The prospect of artificial superintelligence -- AI agents that can generally outperform humans in cognitive tasks and economically valuable activities -- will transform the legal order as we know it. Operating autonomously or under only limited human oversight, AI agents will assume a growing range of roles in the legal system. First, in making consequential decisions and taking real-world actions, AI agents will become de facto subjects of law. Second, to cooperate and compete with other actors (human or non-human), AI agents will harness conventional legal instruments and institutions such as contracts and courts, becoming consumers of law. Third, to the extent AI agents perform the functions of writing, interpreting, and administering law, they will become producers and enforcers of law. These developments, whenever they ultimately occur, will call into question fundamental assumptions in legal theory and doctrine, especially to the extent they ground the legitimacy of legal institutions in their human origins. Attempts to align AI agents with extant human law will also face new challenges as AI agents will not only be a primary target of law, but a core user of law and contributor to law. To contend with the advent of superintelligence, lawmakers -- new and old -- will need to be clear-eyed, recognizing both the opportunity to shape legal institutions as society braces for superintelligence and the reality that, in the longer run, this may be a joint human-AI endeavor.
Dalal Alrajeh, Vesna Nowack, Patrick Benjamin
et al.
Investigating serious crimes is inherently complex and resource-constrained. Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) grapple with overwhelming volumes of offender and incident data, making effective suspect identification difficult. Although machine learning (ML)-enabled systems have been explored to support LEAs, several have failed in practice. This highlights the need to align system behavior with stakeholder goals early in development, motivating the use of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE). This paper reports our experience applying the GORE framework KAOS to designing an ML-enabled system for identifying suspects in online child sexual abuse. We describe how KAOS supported early requirements elaboration, including goal refinement, object modeling, agent assignment, and operationalization. A key finding is the central role of data elicitation: data requirements constrain refinement choices and candidate agents while influencing how goals are linked, operationalized, and satisfied. Conversely, goal elaboration and agent assignment shape data quality expectations and collection needs. Our experience highlights the iterative, bidirectional dependencies between goals, data, and ML performance. We contribute a reference model for integrating GORE with data-driven system development, and identify gaps in KAOS, particularly the need for explicit support for data elicitation and quality management. These insights inform future extensions of KAOS and, more broadly, the application of formal GORE methods to ML-enabled systems for high-stakes societal contexts.
Wild animals need special attention because of their significance from the environmental,ecological, genetic, scientific, recreational, cultural, educational, social and economic points ofview. There are numerous international instruments and documents in the field of internationalwildlife law (IWL). Among them, there are three well-known instruments namely the Ramsar,Bonn, and CITES Conventions. In the present piece, these Conventions are studied comparativelyin order to find out their approaches toward the protection of wildlife. In doing so, the author,first and foremost, provides a brief overview of these Conventions. Thereafter, their approachestoward wildlife protection would be analyzed. The methodological approach of this researchincludes analysis of wildlife protection through descriptive and normative explanation of theRamsar, Bonn, and CITES Conventions. According to the findings of this study, reasonable andwise use of wetlands (the approach of the Ramsar Convention), special attention to migratorybirds (the approach of the Bonn Convention), and the regulation of international wildlifetrade (the approach of CITES) are three main and prevalent approaches in these instruments.Furthermore, it appears that CITES has played a more important and effective role in IWL andprotection of wildlife. It is due to the fact that this Convention has more operative tools and itsState Parties have undertaken more extensive and practical obligations.
O tempo presente se singulariza pela ruptura e pelo casuísmo. Ruptura e casuísmo que sugerem, atentos nós a um específico nódulo de preocupações, um esfumaçar dos limites entre o direito penal e o administrativo.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
This paper examines the admissibility of AI-generated forensic evidence in criminal trials. The growing adoption of AI presents promising results for investigative efficiency. Despite advancements, significant research gaps persist in practically understanding the legal limits of AI evidence in judicial processes. Existing literature lacks focused assessment of the evidentiary value of AI outputs. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether AI-generated evidence satisfies established legal standards of reliability. The methodology involves a comparative doctrinal legal analysis of evidentiary standards across common law jurisdictions. Preliminary results indicate that AI forensic tools can enhance scale of evidence analysis. However, challenges arise from reproducibility deficits. Courts exhibit variability in acceptance of AI evidence due to limited technical literacy and lack of standardized validation protocols. Liability implications reveal that developers and investigators may bear accountability for flawed outputs. This raises critical concerns related to wrongful conviction. The paper emphasizes the necessity of independent validation and, development of AI-specific admissibility criteria. Findings inform policy development for the responsible AI integration within criminal justice systems. The research advances the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16 by reinforcing equitable access to justice. Preliminary results contribute for a foundation for future empirical research in AI deployed criminal forensics.
Prosecutors are essential in combating organized crime, making key decisions about prosecution, target selection, and structuring imputation strategies. Despite their importance, the configuration of these strategies remains empirically underexplored. This study engages with that premise by considering the cases investigated by the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) and focusing specifically on the role of prosecutors, aiming to uncover how their discretionary decisions translated the CICIG mandate into operational practices intended to achieve systemic deterrence, and to what extent, can we talk about deterrence effectiveness. The research employs a multilevel Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) analysis, integrating three networks: the criminal network of actors involved in illegal activities, the legal framework network that represents offenses, and the prosecution network that connects actors to offenses. The model assesses whether the observed network aligns with deterrence-based theoretical assumptions and examines how punishment severity can be effective when it disrupts functional ties that sustain criminal activity -both through long-term sanctions and by increasing the perceived threat of punishment among co-offenders. This approach underscores the need for prosecutorial strategies to evolve beyond a case-by-case model toward a multi-case, multi-offender imputation framework that fully integrates intelligence and data-driven analysis to dismantle criminal networks.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into telecommunications infrastructure introduces novel risks, such as algorithmic bias and unpredictable system behavior, that fall outside the scope of traditional cybersecurity and data protection frameworks. This paper introduces a precise definition and a detailed typology of telecommunications AI incidents, establishing them as a distinct category of risk that extends beyond conventional cybersecurity and data protection breaches. It argues for their recognition as a distinct regulatory concern. Using India as a case study for jurisdictions that lack a horizontal AI law, the paper analyzes the country's key digital regulations. The analysis reveals that India's existing legal instruments, including the Telecommunications Act, 2023, the CERT-In Rules, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, focus on cybersecurity and data breaches, creating a significant regulatory gap for AI-specific operational incidents, such as performance degradation and algorithmic bias. The paper also examines structural barriers to disclosure and the limitations of existing AI incident repositories. Based on these findings, the paper proposes targeted policy recommendations centered on integrating AI incident reporting into India's existing telecom governance. Key proposals include mandating reporting for high-risk AI failures, designating an existing government body as a nodal agency to manage incident data, and developing standardized reporting frameworks. These recommendations aim to enhance regulatory clarity and strengthen long-term resilience, offering a pragmatic and replicable blueprint for other nations seeking to govern AI risks within their existing sectoral frameworks.
AI-powered greenwashing has emerged as an insidious challenge within corporate sustainability governance, exacerbating the opacity of environmental disclosures and subverting regulatory oversight. This study conducts a comparative legal analysis of criminal liability for AI-mediated greenwashing across India, the US, and the EU, exposing doctrinal lacunae in attributing culpability when deceptive claims originate from algorithmic systems. Existing statutes exhibit anthropocentric biases by predicating liability on demonstrable human intent, rendering them ill-equipped to address algorithmic deception. The research identifies a critical gap in jurisprudential adaptation, as prevailing fraud statutes remain antiquated vis-à-vis AI-generated misrepresentation. Utilising a doctrinal legal methodology, this study systematically dissects judicial precedents and statutory instruments, yielding results regarding the potential expansion of corporate criminal liability. Findings underscore the viability of strict liability models, recalibrated governance frameworks for AI accountability, and algorithmic due diligence mandates under ESG regimes. Comparative insights reveal jurisdictional disparities, with the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) offering a potential transnational model. This study contributes to AI ethics and environmental jurisprudence by advocating for a hybrid liability framework integrating algorithmic risk assessment with legal personhood constructs, ensuring algorithmic opacity does not preclude liability enforcement.
A high order time stepping applied to spatial discretizations provided by the method of lines for hyperbolic conservations laws is presented. This procedure is related to the one proposed in Qiu and Shu (SIAM J Sci Comput 24(6):2185-2198, 2003) for numerically solving hyperbolic conservation laws. Both methods are based on the conversion of time derivatives to spatial derivatives through a Lax-Wendroff-type procedure, also known as Cauchy-Kovalevskaya process. The original approach in Qiu and Shu (2003) uses the exact expressions of the fluxes and their derivatives whereas the new procedure computes suitable finite difference approximations of them ensuring arbitrarily high order accuracy both in space and time as the original technique does, with a much simpler implementation and generically better performance, since only flux evaluations are required and no symbolic computations of flux derivatives are needed.
Mykhailo Moisieiev, Maryna Zaitseva, Dmytro Lisnichenko
et al.
Objectives: This study aims to explore the advancements in criminal law and procedure concerning military accountability and the appellate process, with a particular focus on the effective administration of electronic proceedings. The research seeks to identify current barriers, assess the impact of technology on military justice, and propose recommendations for enhancing accountability and efficiency within the military legal framework. Methods: A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing a combination of surveys, document analysis, and observational studies. Surveys were distributed to military legal professionals and personnel to gather insights on their experiences with electronic proceedings and the appellate process. Additionally, relevant legal documents, policies, and case studies were analyzed to provide a comprehensive overview of existing practices and outcomes. Results: The findings indicate that while electronic proceedings have improved accessibility and efficiency in the military justice system, significant challenges remain, including issues related to data security, training, and the integration of technology into traditional legal processes. Survey results revealed a mixed perception among military personnel regarding the effectiveness of electronic proceedings in enhancing accountability and expediting the appellate process. Conclusions: The study concludes that advancing criminal law and procedure in the military context requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both technological and procedural challenges. Recommendations include the development of standardized protocols for electronic proceedings, enhanced training for legal personnel, and ongoing evaluation of technology's impact on military accountability. By implementing these measures, the military justice system can better serve its objectives of fairness, efficiency, and accountability.
Darryl Robinson, Sergey Vasiliev, Elies van Sliedregt
et al.
Building on the success of previous editions (Cryer et al.), this popular textbook is now expanded and updated in a 5th edition featuring two new co-authors, Elies van Sliedregt and Valerie Oosterveld. A market leader and one of the most globally trusted textbooks on international criminal law, it is known for its accessible and engaging tone and for an even-handed approach that is both critical and constructive. Comprehensively updated and rewritten, this new edition introduces readers to the main concepts of international criminal law, as well as the domestic and international institutions that enforce it, and addresses the latest challenges and controversies surrounding the International Criminal Court. Written by a team of international criminal lawyers who have extensive academic and practical experience in the field, the book engages with critical questions, political and moral challenges, and alternatives to international justice. It contains helpful references to other literature, making it a valuable research resource.
Falar sobre Juarez Tavares é uma tarefa agradável, por muitas razões: a descrição de sua personalidade sugere substantivos fortes e adjetivos dignificantes, que tornam o discurso fácil e fluente. E, na comemoração dos seus 80 anos, rodeado por amigos e admiradores, é importante destacar as dimensões filosófica, política e científica de sua personalidade carismática e comunicativa, que produzem profunda impressão em todos os que o conhecem ou com ele convivem, de uma forma ou de outra.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
Введение: в современных условиях развития нашего государства требуются новые подходы к понятию и инструментарию юридической техники. Широкий подход к понятию юридической техники значительно увеличивает сферу ее ответственности, осуществляя выход
за рамки исключительно внешней обработки правовых актов, обеспечивая внутреннюю согласованность и социальную обусловленность норм права. В этой связи реализация инструментальных возможностей юридической техники может оказать положительное влияние на
развитие новых отраслей права, в частности пенитенциарного права. Методы: принципы
диалектико-материалистического познания, требующие объективного и всестороннего
изучения предмета в совокупности его противоречивых сторон, а также комплекс общенаучных (анализ, синтез, индукция и дедукция) и частно-правовых (формально-юридический)
методов. Цель: анализ прикладных возможностей широкого подхода к юридической технике
как технике правового регулирования в формировании и развитии пенитенциарного права
как относительно самостоятельной отрасли современного российского права. Выводы: в состав юридической техники как техники правового регулирования непосредственно включаются нормативные и процедурные технико-юридические средства (приемы), они позволяют
обеспечить совершенствование законодательства, необходимый уровень его социальной
эффективности. Повышение социальной эффективности уголовно-исполнительного права
неотделимо от идей и ценностей гуманизации исполнения уголовных наказаний. Укрепление
этой тенденции в совокупности с постепенным расширением предмета уголовно-исполнительного права создает необходимые предпосылки для формирования относительно новой
отрасли пенитенциарного права, обусловленной появлением либо обновлением редакции
уголовно-исполнительного кодекса либо принятием пенитенциарного кодекса. Формулируются конкретные предложения по совершенствованию как действующих правовых институтов, так и новых институтов, появление которых позволило бы обоснованно вести речь о пенитенциарном праве.
A partir de uma abordagem criminológico-crítica que se projeta desde o trabalho pioneiro dos frankfurtianos (Rusche e Kirchheimer), o presente artigo analisa os principais reflexos no campo do controle penal decorrentes do capitalismo de vigilância, reconfiguração produzida pela chamada revolução digital, compreendida como mais uma das etapas da modernidade, consistente, sobretudo, na glorificação das novas tecnologias, ideologia que autoriza a emergência das novas fronteiras e conquistas da técnica moderna.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
O artigo trata da questão da decretação de prisão cautelar como instrumento de agentes da Justiça Criminal para influir na autodeterminação do preso quanto à ampla defesa, constrangendo-o a barganhar direitos, por meio de colaboração processual. Discute-se se a teoria do dilema do prisioneiro não se exibe uma forma de tortura psicológica, sob a perspectiva dos tratados internacionais.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
Glacier and ice-sheet motion is fundamental to glaciology. However, we still lack a consensus for the optimal way to relate basal velocity to basal traction for large-scale glacier and ice-sheet models (the 'sliding relationship'). Typically, a single tunable coefficient loosely connected to one or a limited number of physical processes is varied spatially to reconcile model output with observations. Yet, process-agnostic studies indicate that the suitability of a given sliding relationship depends on the setting. Here, we suggest that this arises from myriad overlapping setting- and scale-dependent sliding sub-processes, including complicated near-basal stress states not captured by large-scale models, reviewed here as comprising a basal 'sliding layer'. A corresponding 'bulk layer' then accounts for ice deformation only minimally influenced by bed properties. We provide a framework for incorporating arbitrarily many sub-processes within a given region -- separated into normal ('form drag') and tangential ('slip') resistance at the ice-bed interface, stressing that the maximum scale of cavitation is an important contributor to the division between the two. Under reasonable assumptions, our framework implies that sliding relationships should fall within a sum of regularised-Coulomb and power-law components, with a rough-smooth distinction proving more consequential in dictating sliding behaviour than a traditional hard-soft transition.
Children's involvement in school disciplinary problems is often a predictor of their involvement in crime in the future, resulting in them coming into contact with the criminal justice system. Therefore, teaching final-year law students the subject of criminal procedure, particularly governing the juvenile justice system, is essential for legal practice, especially when the legal rights of the children need to be protected since they are vulnerable to the adverse effects of the juvenile justice system. In this connection, the objectives of this paper are (a) to examine the underpinning causes behind children’s involvement in disciplinary problems in schools as predictors of their future involvement in crime; (b) to analyse the existing legal framework governing the juvenile justice system in Malaysia that forms part of the subject of criminal law procedure, and (c) to examine the importance of teaching criminal law procedure subject to final-year law students in preparing them for legal practice, especially when dealing with juveniles in the juvenile justice system. A qualitative research design is undertaken to explore the significance of teaching criminal law procedure to final-year law students by undertaking library-based research and an examination of content analysis, drawing from both primary and secondary sources. The findings in this research demonstrate that children who commit disciplinary problems in schools, such as truancy and bullying, will eventually come into contact with the criminal justice system, and their legal rights need to be protected. This research is significant in meeting the university’s mission, vision and values and supporting the national framework for reducing crime rates and strengthening crime prevention initiatives.
This article deals with the basic principles of criminal procedure in the context of the forthcoming recodification of criminal procedural law. The basic principles of criminal procedure represent the guiding ideas of Czech criminal procedure and their importance is concentrated in the functions they perform. In the context of the forthcoming recodification, the legislative function is gaining importance. As the basic principles are the principles of criminal procedure, they cannot be applied in all situations and stages equally. Their characteristic features are conditionality and harmonious system, but they may also have a contrapositional character. The article draws attention to the exceptional (unique) position that these principles have in the criminal process, but it also shows the exceptions to them.
Введение: статья посвящена проблемам, которые стали для пенитенциарной системы актуальными лишь в последние два–три десятилетия, поскольку ни в годы СССР, ни в начальный период становления России в качестве суверенного государства тема профилактики и
противодействия экстремизму не вставала так остро. Цель: раскрыть проблемы, возникшие
перед уголовно-исполнительной системой России в связи с активизацией экстремистских и
террористических проявлений как в нашей стране, так и за ее пределами, а также предложить
возможные пути их решения. Назрела потребность в создании комплексной системы подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России, а также
научного и организационного сопровождения деятельности, направленной на профилактику
и противодействие противоправной деятельности носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений. Результаты: научную и практическую значимость данного исследования мы
видим в том, что в нем впервые раскрывается необходимость учета специфики каждого из
видов экстремистской и террористической деятельности с точки зрения мотивов, обусловленных ментальной спецификой носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений, и
подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России для
профилактики и противодействия данным крайне деструктивным явлениям. Методы: для решения поставленных исследовательских задач эффективно использовано сочетание логического, системного методов, а также концептуальных видов анализа современного состояния
профилактики и противодействия экстремистской деятельности в УИС. Также применялись
герменевтические, сравнительные и экзегетические методы исследования источников, которые предопределяют сознание, когнитивные способности и поведение современных экстремистов и террористов. Вывод: авторы констатируют актуальность исследуемой проблемы, ее
многоаспектность и предлагают с учетом сформулированных в статье результатов разработку
концепции профилактики и противодействия самым разнообразным видам экстремистских и
террористических воззрений, которая, в свою очередь, должна найти отражение в концепциях психологической, воспитательной, оперативной и режимной служб и всей системы ФСИН
России. Кроме того, не менее важной задачей, которая все еще не решена, представляется
введение в учебные планы высших и средних учебных заведений ФСИН России цикла предметов, связанных с профилактикой экстремистских и террористических воззрений с учетом
специальности обучаемых.