Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

M. Iravani, Zahra Khalilnezhad, A. Khalilnezhad

Applications of nanotechnology in several fields of petroleum industry, e.g., refinery, drilling and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), have attracted a lot of attention, recently. This research investigates the applications of nanoparticles in EOR process. The potential of various nanoparticles, in hybrid and bare forms for altering the state of wettability, reducing the interfacial tension (IFT), changing the viscosity and activation of other EOR mechanisms are studied based on recent findings. Focusing on EOR, hybrid applications of nanoparticles with surfactants, polymers, low-salinity phases and foams are discussed and their synergistic effects are evaluated. Also, activated EOR mechanisms are defined and specified. Since the stabilization of nanofluids in harsh conditions of reservoir is vital for EOR applications, different methods for stabilizing nanofluids through EOR procedures are reviewed. Besides, a discussion on different functional groups of NPs is represented. Later, an economic model for evaluation of EOR process is examined and “Hotelling” method as an appropriate model for investigation of economic aspects of EOR process is introduced in detail. The findings of this study can lead to better understanding of fundamental basis about efficiency of nanoparticles in EOR process, activated EOR mechanisms during application of nanoparticles, selection of appropriate nanoparticles, the methods of stabilizing and economic evaluation for EOR process with respect to costs and outcomes.

Wei Yu, Xiao Feng, Jian Wen et al.

Olivier Chovaux

L’histoire du football est autant écrite dans les grands stades des métropoles que dans ceux plus petits des villes moyennes ou des villages. Le bassin minier du nord de la France en offre un exemple tout à fait éclairant avec le stade de l’Étoile Sportive de Bully-les-Mines. Cette enceinte témoigne du dynamisme du football du Nord de la France dès la veille de la Grande Guerre et des aménagements et des œuvres sociales des Compagnies des Mines. Lieu autant de contrôle social que de réalisation de soi-même, le stade dont la tribune est achevée en 1927 est omnisport tout en devenant le terrain de l’ES Bully qui brille en Coupe de France. Aux heures de l’occupation allemande, le stade devient l’un des lieux de distraction en des temps difficiles. Il est aujourd’hui le théâtre du football amateur du dimanche.

Ayda Mussa Yousif Abdulrahman, Rafiduraida binti Abdul Rahman

This research aims to investigate the current operational status of the Ajman Police, focusing on identifying elements and issues that affect operational excellence. Using change management models, including Kotter's 8 Step Model and the ADKAR Model, the paper critically examines the hierarchical structure of the Ajman Police, its specialist groups, and their performance indicators. The problem statement highlights the negative impact of traditional and rigid organizational structures on innovation, responsiveness, and the limitations of implementing effective public safety measures, prevention, and community policing. The research design adopted is a qualitative methodology, and a sample of senior police officers was interviewed to record their views on the issues of operation and preparedness to change. In conducting the study, Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants. Results indicate that the Ajman Police has already ventured into technological advancements and civil policing. However, there are still gaps in continuous development, innovation, and the implementation of modern change management practices. The research proposes a culturally, operationally, and technologically oriented framework for change management, specifically tailored to the context of the Ajman Police. The study makes a significant research contribution to both the practice and theory fields by providing a guideline for a change management roadmap for the Ajman Police and other similar agencies, ensuring operational excellence in fast-changing environments.

S. Javalkar, S. H, Shubha B. Davalagi et al.

Socioeconomic status (SES) affects the incidence and prevalence of a variety of health disorders, thus making it a significant factor of both health status and standard of living. Social security is influenced by socioeconomic level in terms of health facility accessibility, pricing, acceptability, and actual use. The requirement for creating a standard method of population classification based on SES that is applied easily and simply and is not based solely on income and has a scientific foundation is needed. The assessment of socio-economic status in surveys has evolved over time in India, with various scales and criteria being used to capture the economic and social conditions of individuals or households. As India continues to undergo socio-economic transformations, the methods for assessing socio-economic status evolve accordingly. Researchers and policymakers strive to strike a balance between traditional indicators and contemporary, multidimensional approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic fabric in the diverse and dynamic Indian society.

Jaymohan Unnithan, Srikanth Krishnamurthy, Nandagopal Velayuthaswamy et al.

Developing countries face a huge challenge in managing obstructive lung disorders due to frequency, severity, management, and economic impact. Spirometry has been the popular choice to assess the severity and reversibility of airflow obstruction, but the success of evaluation depends on the practitioner’s skills and the patient’s cooperation. Impulse oscillometry (IOS), a variant of forced oscillation technique is preferred over spirometry since it can be performed without forced respiratory maneuvers. The objective of this review is to evaluate IOS techniques and weigh its benefits against spirometry. Publications from international electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using relevant keywords for 5 years (2018–2023). A total of 416 articles were filtered, and of these, 70 were selected which specifically discussed the principles, procedures, parameters, and interpretations of spirometry and oscillometry. From the full-text articles included, we have reflected on the history, defined, explained, compared, and contrasted spirometry and oscillometry methods to establish the versatility of oscillometry technique to identify small airway functions and its application in special clinical conditions. This review presents an easily comprehensible synthesis of oscillometry and spirometry bringing out the principles, advantages, and limitations that are suitable for a larger spectrum of healthcare and research community.

C. Engle, T. Hanson, G. Kumar

Abstract Catfish farming continues to be the largest segment of U.S. aquaculture, and U.S. catfish farmers have demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness in adapting to changing economic conditions. Commercial production began in the 1950s–1960s, with growth leading to processing and marketing challenges in the 1970s. By the early 1980s, the key production, processing, and marketing pieces were in place to transform catfish farming into a major enterprise. Keys included development of efficient aerators, nutritionally complete feeds, multiple-batch production providing year-round supply of fish, processing innovations, and creation of The Catfish Institute (TCI) for marketing and public relations. The successful expansion into nontraditional catfish markets attracted competition of pangasius catfish imported from Vietnam by U.S. seafood importers, free riding on successful marketing programs. The 2003–2013 contraction of the U.S. industry was the combined effect of four external economic shocks; trough of price cycle; 2001 recession; September 11 terrorist attacks; and Vietnamese pangasius imports. Prices fell to historical lows and remained below production cost for 3 years. Adoption of intensive systems (split ponds, intensive aeration) that reduced costs led to steady growth from 2014 to 2019. Lessons for U.S. aquaculture include the importance of fingerling/seed technologies, farmer associations, research, Extension, marketing, and state/federal support.

Elena Roschupkina

The article reviews the monograph "Singapore: Economic History" by Mariya G. Osipova, research fellow of the Centre for Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author has managed to show consistently, step by step, the economic development of Singapore during two centuries, disclose both objective and subjective circumstances that led to the transformation of Singapore from a British colony into an innovative and financial hub of the world. At the same time, M.G. Osipova can be called a pioneer in the study of Singapore's economic development in the post-Soviet academic space. It is noted that the value of the monograph is not only to disclose the mechanism of rapid economic growth of Singapore in a short historical period, but also to conclude that the main secret of its "economic miracle" is the creation of a unique national economic model, based on the careful consideration of specific historical conditions of development of Singapore society, its national, religious and cultural characteristics.

P. Frazão

Untreated dental caries is the most common disease globally and fluoride use at the population level is crucial for its control. To investigate the economic and political conditions under which the trajectory of population-based fluoride use has occurred is key for a more comprehensive view on its current and future challenges. The objective was to give a brief history and summarize the information on the use of fluorides at the population level in Brazil from 1952 to 2017 and to point to current and future challenges. A critical overview was undertaken based on country-level analyses comprising political and economic conditions. The analytical approach adopted a set of premises applicable to the study of capitalist democracies. Fluoride methods of systemic and topic use began to be employed in Brazilian public health programs in the 1950s and in a combined way from 1974. Differences in political and economic contexts were highlighted for four periods: the first interventions from 1952 to 1974, when the fluoridated water law was approved; the expansion after 1974 until 1988, when a new constitution was enacted; the following time until 2010; and the final period. From the 1980s to 2008, water fluoridation coverage increased progressively, consolidating as a major strategy of systemic use in spite of inequalities among territories. Activities aimed to promote access to topical fluoride use increased and maintained stability until 2014, when they dropped sharply. Regulation of fluoride dentifrice’s quality remained insufficient. It was hypothesized that the strengthening of conservative liberalism and the increase in fiscal austerity observed in recent years might produce serious constraints on public investment and limit access to fluorides. To reduce inequities and promote benefits for all, including the most vulnerable groups, policies based on egalitarian and social justice theoretical perspectives are needed more than ever.

PREFACE The theme of the Arctic, where geopolitical and economic interests of many countries intersect now, is truly relevant. In the Arctic ocean, Canada, Denmark, Norway, the United States and the Russian Federation (USSR) have a 370-kilometer exclusive economic zone off their shores. A part of the Arctic was owned by these countries in the 20s of the last century. In addition, more than 20 countries declare their readiness to develop deposits on the Arctic shelf, among them - India, China, South Korea, Brazil, Germany, Japan. Against the background of increased interest in the Arctic in the modern world, it is important to report on a wide range of issues to a wide audience. These issues characterize historical, business, socio-political and other activities of Russia in the Arctic region. The issues of interaction between the Arctic countries in the conditions of modern realities and public diplomacy are also important. List of Committees are available in this PDF.

I. Irtyshcheva, M. Stehnei, N. Popadynets et al.

Article history: Received: May 29, 2020 Received in revised format: May 3

R. Chiles, A. Fitzgerald

A. Gupta, S. Dutt, Hai Cheng et al.

Abstract Abrupt shifts in Indian summer monsoon (ISM) precipitation largely affected regional hydrometeorology, accelerating socio-economic and cultural adaptations of agrarian economies in South Asia in the last millennium. Linking ISM variability to human history in the Indian subcontinent is still limited by the scarcity of high-resolution paleoclimatic data for the period encompassing the last 1000 years or earlier. We present a new high resolution oxygen isotope proxy record from the Wah Shikar cave, northeastern India and identified abrupt shifts in the ISM that had profound impact on human societies during the last ~900 yrs. The ISM was strong during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Current Warm Period (CWP), and show multiple shifts during the Little Ice Age (LIA). The abrupt shifts in the ISM were more frequent during warm intervals, showing a secular trend with few exceptions during the cold periods. Intervals of prolonged summer monsoon weakening are correlated to the decline of major dynasties in India, possibly due to decrease in agriculture productivity, declining economy and societal crisis. Changes in atmospheric temperature due to volcanic eruptions and sun spot activity have played major role in the onset of the LIA and other prolonged weak intervals of the ISM during the last ~900 yrs.

S. Lane, M. Bakker, A. Costa et al.

The Anthropocene has been proposed as a profound, globally synchronous rupture in the history of the Earth System with its current state fundamentally different to that of the Holocene and driven by the geological force of human activity. Here, we show how stratigraphy is being made in a lake that is heavily impacted upon by climate change and human activities. For one of the largest inner-Alpine catchments in the European Alps, we draw attention to how sedimentation rates are a product of non-stationary, reflexive, human actions. In Lake Geneva, we identify both a human-induced climate change (HCC) signature and the effects of a recent economic shock on sediment extraction upon sediment loading to and sedimentation rates in the lake. The HCC signature thus reflects the nature of climate change impacts in this basin, where sediment accumulation rates evolve with climate, but where economic conditions contribute to shifts in the supply of sediment to the lake. Following social theory, we call this glocalization because of the combined importance and inseparability of human impacts across different spatial scales. The nature of human impacts on sediment delivery to the lake mean that the influence of humans is unlikely to be captured in the long-term depositional record.

Rodrigo Laera

El objetivo del artículo consiste en indagar acerca de dos características fundamentales de la racionalidad del sistema económico: la coherencia de los fines hacia los que se dirige la teoría económica y la conducta de los sujetos a la racionalidad del sistema. Para esto, se expone la idea de que el trasfondo teleológico de la teoría económica no puede decir nada acerca de la jerarquía de fines. Esta idea se deja ver sobre todo en el concepto de utilidad y en la hipótesis de la nueva economía clásica de expectativas racionales.

G. Guy, K. R. Yabroff, D. Ekwueme et al.

Douglas D. Davis, Oleg Korenok, John P. Lightle

Abstract We report an experiment conducted to evaluate interactions between liquidity requirements and depositors’ experiences with the banking system. Treatments consist of combinations of required liquidity levels and ‘weak’ or ‘strong’ background conditions, intended to induce stable histories of play (with few bank runs), or unstable histories of play (where bank runs are common). Experimental results suggest that both increased liquidity levels and a stable history of play improve the incidence of coordination on the Pareto-preferred no-run outcome. Nevertheless, even with an unstable history, non-degenerate no-run outcomes occur quite reliably with high liquidity requirements.

C. A. Lopes, M. Rossato

Bacterial wilt induced by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is endemic to Brazil, where it can cause variable losses in many hosts. Its economic importance, however, cannot be precisely measured due to Brazil’s continental size, subject to variable weather conditions which directly affect disease expression. The objectives of this paper were (i) to gather scattered information on historical facts; (ii) to show the current distribution of the pathogen in the country, and (iii) to comment on future trends on the importance of the disease in economically important current and potential hosts, based on the pathogen’s variability and the global climate change under way.

John Moore

Teresita de Jesus Alvarado Castellanos

La función directiva escolar y el liderazgo