Hasil untuk "Crisis management. Emergency management. Inflation"

Ivan I. Palevoda, Andrey D. Chorny, Aleksey V. Teteryukov

Purpose. To develop a physico-mathematical model and to determine the regularities of thermal and gas-dynamic interaction during the combustion of pitched roofs made of combustible building materials using computational fluid and gas dynamics methods. The processes of convective and radiative heat flux formation are to be considered in order to further refine the geometric parameters of the radiating surface and to assess the thermal impact on adjacent buildings and structures. Methods. Numerical simulation of pitched roof combustion in ANSYS Fluent 2022 R2. The calculations were made using the SST k–ω turbulence model, a turbulent combustion model incorporating the eddy dissipation model, the discrete ordinates method for radiative heat transfer, a pyrolysis model for roofing materials, and a single-step soot formation model. Boundary conditions were specified based on previously conducted experimental studies. Findings. Spatial-temporal distributions of temperature fields and heat flux intensities during pitched roof combustion were obtained. Based on the results of numerical simulations performed in the ANSYS Fluent software environment, it was established that during roof combustion, at a distance of 1 m horizontally and 1 m vertically from the gable and the roof slope, the temperature values range from 530 to 590 K, while the heat flux density varies from 4.5 to 8.0 kW/m². The obtained data are in good agreement with the results of experimental studies, confirming the validity of the model. The processes of pyrolysis, turbulent combustion, radiative heat transfer, and soot formation in the modeling of pitched roof combustion were comprehensively investigated. Application field of research. Determination of fire separation distances between buildings with roofs made of combustible materials. The obtained data can be used to improve engineering methodologies and fire safety regulatory documents and are also of practical interest to engineering organizations, design institutes, personnel of the MES, research and educational institutions.

فاطمه علی مددی

استفاده گسترده از پهپادها، نیاز به تدابیر امنیتی پیشرفته برای جلوگیری از نفوذ غیرمجاز به حریم هوایی و مقابله با تهدیدات امنیتی را افزایش داده است. سامانه‌های شناسایی صوتی پهپاد، با بهره‌گیری از ویژگی‌های صوتی منحصربه‌فرد این پرنده‌ها، امکان پایش و نظارت از راه دور را در محیط‌های حساس نظیر مناطق نظامی، اماکن حفاظت‌شده، و فضاهای شهری فراهم می‌سازند. در این مقاله، ما چارچوبی قدرتمند مبتنی بر معماری شبکه عصبی عمیق بر اساس شبکه ConvNeXt برای شناسایی و طبقه‌بندی صوتی پهپادها ارائه می‌شود. مدل پیشنهادی با بهره‌گیری از معماری سبک‌وزن، بر روی مجموعه‌ای متنوع از داده‌های صوتی آموزش دیده و ارزیابی شده است تا دقت عملکرد و قابلیت تعمیم آن در شرایط گوناگون تضمین گردد. نتایج آزمایش‌ها نشان‌دهنده عملکرد بسیار بالای مدل پیشنهادی در تشخیص دقیق و طبقه‌بندی انواع مختلف پهپادها در محیط‌های پیچیده صوتی است و نشان می‌دهد که مدل طراحی‌شده علاوه بر دقت بالا، دارای سرعت پردازش مناسب برای استفاده در کاربردهای بلادرنگ نیز می‌باشد. همچنین مدل چند وظیفه‌ای ما نسبت به روش‌های موجود برتری داشته و می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک راهکار عملی در سامانه‌های نظارتی صوتی و سازگار با منابع سخت‌افزاری محدود مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. با وجود عملکرد دقیق که موفق شد دقت شناسایی را تا ۵۵/۹۹ درصد و دقت طبقه‌بندی را تا ۲۱/۹۹ درصد افزایش دهد، حجم مولفه‌های قابل آموزش تنها ۶۲/۰ میلیون (۶۲۵۵۴۲ مولفه) می‌باشد که این مدل را برای پیاده‌سازی در سامانه‌های نظارت محیطی کم‌مصرف مناسب می‌سازد.

Amir Shariati, Cécile L’Hermitte, Nadia Millis Trent

PurposeThis study aims to review the prepositioning of relief items literature through a decision-making lens to explore the decisions involved, the factors guiding them and the influence of model design on these decisions. Despite their potential to inform decision-making, quantitative prepositioning models remain underutilised in practice. Understanding the foundational principles that shape model design and their connections to decision-making is crucial for effectively developing and implementing more practical models.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was conducted, and 97 relevant papers were analysed bibliographically and thematically. The thematic analysis is guided by the value-focused thinking approach, which provides a structured understanding of the decision-making process by focusing on the decision makers’ values.FindingsThis study identifies key prepositioning decisions related to facilities, inventory and distribution. It highlights efficiency, effectiveness and equity as the main values guiding prepositioning decisions and examines the mutual influence of model design and decisions. Moreover, a decision-making framework for prepositioning problems has been developed, outlining key steps and relevant decisions.Originality/valueThis research provides novel insights into how the decision-making process regarding prepositioning is reflected in quantitative models. It helps researchers choose model designs that better align with decision makers’ priorities and requirements, increasing the models’ practicality. Additionally, it helps decision makers comprehend quantitative models and the reasons behind their mathematical complexities, ultimately improving the effectiveness of decision-making for prepositioning.

Jialin Wu, Feifan He, Zilin Xie et al.

Respiratory infectious diseases can cause public health emergencies, threatening human well-being, social operation, and economic development. Clarifying the transmission mechanism of respiratory infectious diseases is essential for control measures. We review the main research findings on the transmission mechanism of respiratory infectious diseases in recent decades. The source characteristics of respiratory infectious diseases, the airborne transmission mechanism, the exposure of susceptible persons, and the infection risk assessment methods are discussed. Given that the dynamic scenario of respiratory infectious disease transmission has attracted wide attention in recent years, we summarize the effects of human movement on indoor airflow, pathogen diffusion, and human exposure. Considering the everyday use of facemasks, the effects of facemasks on source characteristics and infection risk are also discussed. Finally, future research prospects are proposed. The transmission mechanism of infectious diseases can be comprehensively explored by delving into patients' pathological characteristics and personnel protection measures. This exploration can be facilitated by establishing a multi-pose manikin database, enabling personalized and refined evaluations. Interdisciplinary cooperation will play a pivotal role in fostering a holistic understanding. Furthermore, it is crucial to account for the impact of individuals' activity patterns on disease transmission dynamics. This review is expected to reference public health emergency management.

Reyna L. Reyes-Nunez, Thomas Jamieson

How does seismic risk influence individual disaster preparedness? Previous research demonstrates that differences in individual preparedness in at-risk communities can be attributed to a variety of individual-level characteristics such as disaster experience, risk perception and risk preferences, cognitive heuristics and biases, perception of hazards, and their ability to interpret information and understand probabilistic forecasts. However, less is known about how localized seismic risk affects individuals' preparedness for earthquakes. In this paper, we combine localized data about seismic risk with novel survey data from a sample of 680 Californian residents to test how individuals' seismic risks influence their individual preparedness for earthquakes. Our results demonstrate that seismic risk is positively associated with individual preparedness, while controlling for alternative explanations. On the other hand, household income is not a good predictor of individual earthquake preparedness. Our results demonstrate that individuals are generally responsive to the risks in their environment, while also providing several avenues for information campaigns to implement lessons from this study to further encourage preparedness.

Виталий Александрович Хроколов, Игорь Константинович Мурзич

Цель. Определение рационального состава и численности пожарной аварийно-спасательной службы гражданской обороны для проведения аварийно-спасательных и других неотложных работ в составе группировки гражданской обороны, привлекаемой к ликвидации последствий применения противником средств огневого поражения. Методы. Общенаучные методы исследования: анализ и синтез, сравнение и обобщение; методы математической статистики. Результаты. Предложена методика определения рационального состава и численности пожарной аварийно-спасательной службы для проведения аварийно-спасательных и других неотложных работ в составе группировки сил гражданской обороны, привлекаемой к ликвидации последствий применения противником средств огневого поражения. Область применения исследований. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при планировании мероприятий гражданской обороны, а также для определения состава и численности пожарной аварийно-спасательной службы гражданской обороны на территории административно-территориальной единицы Республики Беларусь.

Wang Zhan, Daolin Du, Jie Ding et al.

In the context of rapid urbanization, urban security has a huge impact on social stability, such as huge property losses and casualties. Especially in extreme weather conditions, disasters will increase, thus the study of urban safety early warning systems is necessary. Firstly, this paper introduces the current situation and problems of urban security. Then, the urban safety early warning systems and emergency response mechanisms under snowstorm conditions are established and discussed according to the current situation. Finally, this paper puts forward suggestions and measures for the urban safety emergency rescue guarantee mechanism in snowstorm conditions.

Виктор Алексеевич Бирюк, Владимир Николаевич Пасовец, Марк Михайлович Журов

Purpose. The substantiation of the use of modern methods for assessing and monitoring the state of fire and emergency equipment in order to ensure its trouble-free operation. Methods. Non-destructive methods, computer simulation, tensometry. Findings. The review of methods existing for assessment and control of assemblies and units of fire and rescue vehicles technical state is performed. Some results of their application are presented. The application possibility of non-destructive testing methods is assessed. Application field of research. Fire rescue equipment, welded joints of technical objects.

Геннадий Вариков, Кирилл Дрозд, Виктор Жорник

С использованием метода многомерного проектного синтеза разработана экспериментально-статистическая математическая модель процесса газотермического напыления композиционного полимер-наноалмазного покрытия для различных видов наноразмерного модификатора (очищенные наноалмазы детонационного синтеза (НАДС) и алмазосодержащая шихта (ША)), в которой в качестве управляющих параметров приняты концентрация модификатора в исходной полимер-наноалмазной порошковой композиции (C), давление горючей смеси (Р), дистанция наплыления (l) и толщина покрытия (h), а критериями оптимизации являются адгезионная прочность (σсц) и коррозионная стойкость (К). На основе полученных уравнений регрессии рассчитаны оптимальные параметры процессов газотермического нанесения композиционных полимер-наноалмазных покрытий на полиамидной матрице с различными видами наноалмазного модификатора, удовлетворяющих заданным показателям качества (σсц = 10,0–15,0 МПа, К = 35–40 сут), в следующих границах: для покрытия «полимер-НАДС»: C = 0,15–0,21 масс.%, Р = 0,15–0,25 МПа, l = 83–113 мм, h = 97–111 мкм; для покрытия «полимер-ША-А»: С = 0,18–0,26 масс.%, Р = 0,20–0,30 МПа, l = 71–101 мм, h = 110–134 мкм.

Дмитрий Миканович

Проведен анализ материалов режимных наблюдений пьезометрического контроля в ограждающих сооружениях тестовых объектов шламохранилищ. В результате обработки данных исследований получены коэффициенты пропорциональности kпр для различных типов дамб, позволяющие при проведении фильтрационных расчетов учитывать наличие в жидкости поверхностно-активных веществ. Установлены причины развития возможных чрезвычайных ситуаций, разработана методика и проведена оценка вероятности возникновения гидродинамических аварий на сооружениях шламохранилищ Республики Беларусь.

Mark M.J. Wilson, Peter Tatham, John Payne et al.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges inherent in planning and responding to disaster events in a multi-agency context where numerous governmental and non-governmental actors and agencies are involved in the planning and response phases. In particular, the authors examine a situation where a lead agency has recently been delegated the responsibility for emergency relief logistics and how it might determine and implement best practice. Design/methodology/approach – Adopting an iterative inductive approach, the authors gather data and insights from academic literature, emergency management policies, frameworks and documents and exploratory in-depth interviews with 12 key informants who have considerable experience with the challenges of logistic preparation and response to disasters in a developed country context. The data and context are limited to developed counties, especially the state of Queensland, Australia. Findings – The authors discuss the challenge of achieving coordinated supply chain management where mandated/lead response agencies are required to meet stakeholder and local community expectations and outcomes. From these findings, the authors offer 11 practical recommendations to assist the delivery of best practice in emergency logistics. Originality/value – Humanitarian logistics is usually examined from a low/middle-income country perspective, yet an efficient and effective disaster response is no less important for developed economies. In this respect, the authors offer a fresh examination of the challenges of delivering best practice for emergency logistics in order to achieve expected community outcomes.

Tat'yana Dyubkova

В статье представлен опыт обучения студентов посредством метода кейсов при освоении содержания дисциплины «Безопасность жизнедеятельности человека» в Белорусском государственном университете. Метод кейсов использован для развития у студентов способностей к анализу чрезвычайной ситуации, поиску оптимального паттерна поведения и формирования мотивации к повышению уровня физической культуры. Установлено, что высокий уровень физической подготовленности, развитие эмоционально-волевых и нравственных качеств, способности к самоконтролю и саморегуляции поведения являются дополнительным ресурсом выживания человека в чрезвычайных ситуациях природного и техногенного характера.

Marianne Jahre

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to link humanitarian logistics (HL) and supply chain risk management (SCRM) to provide an understanding of risk mitigation strategies that humanitarian organisations use, or could use, to improve their logistics preparedness. Design/methodology/approach – Based on systematic reviews of RMS in SCRM and supply chain strategies (SCS) in HL literature, a framework is developed and used to review published case studies in HL. Findings – The study finds that humanitarian actors use a number of the strategies proposed in the framework, particularly those related to strategic stocks, postponement, and collaboration. Strategies related to sourcing and procurement, however, especially those on supplier relationships, seem to be lacking in both research and practice. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on secondary data and could be further developed through case studies based on primary data. Future studies should explore the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications – Practitioners can use the framework to identify potential new SCS and how strategies can be combined. Findings can help them to understand the abnormal risks of main concern, how they may impact normal risks, and provide ideas on how to tackle trade-offs between different risks. Social implications – The results can support improvements in humanitarian supply chains, which will provide affected people with rapid, cost-efficient, and better-adapted responses. Originality/value – The paper connects SCRM and HL to develop a framework and suggests propositions on how humanitarian actors can mitigate supply chain risks. Questioning the focus on strategic stock it suggests complementary or alternative strategies for improving logistics preparedness.

سعید رضائی

در این مفاله به بررسی مشخصات فنی زیرساخت ملی داده های مکانی (NSDI) از دیدگاه پدافند غیرعامل می پردازیم