts of the Tapirapé indigenous people. For this people, artifacts and body painting are shamanic knowledge. The shaman is responsible for bringing these knowledge of the spirits to them. In addition to decorating and embellishing the body, artifacts can protect from spirits, cause disease and death. Some artifacts are considered enchanted and must be destroyed after the ritual, and be preserved and exhibited in museums. Resumen Este texto es resultado de una etnografía realizada sobre los artefactos del pueblo indígena Tapirapé. Para ese pueblo, los artefactos y la pintura corporal son saberes chamánicos; el chamán es el responsable por llevar a ellos esos saberes de los espíritus. Además de adornar y embellecer el cuerpo, los artefactos pueden proteger de los espíritus, provocar enfermedades y la muerte. Algunos artefactos son considerados encantados y deben ser destruidos después del ritual, y no pueden ser conservados y expuestos en museos. Reflexiono sobre como los artefactos transitan entre significados y espacios, los rituales, en el cotidiano de la aldea, museos, mercado, modos de confección e intercambio con otros pueblos.

Tim Gustafson

Artist's Statement for the cover art of IJPS volume 5, issue 2: Watershed, 2018. Music video.

Irena Sawicka

Robert Elsie – obituary (*29 June 1950 – †2 October 2017) This obituary outlines the professional career and work of Robert Elsie, an outstanding specialist in Albanian studies.   Robert Elsie – wspomnienie pośmiertne (*29 czerwca 1950 – †2 października 2017) Tekst wspomnienia przedstawia drogę naukową i dorobek wybitnego albanologa Roberta Elsiego.

M. Soukup, J. Bláha

This study uses participatory research in spatial anthropology. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the possibilities in using maps in ethnology and anthropology, and to introduce the potential of the interdisciplinary cooperation of cartographers and geographers with ethnologists and anthropologists. In addition, the authors try to demonstrate the influence of maps and visual information on the life of a local community and local education using examples. In their study, the authors show the results of the field research which they carried out together on the Nungon community in Papua New Guinea. The authors show that sharing the results of the research with the participants may generate other research questions and bring new research topics in spatial anthropology.

Leandro Seawright Alonso

Neste artigo, demonstrei a relação entre a Memória, a História Oral e o Patrimônio Imaterial Afro-brasileiro. Apontei para os aspectos teóricos e para a práxis de uma História Oral capaz de oferecer algumas bases para a salvaguarda do Patrimônio Imaterial. Para tanto, propus um diálogo dinâmico com diferentes conceitos de Memória, sobretudo conforme compreendida por Joël Candau e Maurice Halbwachs. Apresentei diferentes conceitos em diálogo com autores especialistas em Patrimônio Imaterial, como: Maria Amélia Jundurian Corá, Chiara Bortolotto e Ulpiano Toledo Bezerra de Menses. Além disso, identifiquei procedimentos construídos por José Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy, Suzana Lopes Salgado Ribeiro e Fabíola Holanda no âmbito do Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral – NEHO/USP. Palavras-chave: Memória, História Oral, Patrimônio Imaterial, Teoria.

Kamil Kijek

For whom and about what? The Polin Museum, Jewish historiography and Jews as a “Polish cause” The article presents main threads of the ongoing debate around the permanent exhibition of the Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. Analyzing differences between two fields of research, Jewish studies and studies on Polish-Jewish relations, the article makes the case that many of the critical voices in this debate stem from a lack of understanding of the differences between these two fields of research; these in their turn arise from the current state of affairs in Poland, and the pressure of nationalism and ethnocentrism, exerted also on Polish historical debates. If the telling of the 1,000 years of the history of Jewish life in Poland were to concentrate on the attitudes of the majority population towards Jews, as the critics seem to suggest, should be the case, the Museum’s narrative would run the risk of falling into a teleological fallacy, whereby all previous events and processes are interpreted as mechanically leading to the Holocaust, and of omitting all of these elements of Jewish history which are not relevant from the perspective of the Holocaust and of antisemitism studies. Making anti-Jewish hatred or the attitudes of the general majority towards Jews into the central axis of Jewish history could deprive Jews of their own historical subjectivity. At the same time, the article points out where and how the narrative of the Polin Museum indeed insufficiently includes the subject of antisemitism as an important factor of Jewish experience and of Jewish history in Poland. Renewing the dialogue between representatives of Jewish studies and Polish-Jewish relations studies is crucial from the standpoint of the current situation in Poland, in which the Polin Museum can be used by various actors in their attempts to build highly biased, politicized and uncritical versions of the history of Poland generally and of Polish attitudes towards the Jews specifically. This kind of understanding between the fields of Jewish studies and Polish-Jewish relations studies and their representatives’ common struggle against such attempts require an understanding of the autonomy of and differences between these two fields of research.   Dla kogo i o czym? Muzeum Polin, historiografia Żydów a Żydzi jako „sprawa polska” Artykuł ten przedstawia najważniejsze wątki krytycznej debaty wokół treści wystawy stałej Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Polin. Analizując różnice między dwoma polami badawczymi – studiami żydowskimi i studiami nad relacjami polsko-żydowskimi – autor broni tezy, że wiele krytycznych głosów w debacie wynika z niezrozumienia różnic między przedmiotem badań tych dwóch pól, po części wynikającego z obecnej sytuacji – panującego nacjonalizmu i etnocentryzmu, wywierających wpływ również na polskie debaty historyczne. Domaganie się od wystawy opowiadającej tysiącletnią historię Żydów na ziemiach polskich, aby koncentrowała się głównie na stosunku społeczeństwa większościowego do Żydów, grozi popełnieniem błędu teleologii, to jest interpretowaniem wcześniejszych wydarzeń i procesów jako nieuchronnie prowadzących do Zagłady, a także pomijaniem wszystkich tych elementów dziejów żydowskich, które z perspektywy Holokaustu i badań nad antysemityzmem nie mają znaczenia. Tego rodzaju postulaty i stojące za nimi metahistoryczne założenia grożą pozbawieniem Żydów roli podmiotów w ich własnej historii. Z drugiej strony autor tekstu wskazuje na elementy narracji wystawy stałej Muzeum Polin, w których rzeczywiście w niedostateczny sposób uwzględniona została problematyka antysemityzmu jako ważnego elementu żydowskiego doświadczenia i kluczowego czynnika dziejów Żydów w Polsce. Przywrócenie rzeczywistego dialogu i komunikacji pomiędzy przedstawicielami studiów żydowskich i badaczami relacji polsko-żydowskich, przy zachowaniu autonomii tych dwóch pól i zrozumieniu różnic pomiędzy nimi, jest też istotne z punktu widzenia niewątpliwych zagrożeń w postaci prób wykorzystania Muzeum Polin w budowie upolitycznionych, bezkrytycznych wizji historii Polski i stosunku Polaków do Żydów.

Roxana Boixadós

Federico Álvarez Gandolfi

Resumen: Este artículo se propone presentar un acercamiento a los debates sobre la aplicación de técnicas propias del método etnográfico al estudio de comunidades que conforman y/o refuerzan lazos sociales en el ciberespacio. La necesidad de esta aproximación se debe a que, en Argentina, puede advertirse una escasa y dispersa producción académica respecto de las ciberculturas, aun dentro del contexto contemporáneo de creciente digitalización y convergencia donde las interacciones cotidianas vía Internet tienden a constituirse como una de las dimensiones centrales de la vida sociocultural. En consecuencia, aquí se propone una posible recopilación bibliográfica alrededor de las discusiones conceptuales y las reflexiones metodológicas que, tanto en la academia anglosajona como en la de habla hispana, se han dado desde la antropología, la sociología y la comunicación sobre lo que implica la «etnografía virtual» (Hine, 2004). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The aim of this work is to present an approach to the discussions on the implementation of the ethnographic method to the study of community bonds in cyberspace. The need for such an approach is due to the fact that, in Argentina, it can be seen a sparse and scattered academic production regarding cybercultures, yet in the contemporary context of increasing digitization and convergence where everyday interactions via the Internet are established as one of the central dimensions of sociocultural life. Therefore, here is proposed a possible bibliography around the conceptual discussions and methodological reflections that, both in the Anglo and Hispanic academy, have been taking  place from anthropology, sociology, and communication, about what “virtual ethnography” (Hine, 2004) implies.