Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

Lynn Adam, Machteld Vandecandelaere

BackgroundHow individuals conceive knowledge and knowing plays a crucial role in psychology education. While often examined at the domain level, the Theory of Integrated Domains in Epistemology (TIDE) suggests that epistemic beliefs may also vary at the level of specific topics.MethodsWe investigated whether epistemic beliefs of psychology students differ depending on the topic under consideration and tested the hypothesis that beliefs would cluster by subdisciplinary proximity (i.e., clinical vs. cognitive topics). Using the Epistemic Thinking Assessment (ETA), we implemented three scenarios addressing depression, schizophrenia, and language acquisition. A counterbalanced repeated-measures design was used with 480 first-year psychology students. Multilevel modeling was applied to distinguish topic effects from sequence effects.ResultsResults indicated significant variation in epistemic beliefs across topics, leading to the rejection of the subdisciplinary hypothesis. Students scored significantly higher on absolutism and lower on evaluativism when reasoning about schizophrenia compared to depression and language acquisition. Thus, the two clinical topics did not elicit similar profiles.ConclusionFindings confirm that epistemic beliefs are topic-specific within psychology and are driven by topic characteristics (e.g., perceived biological certainty) rather than disciplinary labels. These results highlight the need for granular, topic-specific approaches in epistemological assessments and critical thinking instruction.

T. Kubalica

The article discusses Leon Chwistek's analysis of Nelson's argumentation in light of the theory of the multiplicity of realities and the theory of orders (types). Drawing on these frameworks, Chwistek engages with Nelson's proof of the impossibility of the theory of knowledge (epistemology) grounded in the criterion of truth and argues that the solution to the paradox lies in distinguishing between particular orders (types) of cognition. In conclusion, it should be noted that Chwistek's counterargument does not eliminate regress into infinity but instead assumes that it is inherent in the process of knowledge, since knowledge itself is an infinite process.

Evelina Johansson Wilén

This article contributes to the growing corpus of knowledge concerning the incel movement by scrutinizing how claims of marginalization are mobilized in online incel communities to present incels as privileged subjects of knowledge. The study elucidates how incel marginalization is wielded as a legitimizing experience, conferring epistemic privilege upon self-identifying incels by distinguishing between an ‘us’ of marginalized and enlightened incels, and a ‘them’ consisting of duped and privileged ‘others’. It also examines the role of partaking in incel discussions and incel ideology to achieve an incel standpoint, where lived experience is transformed into counter-hegemonic knowledge. Inspired by social movement theory, the article points to similarities between the incel movement’s political mobilization of marginalized experience and feminist standpoint theory and feminist practices in consciousness-raising groups. It argues that this affinity can be understood from the perspective of the dynamic between movements and counter-movements and their tendency to mimic and copy each other’s tactics.

Tarcisio Zandonade, D. Martínez-Ávila

Knowledge organization or information organization, in a narrower sense, is an area of Library and Information Science (LIS) concerned with activities such as document description, indexing, and classification performed in bibliographic and cybergraphic repositories for their rapid and economic retrieval for use by society. Knowledge organization is an essential second level knowledge product; while a first level knowledge production studies the scientific phenomenon via general social epistemology, especially in the guise commanded by Steve William Fuller’s program. In this second level, knowledge organization studies the problem of mechanisms and existing bibliographic systems and the extent to which they are congruent with the realities of the communication process and the findings of epistemological research via special social epistemology, an academic discipline created by Jesse Shera and Margaret Egan. Additionally, the definition of “symbol” as the essential object of information science is examined, following the theoretical foundation of information developed by Norbert Elias’ “The Symbol Theory”.

Johan M. Strijdom

This article addresses the fundamental question of how knowledge about religion is acquired in the academic study of religion. It does so by means of a comparison of the answers to the question by Emile Durkheim and David Chidester. Durkheim, in engaging with the conventional distinction between rationalist and empiricist theories of knowledge of his time, as well as their combination by Kant, argues that categories of thought (such as space, time, causality, number, and classifications) are not mere abstract conditions of understanding, but are to be conceptualized as constructs of particular societies. This social-anthropological shift in the theory of knowledge has been of decisive influence since the beginning of the 20th century, among others on the late 20th-century and beginning of the 21st-century South African scholar of religion, David Chidester. From a comparison of Durkheim's epistemology with that of Chidester it is, however, clear that the latter brings new insights to the epistemological question by insisting on a postcolonial and material approach to the study of religion. The comparison of the two episte-mologies that I provide here should give substance to this point by comparing ways in which they deal with a selection of categories and concepts in their study of religion.

Marcelo Viktor Gilge

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) foi um renomado pesquisador alemão da segunda metade do século XIX e início do século XX. Parte de sua produção científica foi devotada a defender e divulgar as ideias darwinianas de modificação das espécies em seu país. Entre as ideias de Haeckel, destaca-se a Lei Biogenética Fundamental, na qual ele afirmava que os estágios de desenvolvimento pelos quais passam os embriões recapitulam a história evolutiva do filo. Para explicar essa ideia, na obra Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (História Natural da Criação) de 1868, Haeckel utilizou ilustrações de embriões que foram alvo de críticas e acusações de fraude e plágio. Este artigo tem por objetivos analisar o uso que Ernst Haeckel fez dessas ilustrações, relatando algumas das críticas de cientistas contemporâneas e posteriores e proporcionar um material para atividades pedagógicas voltadas ao ensino de evolução biológica e desenvolvimento embrionário. Em aproximação a análises realizadas por alguns historiadores da ciência, conclui-se que Haeckel se defendeu razoavelmente e que a motivação maior das críticas era o ataque ao darwinismo.

Aminullah Poya, Habiburrahman Rizapoor

Abstract This research aims to explore Al-Ghazali's theory of real knowledge and elucidate the concept of knowledge and its integration features in grounding Islamic knowledge according to the contemporary theories of epistemology. The study delves into Al-Ghazali's perspectives on knowledge, analyzing and interpreting them in light of modern knowledge theories. The research finds that the cognitive integration features in Al-Ghazali's philosophy lie in the integration of knowledge sources, methods, sciences, and scholars. This is achieved through a comprehensive review of some of Al-Ghazali's works, as well as relevant studies, books, and research about his contributions to Islamic epistemology. Al-Ghazali encourages scholars to collaborate and integrate their knowledge to attain true understanding, a principle evident in this research through the exploration of modern epistemological concepts. The research utilized both inductive and descriptive methods to identify the characteristics of knowledge and demonstrate its integration aspects in Al-Ghazali's teachings. The research is structured into an introduction and three main sections: the first section introduces Al-Ghazali and his era, the second section explores the concept of knowledge and its integration in Islamic epistemology according to Al-Ghazali, and the third section examines knowledge sources, methods, types of knowledge, and scholars in Al-Ghazali's philosophy.

Beatriz Carrillo

The article puts forward Theory U as a framework for developing a more holistic and embodied understanding and approach to the practice and conceptualization of transformative learning. It argues that Theory U’s relational onto-epistemology, which emphasizes the collective nature of knowledge creation and transformation, provides a compelling schema for learners to engage and integrate the cognitive, emotional, relational and spiritual dimensions of their personal and professional development, as well as their role in broader societal change. Using the case study of u.lab, an educational program based on Theory U, the article identifies key practices, tools and interactions that served to enable transformative learning. It also highlights the potential of relational onto-epistemological frameworks such as that of Theory U to guide the development of a more holistic conceptualization of transformative learning, one that encompasses aspects and experiences of transformation beyond rational-cognitive processes and beyond dualistic understandings of the world around us.

Sumana Ray Paul, Sukalyan Ray

Introduction: Epistemology, that is, “theory of knowledge” or Pramana Vigyana is considered as one of the three fundamental division of any philosophy. The metaphysical analysis and ethical conclusion of any philosophical school depend on its theory of knowledge. Charaka Samhita having a unique philosophical background which is conglomeration of different philosophical doctrines from all the major Indian philosophical schools also depends on its own epistemology while propounding the principles of Ayurveda . Understanding the different Pramana, that is, sources of knowledge as discussed in this compendium helps us to understand the subject better and their subsequent application in clinical medicine for benefit of mankind. The present study was carried out to evaluate the different Pramana or sources of knowledge as discussed in Charaka Samhita and also to evaluate their subsequent application in the field of clinical medicine. Discussion: Charaka Samhita has propounded four principal Pramana such as: (1). Aptopadesha (scriptural testimony) (2), Pratyaksham (sensory perception) (3), Anumana (inference), and (4). Yukti (reasoning). Along with these four sources of knowledge, it also discussed other Pramana briefly such as: Aoupamya (comparison), Aitihya (ethical guidance by authoritative persons and scriptures), and Arthaprapti (implied meaning). But throughout the compendium, Acharya Charaka has given most importance to three Pramana like Aptopadesha followed by Pratyaksha followed by Anumana . The understandings of all these Pramana are mainly based on Nyaya philosophy although the chronology follows the Samkhya tradition. What makes the epistemology of Charaka Samhita a unique one is its clinical implementation as discussed by Acharya Charaka in relation with every Pramana . Conclusion: Understanding the various Pramana as discussed in Charaka Samhita along with their clinical implementation helps us to realize the profound philosophical background of this compendium. It also paves the way for more innovative research as how to apply this eternal knowledge of epistemology for advancement of medical science.

E. A. Gradoboeva, Zh. S. Tyulko, A. V. Fadeev et al.

Relevance. To date, no detailed analysis of the variants of the pathogen circulating at different times on the territory of the Omsk region has been carried out.Aim. Comparative analysis of the diversity of circulating variants of SARS­CoV­-2 based on molecular genetic data, determine the lines and time of their appearance, compare the data obtained with data from the GISAID database.Materials and methods. Genome­wide sequencing of 222 primary and 5 culture (passages on Vero E6 and SPEV cell cultures) samples of SARS­-CoV­-2 from the Omsk region, collected from April 2020 to February 2022, on Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina platforms, was carried out. Genetic lines were determined in Pangolin. The analysis was performed in MEGA7 and BioEdit.Results. 227 genome­wide SARS­-CoV­-2 sequences were obtained. 222 genomes have been uploaded to the GISAID database. The lines to which the samples belong were determined, phylogenetic trees were constructed for various regions of the SARS-CoV­-2 genome, the levels of virus homology were assessed and mutations in the S­protein region were analyzed.Conclusions. According to the data obtained, it is possible to roughly judge the time of the appearance of a particular variant, its consolidation and distribution in the population, and observe the rare mutations and the circulation of some rare lines. To assess the possibility of significant geographically linked changes in the SARS­-CoV­-2 in the Omsk region, the data obtained are insufficient. Virus variants circulating in the region are grouped into one cluster with identical variants from other regions or countries. A more pronounced intracluster differentiation of the lines can be observed when analyzing the RBD region. The situation with COVID­-19 in the Omsk region generally coincides with that in the whole country and the world. However, this does not exclude the parallel occurrence of certain mutations in remote territories from each other.

J. Piaget

A. A. Golubkova, T. A. Platonova, S. S. Smirnova et al.

Relevance. The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), which appeared in late 2019 in China, has spread to almost all countries of the world in just a few months. The explosive nature of its spread was accompanied by the formation of large epidemic foci in organizations of various profiles, including leisure and sports. Aims. To establish the conditions and causes of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among the members of one of the sports clubs based on an in-depth epidemiological analysis. Materials and methods. To study the features of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a sports organization, the following documents were used previously developed by the authors and successfully tested in practice: «Act of epidemiological investigation of group and outbreak morbidity of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) at an enterprise/organization/institution» and «Individual card of a patient with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) at the enterprise / organization/institution». In the process of epidemiological investigation, in order to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in PCR, a laboratory examination of sports club participants (sick and contact) was conducted, followed by genome-wide sequencing of isolated SARS-CoV-2 viruses on the basis of the Laboratory of Molecular Virology of the A. A. Smorodintsev Influenza Research Institute, which performs these types of studies. Results. Within 17 days, 26 cases of COVID- 19 were registered among the sports team members and staff from the support group (coaching staff, medical staff, administrators), which was 74.3% of their actual number. The majority of patients (76.9%) had mild acute respiratory infection, two (7.7%) had no symptoms, and four (15.4%) had interstitial pneumonia. Of the clinical manifestations of the disease, the most frequent were weakness, fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, difficulty in nasal breathing and serous-mucous discharge from the nose, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, anosmia and dyspeptic manifestations in the form of diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. The occurrence of the outbreak was the result of the introduction of infection from the opposing team at the tournament. The leading factors that contributed to the spread of COVID-19 among sports club members were the admission to games and training of athletes with acute respiratory infections, prolonged close contact between players during training and competitions, violations in the use of personal protective equipment, compliance with hygiene and hand antiseptics, disinfection measures in the premises of sports institutions and defects in the implementation of the regulations for the examination of teams for SARS-CoV-2 during tournaments. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, data were obtained on the features of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in sports organizations, which can be used in conducting preventive and anti-epidemic measures in sports and leisure institutions.

N. Kh. Svanadze, R. A. Kasimov, A. A. Orlovsky et al.

Relevance. There are large regional disparities in prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors, as well as in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality rates in Russian Federation (RF). Aim. To demonstrate the disparities in prevalence of CVD risk factors between Vologda Oblast districts. Materials and methods. Databases created in 2009 at the State-financed health institution of the Vologda Oblast «Vologda Regional Center for Medical Prevention», based on the results of a survey conducted within the framework of the World Health Organization CINDI program. CINDI questionnaire; cross-sectional study; the data was processed using R programming language and the Statistica software package 12. Results. The most common behavioral CVD risk factors in different Vologda Oblast districts included inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (30–90%) and alcohol abuse (40–80%); hypertension (40–60%), overweight and obesity (30–55%) were the most frequent biological CVD risk factors; the most prevalent socio-economic risk factors included low education level (75–90%) and unemployment (20–40%). Participants residing in rural municipalities differed from urban okrugs (cities) dwellers in a higher prevalence of smoking (p < 0.01), alcohol abuse (p < 0.001), inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (p < 0.0001), overweight and obesity (p < 0.05), unemployment (p < 0.0001), low education level (p < 0.0001), as well as a low overall assessment of their health (p < 0.05). Conclusions. We detected disparities in CVD risk factors prevalence between Vologda Oblast districts in 2009. Both behavioral and biological CVD risk factors were more common in participants from rural municipalities. The CVD risk factors distribution between the RF subjects’ districts requires further scientific research.

P. Chambers

Epistemology and Domination: Problems with the Coloniality of Knowledge Thesis in Latin American Decolonial Theory Latin American decolonial theory is built around the thesis of the “coloniality of knowledge”, which claims that the socio-political domination of Latin America and other regions of the global periphery by European countries and the United States is directly related to the initial colonial imposition and subsequent cultural reproduction of so-called “Western epistemology” and science. I argue that the epistemological claims of four decolonial thinkers (Aníbal Quijano, Walter Mignolo, Enrique Dussel, Santiago Castro-Gómez) that make up the coloniality of knowledge thesis are problematic for several reasons: they are based on distorted and simplistic readings of Descartes, Hume and other Enlightenment figures; they make contentious generalizations about so-called Western epistemology; and they ultimately lead to epistemic relativism, which is a problematic basis for the social sciences and, contrary to decolonial aspirations, renders the subaltern unable to speak.

Pavlo H. Petrov

утрішньому та зовнішньому середовищах. Досліджуються технології впливу політичних інститутів на суспільство (цільову аудиторію) в середині держави та за її межами у процесі формування іміджу транзитивних демократій. Пояснюється специфіка формування інформаційного масиву для транзитивних демократій в рамках впливу на внутрішню та зовнішню цільову аудиторію. Визначаються найбільш ефективні технології впливу на суспільство для політичних інститутів транзитивних демократій.

J. Greco

Salottolo, Delio

Doreen Meier

Doina-Cristina Rusu, Elizabeth Cardona Muñoz (Trad.), Juan Fernando Álvarez Céspedes (Trad.)

En este artículo investigo las historias naturales de Francis Bacon haciendo énfasis en la latina Historia vitae et mortis y el póstumo Sylva Sylvarum. Mi tesis es que el filósofo inglés no estaba interesado en compilar historias naturales de particulares, sino de las virtudes, de los procesos y de la actividad oculta de la materia. Los dos escritos mencionados representan la ejemplificación de este interés. A pesar de sus muy diferentes estructuras y composiciones, comparten muchas características que los eleva al nivel de la filosofía natural. Como se muestra en este artículo, su relación con la teoría de la materia, la práctica experimental involucrada, y su carácter operativo representan elementos específicos de la metafísica y la magia natural. Escribiendo las “historias naturales de la materia” Bacon suprime la frontera entre el esfuerzo histórico natural y la empresa filosófico natural basados en el conocimiento de las causas.

Boris Bosančić

The paper presents an overview of some problems of information science which are explicitly portrayed in literature. It covers the following issues: information explosion, information flood and data deluge, information retrieval and relevance of information, and finally, the problem of scientific communication. The purpose of this paper is to explain why knowledge acquisition, can be considered as an issue in information sciences. The existing theoretical foundation within the information sciences, i.e. the DIKW hierarchy and its key concepts - data, information, knowledge and wisdom, is recognized as a symbolic representation as well as the theoretical foundation of the knowledge acquisition process. Moreover, it seems that the relationship between the DIKW hierarchy and the knowledge acquisition process is essential for a stronger foundation of information sciences in the 'body' of the overall human knowledge. In addition, the history of both the human and machine knowledge acquisition has been considered, as well as a proposal that the DIKW hierarchy take place as a symbol of general knowledge acquisition process, which could equally relate to both human and machine knowledge acquisition. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to modify the existing concept of the DIKW hierarchy. The appropriate modification of the DIKW hierarchy (one of which is presented in this paper) could result in a much more solid theoretical foundation of the knowledge acquisition process and information sciences as a whole. The theoretical assumptions on which the knowledge acquisition process may be established as a problem of information science are presented at the end of the paper. The knowledge acquisition process does not necessarily have to be the subject of epistemology. It may establish a stronger link between the concepts of data and knowledge; furthermore, it can be used in the context of scientific research, but on the more primitive level than conducting of scientific methods. Moreover, the description of this process, as opposed to other problems of information sciences, necessarily involves all four DIKW concepts. Finally, the solution of this problem may result in a more complete theory of information.