Hasil untuk "Economic growth, development, planning"

Ayusha Fayyaz, Zoltan Bartha

The goal of this research is to uncover the channels through which research and development (R&D) impacts economic growth in developing countries. The study employed nine variables from three broader categories in the World Economic Forum database, each covering 32 countries from the lower-middle-income group for the year 2019. The theoretical framework is based on the R&D ecosystem, which includes components such as Institutions, Human capital, Capital market, R&D, and Innovation. Each of these components can contribute to the economic development of the country. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), we build a path diagram to visualize and confirm a potential relationship between the components. R&D features had a positive impact on innovation (regression weight estimate: +0.34, p = 0.001), as did capital market institutions (regression weight estimate: +0.12, p = 0.007), but neither had a significant impact on growth. According to the Schumpeterian institutional interpretation, R&D and innovation efforts may not lead to sustained growth in middle-income countries. We find no significant connection between innovation performance and economic growth. This suggests that while R&D and capital markets may contribute to innovation through entrepreneurship, this contribution is not impactful enough to drive economic growth in developing countries. Our findings provide further evidence of the middle-income trap.

Joyful E. Mdhluli, IAU Office of Astronomy for Development

Astronomy, often perceived as a distant or luxury science, holds immense potential as a driver for sustainable local socio-economic development. This paper explores how astronomy can create tangible benefits for communities through education, tourism, technology transfer, and capacity building. Using case studies from South Africa, Chile, Indonesia, and India, we demonstrate how astronomical facilities and initiatives have stimulated local economies, generated employment, supported small enterprises, and enhanced STEM participation, while simultaneously inspiring a sense of shared global heritage. The analysis identifies both successes and challenges, including unequal benefit distribution, limited local ownership, and sustainability gaps once external funding ends. Building on these lessons, we propose a practical framework/guidelines for designing, implementing, and evaluating astronomy-based community initiatives, rooted in participatory engagement and aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper positions astronomy as a catalyst for inclusive growth, demonstrating that investment in the cosmos can translate into grounded, measurable benefits for people and places on Earth.

Ali Zeytoon-Nejad

Business growth is a goal of great importance for its both private and social benefits. Many firms view business growth as an imperative for their survival, stability, and long-term success. Business growth can be socially beneficial, too, as it enables businesses to expand into new territories where they can stimulate economic growth and development, creates more jobs, increase living standards, and better serve their communities by giving back more through Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. Business growth must be planned reasonably and optimally so that it can effectively achieve its critical ambitions in business practice. The current common practices for planning the supply side of business growth are usually ad-hoc and lack well-established mathematical and economic foundations. The present paper argues that business growth planning can be pursued more structurally, reliably, and meaningfully within the framework of Growth Accounting (GA), which was first introduced by Economics Nobel Laureate Robert Solow to study economic growth. It is shown that, although GA was initially put forth as a procedure to explain "economic growth" ex-post, it can similarly be used to plan "business growth" ex-ante when a general backward approach is taken in its procedure-called Backward Growth Accounting (BGA) in this paper. Taking this well-established economic-mathematical approach to planning business growth will enhance the current practices conceptually and structurally, as it is built on the basis of economic logic and mathematical tools. BGA can help businesses identify and plan for key drivers of output growth and assess shortcomings in the growth process, such as poor productivity, inadequate labor utilization, or insufficient capital investment. The paper outlines an eight-step procedure for planning business growth using BGA and includes appendices with real-world examples.

Freydoun Sabziani, AbdulKhalegh Gholami Chenarestan Olia, Mohammad Tamimi

This research has been done with the aim of providing a sustainable development model for the Saderat Bank of Iran based on professional ethics. The current research is of the type of mixed exploratory research projects; based on this, first, using the qualitative approach, the dimensions, components, and indicators of the factors involved in the model of sustainable development based on professional ethics in the field of human resources management have been identified, and the initial research model has been designed. Next, based on the information obtained from the previous step, the model was validated (quantitative approach). The participants in the qualitative section included experts, managers, and senior experts in the development of sustainability and professional ethics in the Iran Export Bank network. The analysis of the data obtained from each in-depth interview continued using cluster and stratified random sampling and continued until the level of theoretical saturation and data sufficiency. In this way, a sample of 17 experts was invited for an interview. The population studied in the quantitative research, that is, to measure and confirm the fit of the model, their managers and deputies, and their senior experts who have years of experience, knowledge, and skills in various matters in the field of banking services, from which a sample of 400 was selected, Data collection has been done in two qualitative and quantitative parts, respectively, using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis has been done in the qualitative part with thematic analysis methods and MAXQUDA software, and in the quantitative part with interpretive structural modeling methods, partial least squares, and Smart PLS software. Factors including economic factors, social factors, environmental factors, strategic factors, professional ethics factors, sustainability disclosure, green human resource management, supply chain management, sustainable value creation, and psychological factors as the main themes of the sustainability development model with a professional ethics approach in the bank Exports were identified. The findings of the quantitative section, while confirming the research hypotheses, showed that the proposed model has good validity.

Daiany Alvez Araujo Moreira, Cristiane Maria Tonetto Godoy, Monica Aparecida da Rocha Silva et al.

Diante da crise provocada pela pandemia da Covid-19 a sociedade teve que se modificar, alterando as relações pessoais, prestações de serviços, atendimento, inclusive o modelo de educação. Deste modo, no Brasil as instituições educacionais de ensino superior adotaram o ensino remoto emergencial, mediado pelas tecnologias digitais para a continuidade do processo de ensino e aprendizagem durante o período pandêmico. No entanto, o país apresenta uma enorme desigualdade em relação ao acesso à internet e as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), o que ficou perceptível durante a pandemia, já que os níveis de exclusão digital aumentarem ainda mais. Nesse sentindo, a presente pesquisa teve como principal objetivo apresentar e analisar quais foram as políticas públicas existentes de inclusão digital para a educação com o foco no ensino superior perante contexto pandêmico vivido a partir do ano de 2020. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental baseada nos documentos e dados obtidos em trabalhos científicos que foram publicados sobre a temática, bem como o acesso aos sites dos órgãos governamentais e organizações que são responsáveis por essas informações. Diante dos dados levantados, pode se concluir que existe certa deficiência de políticas públicas de inclusão digital voltadas para a educação, principalmente as direcionadas para as instituições de ensino superior, o que ficou evidente durante o período de pandemia. Como consequência dessa deficiência grande parte das instituições tiveram que suspender as aulas devido à falta de infraestrutura e recursos digitais, o pode contribuir no aumento das desigualdades socioeconômicas.

Hasnan Baber, Muneer Shaik, Himani Gupta

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on India’s economy. The analysis focused on several economic metrics, including stock market prices, the rupee’s value in relation to the US dollar, economic activity, the unemployment rate, and the rate of inflation. Contrary to popular belief, the results demonstrate that during the first wave (25 March 2020 to 16 September 2020), the increasing number of cases had a beneficial influence on economic activity and a negative impact on the unemployment rate. The second wave, which lasted from 15 March 2021 to 17 July 2021, was considerably stronger and demonstrated how confirmed instances had a significant detrimental impact on inflation rates and stock values. Contrary to expectations, the third wave (December 28, 2021, to January 30, 2022) was found to be less intense. Overall, the report shows how the pandemic affected India’s economy during each of the three waves and notes that there have been encouraging signs of recovery during the return to normalcy phase. The government, scholars, policymakers, and economists will find this study useful in understanding how the COVID-19 Pandemic affected the Indian economy and in coming up with ideas for future risk mitigation measures. First published online 26 August 2024

Damien Pellier, Alexandre Albore, Humbert Fiorino et al.

Real world applications as in industry and robotics need modelling rich and diverse automated planning problems. Their resolution usually requires coordinated and concurrent action execution. In several cases, these problems are naturally decomposed in a hierarchical way and expressed by a Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) formalism. HDDL, a hierarchical extension of the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL), unlike PDDL 2.1 does not allow to represent planning problems with numerical and temporal constraints, which are essential for real world applications. We propose to fill the gap between HDDL and these operational needs and to extend HDDL by taking inspiration from PDDL 2.1 in order to express numerical and temporal expressions. This paper opens discussions on the semantics and the syntax needed for a future HDDL 2.1 extension.

Mirtha Graciela Villagra-Ferreira, María Lourdes Falcó-de Ayala, Patricia Johanna Cabrera

The objective of this study was to measure the perception of students in the last year of the Economics and Business careers of the Universidad del Norte, about the activities developed as university extension, based on a survey applied randomly to the students of the Central, Itauguá and Caacupé headquarters, during the first semester of the 2022 school year. The work corresponds to an investigation framed in the quantitative paradigm, of a descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional type. In this context, it could be verified that only 23% of the students want to do volunteer work, this is due to the fact that 77% of the students of the last year have a work activity and lack time. Regarding the preferences on the activities offered in the university extension department, they focus on consulting and social service offered to various communities as support for them, followed by participation and support for courses, seminars and congresses, then participation in general cultural activities and, as a last activity, research and scientific publications. Uninorte students from the three campuses stated that they value the activities offered by the institution and consider them an enriching experience that increases the value of the professional profile, which is a way to grow as future professionals and support some communities.

Alla Rusnak, Iryna Nadtochii, Olena Pulianovych

The purpose of the article is to generalize and substantiate scientific and methodological approaches to a comprehensive assessment of the competitive potential of enterprises and territories. The methodology of the comprehensive study made it possible to determine the features of the competitive potential of an enterprise; to divide into levels the competitive potential as a system with a view to effective management of business entities; to determine the main functions of analyzing the competitive potential of business entities at different levels; to analyze and substantiate the existing approaches to assessing the competitive potential of an enterprise; to summarize the methods of assessing the competitive potential of an enterprise; to supplement the principles of assessing and forming the competitive potential of enterprises; to substantiate the main approaches, methods and indicators for assessing the competitive potential of territories; to develop an algorithm for measuring the competitive potential of a territory to use the knowledge gained in its management. Methodology. The main research method used was systematic analysis of scientific and methodological approaches to comprehensive assessment of competitive potential of business entities at various levels, as outlined by the relevance of the work. Monographic, structural and logical methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, etc. were also used. It is determined that competitive potential is a system of capabilities, competencies and resources, under the influence of which a set of internal competitive advantages is formed in dynamics, which include two components: adaptability and innovation, and which are constantly under the influence of external and internal factors and form the level of competitiveness of economic entities at different levels of management. It has been proved that in order to assess the competitive potential of an enterprise it is advisable to identify, systematize and analyze all the elements that are its components: production, management, human resources, marketing, financial, information and innovation potential. The analysis of the characteristics of these components allows their division into levels for a more efficient management of business entities. Existing approaches to assessment of competitive potential of the enterprise are analyzed. It is determined that the main functions of the analysis of the competitive potential are: objective assessment of the factors determining the increase of the competitive potential; identification of the factors and causes of the achieved status and results; preparation and justification of management decisions; identification and mobilization of reserves for improvement and increase of the competitive potential. The methods used to assess the competitive potential of a company are generalized. The study of scientific and methodological approaches to the comprehensive assessment of the competitive potential of an enterprise allowed to add the principles that contribute to its increase, such as: the orientation of all and each employee to the action, to the continuation of the started business; the proximity of the enterprise to the customer; the creation of a creative atmosphere in the enterprise; the increase of productivity by using the abilities of the employees and their desire to work; simplicity of the organization, the minimum number of management and administrative staff, etc. The results of the study show that the competitive potential of an enterprise is a comprehensive comparative characteristic that reflects the degree of predominance of a set of indicators for assessing the capabilities of an enterprise that determine its success in a particular market over a certain period of time in relation to the set of similar indicators of competing enterprises. The competitive potential of a territory is a set of competitive advantages and attractive features of a given territory, which contribute to the efficient use of available and attractive external resources and distinguish the territory from other competitors in terms of its capabilities for effective socio-economic development. Practical implications. In order to implement the model of measuring the competitive potential of an area, an algorithm has been developed that includes the following steps: determination of the criterion of the competitive potential of an area; substantiation of the model of factors of the competitive potential of an area; formation of a system of requirements for indicators of the attractiveness of an area by factors; selection of a group of indicators for each factor that meet the requirements and characteristics; creation of a mathematical apparatus for the calculation of indicators in the assessment of factors; calculation of indicators and obtaining generalized assessments by factors; aggregation of generalized assessments by competitiveness factors and integrated assessment of the competitive potential of the territory; typology of territories by the level of competitive potential; reflection of individual territories in the ratings of competitive potential assessments; use of the information obtained for strategic planning purposes. Adherence to this sequence and content of work on measuring the competitive potential of the territory will allow to effectively use the knowledge gained in its management. Relevance/originality. The application of the integral method of assessing the competitive potential of a company allows to provide an integrated approach to the assessment of the competitiveness of the company's potential and, in practice, to obtain an assessment of its competitive position on the basis of specific indicators. In addition, the application of this approach to the real conditions of a company's operation makes it possible to take into account both the competitiveness of products and the efficiency of the company's production and economic activities.

Kang K. L. Liu, N. Lubbers, W. Klein et al.

The agent-based Yard-Sale model of wealth inequality is generalized to incorporate exponential economic growth and its distribution. The distribution of economic growth is nonuniform and is determined by the wealth of each agent and a parameter $λ$. Our numerical results indicate that the model has a critical point at $λ=1$ between a phase for $λ< 1$ with economic mobility and exponentially growing wealth of all agents and a non-stationary phase for $λ\geq 1$ with wealth condensation and no mobility. We define the energy of the system and show that the system can be considered to be in thermodynamic equilibrium for $λ< 1$. Our estimates of various critical exponents are consistent with a mean-field theory (see following paper). The exponents do not obey the usual scaling laws unless a combination of parameters that we refer to as the Ginzburg parameter is held fixed as the transition is approached. The model illustrates that both poorer and richer agents benefit from economic growth if its distribution does not favor the richer agents too strongly. This work and the accompanying theory paper contribute to understanding whether the methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics can be applied to economic systems.

W. Klein, N. Lubbers, Kang K. L. Liu et al.

We develop a mean-field theory of the growth, exchange and distribution (GED) model introduced by Kang et al. (preceding paper) that accurately describes the phase transition in the limit that the number of agents $N$ approaches infinity. The GED model is a generalization of the Yard-Sale model in which the additional wealth added by economic growth is nonuniformly distributed to the agents according to their wealth in a way determined by the parameter $λ$. The model was shown numerically to have a phase transition at $λ=1$ and be characterized by critical exponents and critical slowing down. Our mean-field treatment of the GED model correctly predicts the existence of the phase transition, critical slowing down, the values of the critical exponents, and introduces an energy whose probability satisfies the Boltzmann distribution for $λ< 1$, implying that the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium in the limit that $N \to \infty$. We show that the values of the critical exponents obtained by varying $λ$ for a fixed value of $N$ do not satisfy the usual scaling laws, but do satisfy scaling if a combination of parameters, which we refer to as the Ginzburg parameter, is much greater than one and is held constant. We discuss possible implications of our results for understanding economic systems and the subtle nature of the mean-field limit in systems with both additive and multiplicative noise.

Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude, Steve Nkem Ibenta, Gideon Kasie Ezu et al.

Purpose - This paper investigates the effect of commercial bank regulations, namely the price, product, and geographic regulations, on the intermediation function of commercial banks in Nigeria.  Methods - Using secondary data from 1986 to 2017 from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the World Bank, this study employs the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality framework. Findings - This paper provides evidence of a long-run relationship between commercial bank regulation and intermediation function represented by private sector credit to RGDP (regional gross domestic product). It also finds that commercial banks' regulation index through price, product, and geographic regulation has a positive relationship with intermediation function. Furthermore, the long-run relationship between commercial bank regulation and intermediation function described by private sector credit to RGDP is affirmed. Implication - The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) needs to relax the product regulation to allow commercial banks to engage in various conventionally non-banking activities. Originality - The paper contributes to the literature by ascertaining the commercial banks' intermediation function to Nigeria's economic growth and development.

Kaustuv Manna, Gizem Aslan-Cansever, Andrey Maljuk et al.

Single crystals of iridates are usually grown by a flux method well above the boiling point of the SrCl2 solvent. This leads to non-equilibrium growth conditions and dramatically shortens the lifetime of expensive Pt crucibles. Here, we report the growth of Sr2IrO4, Sr3Ir2O7 and SrIrO3 single crystals in a reproducible way by using anhydrous SrCl2 flux well below its boiling point. We show that the yield of the different phases strongly depends on the nutrient/solvent ratio for fixed soak temperature and cooling rate. Using this low-temperature growth approach generally leads to a lower temperature-independent contribution to the magnetic susceptibility than previously reported. Crystals of SrIrO3 exhibit a paramagnetic behavior that can be remarkably well fitted with a Curie-Weiss law yielding physically reasonable parameters, in contrast to previous reports. Hence, reducing the soak temperature below the solvent boiling point not only provides more stable and controllable growth conditions in contrast to previously reported growth protocols, but also extends considerably the lifetime of expensive platinum crucibles and reduces the corrosion of heating and thermoelements of standard furnaces, thereby reducing growth costs.

Jérôme Nicolas, Simone Assali, Samik Mukherjee et al.

Controlling the growth kinetics from the vapor phase has been a powerful paradigm enabling a variety of metastable epitaxial semiconductors such as Sn-containing group IV semiconductors (Si)GeSn. In addition to its importance for emerging photonic and optoelectronic applications, this class of materials is also a rich platform to highlight the interplay between kinetics and thermodynamic driving forces during growth of strained, nonequilibrium alloys. Indeed, these alloys are inherently strained and supersaturated in Sn and thus can suffer instabilities that are still to be fully elucidated. In this vein, in this work the atomic-scale microstructure of Ge0.82Sn0.18 is investigated at the onset of phase separation as the epitaxial growth aborts. In addition to the expected accumulation of Sn on the surface leading to Sn-rich droplets and sub-surface regions with the anticipated equilibrium Sn composition of 1.0at.%, the diffusion of Sn atoms also yields conspicuous Sn-decorated filaments with nonuniform Sn content in the range of ~1 to 11at.% . The latter are attributed to the formation and propagation of dislocations, facilitating the Sn transport toward the surface through pipe diffusion. Furthermore, the interface between the Sn droplet and GeSn shows a distinct, defective layer with Sn content of ~22at.%. This layer is likely formed by the expelled excess equilibrium Ge as the Sn solidifies, and its content seems to be a consequence of strain minimization between tetragonal Sn-rich and cubic Ge-rich equilibrium phases. The elucidation of these phenomena is crucial to understand the stability of GeSn semiconductors and control their epitaxial growth at a uniform composition.

Scott E. Friedman, Robert P. Goldman, Richard G. Freedman et al.

Many real-world planning domains involve diverse information sources, external entities, and variable-reliability agents, all of which may impact the confidence, risk, and sensitivity of plans. Humans reviewing a plan may lack context about these factors; however, this information is available during the domain generation, which means it can also be interwoven into the planner and its resulting plans. This paper presents a provenance-based approach to explaining automated plans. Our approach (1) extends the SHOP3 HTN planner to generate dependency information, (2) transforms the dependency information into an established PROV-O representation, and (3) uses graph propagation and TMS-inspired algorithms to support dynamic and counter-factual assessment of information flow, confidence, and support. We qualified our approach's explanatory scope with respect to explanation targets from the automated planning literature and the information analysis literature, and we demonstrate its ability to assess a plan's pertinence, sensitivity, risk, assumption support, diversity, and relative confidence.

Natalia A. Sadovnikova, Leysan A. Davletshina, Olga A. Zolotareva et al.

This article presents the results of a cluster analysis of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the main parameters of socio-economic development according to the data presented in the official data sources of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). Studied and analyzed the domestic and foreign (Eurostat) methodology for assessing the socio-economic development of territories. The aim of the study is to determine the main parameters of territorial differentiation and to identify key indicators that affect the socio-economic development of Russian regions. The authors have carried out a classification of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation not in terms of territorial location and geographical features, but in terms of the specifics and key parameters of the socio-economic situation.

Mark Nicholas Finean, Wolfgang Merkt, Ioannis Havoutis

We present a novel framework for motion planning in dynamic environments that accounts for the predicted trajectories of moving objects in the scene. We explore the use of composite signed-distance fields in motion planning and detail how they can be used to generate signed-distance fields (SDFs) in real-time to incorporate predicted obstacle motions. We benchmark our approach of using composite SDFs against performing exact SDF calculations on the workspace occupancy grid. Our proposed technique generates predictions substantially faster and typically exhibits an 81--97% reduction in time for subsequent predictions. We integrate our framework with GPMP2 to demonstrate a full implementation of our approach in real-time, enabling a 7-DoF Panda arm to smoothly avoid a moving robot.

Antonio R. Ramos Rodriguez, María Paula Lechuga Sancho

La coautoría en las publicaciones de investigación es un claro exponente de colaboración científica. Su estudio a lo largo del tiempo permite conocer la respuesta de los investigadores a los criterios de evaluación que las instituciones públicas establecen para evaluar su rendimiento. Con esta intención, el objetivo general de este trabajo ha sido analizar los hábitos de firma de los investigadores españoles en Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, en revistas indexadas en el Social Science Citation Index. Concretamente, se ofrecen respuestas a tres cuestiones de investigación relacionadas con el número de autores, la posición en el orden de firma y el papel del autor para la correspondencia. Se han observado importantes cambios a lo largo del tiempo, y diferencias significativas entre el campo de la Economía y las Ciencias Empresariales que pueden ser de interés sobre todo para que los responsables del diseño de los diferentes sistemas de promoción y acreditación tengan una visión más certera de la situación real y del proceso adaptativo que ellos mismos generan en la comunidad científica.

Káposzta József

David Bewley-Taylor, Martin Jelsma, Sylvia Kay

Los importantes cambios en las políticas han dado lugar a un auge sin precedentes de los mercados del cannabis medicinal, y un número creciente de países avanza hacia una reglamentación jurídica de su consumo no médico por parte de adultos. Es probable que esta tendencia aporte una serie de beneficios. No obstante, la preocupación aumenta respecto al surgimiento de una gran cantidad de empresas de cannabis con fines de lucro originarias del Sur global, las cuales compiten ferozmente para apoderarse de los espacios lícitos que se están abriendo en la actualidad en un mercado internacional del cannabis de miles de millones de dólares. Esta situación amenaza con expulsar a los pequeños agricultores tradicionales del Sur global de los mercados legales emergentes. Aquellos que intentan abandonar su condición de ilegalidad se ven enfrentados a enormes dificultades como consecuencia de una combinación de herencia de la penalización y obstáculos administrativos para la legalización. Ante el actual recalentamiento de un mercado dominado por las empresas, la conquista de espacios y la protección de estos para los pequeños agricultores requerirán acciones positivas, reglamentación de la inversión extranjera y una buena concepción de estrategias legislativas y de mercado. Esta reflexión política analiza el desarrollo de las dinámicas de mercado desde una perspectiva de desarrollo, ofreciendo un conjunto de principios orientadores y proposiciones de acción sobre las cuales construir un modelo de regulación comercial del cannabis más equitativo y (más) justo.