Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Faruk Alpay, Levent Sarioglu

We study the problem of grammar-constrained context-free language reachability in graphs, focusing on complexity and empirical performance. We present an algorithmic framework for evaluating reachability queries constrained by context-free grammars, and analyze its theoretical runtime bounds. To complement our theoretical results, we conduct an extensive empirical evaluation on a comprehensive benchmark of real-world schemas, comparing different algorithmic variants and reporting performance trade-offs. Our results highlight the impact of grammar structure and graph characteristics on reachability computation, and provide guidance for selecting efficient approaches in practice.

Amanda Resti Maulidiya, Maman Abdurrahman, Nalahuddin Saleh

This study aims to compare the performance of ChatGPT and Gemini in analyzing i'rāb Marfû’ât al-Asmâ’', a critical aspect of Arabic grammar for determining the grammatical roles of words in sentences. The analysis uses 11 examples from the book Mulakhash Qawâ'id al-Lugah al-'Arabiyyah by Fuad Ni'mah, focusing on identifying grammatical components such as mubtada', khabar, isim ashbah, isim kāda, khabar inna, fā'il, nā'ib al-fā'il, na'at, 'atf, tawkid, and badal. The study employs the Mann-Whitney test to assess statistical significance and the Cosine Similarity Index (CSI) to measure semantic similarity. Results show that ChatGPT outperforms Gemini with a significant value of 0.019, while the CSI score of 0.800 indicates high similarity between the models' outputs. ChatGPT excels in providing detailed and accurate analyses, while Gemini is more suitable for concise answers but may lack precision. These findings highlight the unique strengths of each model and underscore the necessity of manual correction to ensure the accuracy and relevance of results, particularly in technology-based Arabic grammar learning.

G. Arduini, M. Benedikt, F. Gianotti et al.

In anticipation of the completion of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) programme by the end of 2041, CERN is preparing to launch a new major facility in the mid-2040s. According to the 2020 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP), the highest-priority next collider is an electron-positron Higgs factory, followed in the longer term by a hadron-hadron collider at the highest achievable energy. The CERN directorate established a Future Colliders Comparative Evaluation working group in June 2023. This group brings together project leaders and domain experts to conduct a consistent evaluation of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) and alternative scenarios based on shared assumptions and standardized criteria. This report presents a comparative evaluation of proposed future collider projects submitted as input for the Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. These proposals are compared considering main performance parameters, environmental impact and sustainability, technical maturity, cost of construction and operation, required human resources, and realistic implementation timelines. An overview of the international collider projects within a similar timeframe, notably the CEPC in China and the ILC in Japan is also presented, as well as a short review of the status and prospects of new accelerator techniques.

J. E. Lalira, Yopie A. T. Pangemanan, Jane E. Scipio et al.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly integrated into education, offering innovative solutions to enhance learning, particularly in language acquisition. In grammar instruction, tools like Grammarly and ChatGPT provide real-time feedback, error correction, and personalized learning experiences. This study investigates the impact of these AI-assisted learning tools on grammar proficiency among students from diverse academic programs in two higher education institutions in Indonesia. A quasi-experimental design was employed, comparing pre-test and post-test grammar scores to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools. A total of 150 students participated, representing programs such as Nursing, Pharmacy, Health Administration, Economics Education, and English Education. The findings revealed significant improvements in grammar scores, particularly among students in non-language-focused programs, with an average increase of 15%. Students in the English Education program showed smaller gains (5%), attributed to their higher baseline proficiency. While the results demonstrate the potential of AI tools in enhancing grammar accuracy, concerns were raised about over-reliance on technology and the need for transparent integration in educational contexts. The absence of qualitative insights and long-term retention data are acknowledged as limitations. This study highlights the importance of using AI as a supplementary resource to support meaningful grammar learning, especially for students with limited exposure to formal language instruction.

Barış Can Aydın

This study aims to provide insights into understanding the theoretical background of the application of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in the translation of political texts in the field of translation studies. The study also casts light on the investigation into the ideological and discursive issues in translation through the use of CDA as well as political discourse and translation. CDA is crucial in understanding the role and significance of discourse in the translation of a political text without disregarding the literary sense, authentic style of the speaker in the target language, and rhetorical devices. In this regard, this study considers the case of a political speech to demonstrate the role and significance of CDA in the translation of political speech. For this reason, the study has selected the case of Donald Trump’s inaugural address for translation into the target language of Turkish by the study’s author through the use of a critical lens. Following a critical approach and Norman Fairclough’s (1995) model for CDA in the interpretation and translation of political discourse, this study aims to provide explanations and solutions to the difficulties encountered in the interpretation and translation of a political speech. Therefore, the comparison of the source text with the target text offered and discussed in this study helps to underline and raise awareness about the contributions of CDA to translation studies.

M. Weiss

Jizheng Zhao, Jing Huang

Frequency effect on vocabulary acquisition has been widely investigated in second language acquisition (SLA) research, whereas comparative studies of vocabulary acquisition of learners from different language types, such as hieroglyphic writing and alphabetic writing, are still rarely found. This type of studies could be of great significance in exploring some unique characteristics of how second language learners of native languages of different writing perceive and acquire second language. Using artificial words of alphabetic writing and low-frequency English words as experimental materials, this study aims to compare the effect of frequency on the acquisition of grammar and meaning of alphabetic words between Chinese learners of the hieroglyphic native language and foreign learners of alphabetic native languages. Specifically, the study intends to find out whether frequency effect plays the key role in language acquisition; to what extent frequency effect affects language acquisition; and whether there are any differences between learners of different language types for vocabulary acquisition in terms of frequency effect. The results show that Chinese and foreign learners of English language have no significant differences as a whole in terms of type of languages affecting the acquisition of grammar and meaning of artificial words and English words, indicating the difference in the type of mother tongue might not be the factor causing differences on grammar and meaning acquisition of vocabulary. Learner types, language types, frequency and part of speech of a word have interaction effect toward the acquisition of grammar and meaning of a word. However, exposure frequency of vocabulary plays the determining role in the acquisition of grammar and meaning of words.

Harish Tayyar Madabushi, Laurence Romain, Petar Milin et al.

Recent progress in deep learning and natural language processing has given rise to powerful models that are primarily trained on a cloze-like task and show some evidence of having access to substantial linguistic information, including some constructional knowledge. This groundbreaking discovery presents an exciting opportunity for a synergistic relationship between computational methods and Construction Grammar research. In this chapter, we explore three distinct approaches to the interplay between computational methods and Construction Grammar: (i) computational methods for text analysis, (ii) computational Construction Grammar, and (iii) deep learning models, with a particular focus on language models. We touch upon the first two approaches as a contextual foundation for the use of computational methods before providing an accessible, yet comprehensive overview of deep learning models, which also addresses reservations construction grammarians may have. Additionally, we delve into experiments that explore the emergence of constructionally relevant information within these models while also examining the aspects of Construction Grammar that may pose challenges for these models. This chapter aims to foster collaboration between researchers in the fields of natural language processing and Construction Grammar. By doing so, we hope to pave the way for new insights and advancements in both these fields.

Katrien Beuls, Paul Van Eecke

In this chapter, we argue that it is highly beneficial for the contemporary construction grammarian to have a thorough understanding of the strong relationship between the research fields of construction grammar and artificial intelligence. We start by unravelling the historical links between the two fields, showing that their relationship is rooted in a common attitude towards human communication and language. We then discuss the first direction of influence, focussing in particular on how insights and techniques from the field of artificial intelligence play an important role in operationalising, validating and scaling constructionist approaches to language. We then proceed to the second direction of influence, highlighting the relevance of construction grammar insights and analyses to the artificial intelligence endeavour of building truly intelligent agents. We support our case with a variety of illustrative examples and conclude that the further elaboration of this relationship will play a key role in shaping the future of the field of construction grammar.

Sihan Ma, Qiong Cao, Hongwei Yi et al.

Demystifying complex human-ground interactions is essential for accurate and realistic 3D human motion reconstruction from RGB videos, as it ensures consistency between the humans and the ground plane. Prior methods have modeled human-ground interactions either implicitly or in a sparse manner, often resulting in unrealistic and incorrect motions when faced with noise and uncertainty. In contrast, our approach explicitly represents these interactions in a dense and continuous manner. To this end, we propose a novel Ground-aware Motion Model for 3D Human Motion Reconstruction, named GraMMaR, which jointly learns the distribution of transitions in both pose and interaction between every joint and ground plane at each time step of a motion sequence. It is trained to explicitly promote consistency between the motion and distance change towards the ground. After training, we establish a joint optimization strategy that utilizes GraMMaR as a dual-prior, regularizing the optimization towards the space of plausible ground-aware motions. This leads to realistic and coherent motion reconstruction, irrespective of the assumed or learned ground plane. Through extensive evaluation on the AMASS and AIST++ datasets, our model demonstrates good generalization and discriminating abilities in challenging cases including complex and ambiguous human-ground interactions. The code will be available at https://github.com/xymsh/GraMMaR.

Eleonora Lima

This article examines Levi’s treatment of eugenics in “I sintetici” and “Procacciatori d’affari” from Vizio di forma. The study builds upon Francesco Cassata’s analysis, which established that Levi held complex and conflicting views on the topic. These views mirrored his strong belief in avoiding limitations on scientific research while also revealing his ethical concerns. To further understand this predicament, the study reads Levi’s stories against the debate on eugenics that took place in England in the 1920s-1930. This debate engaged scientists and writers who significantly influenced Levi beyond this subject, including the Huxley brothers and Bertrand Russell. In this intellectual milieu, science fiction emerged as a favoured genre for exploring the intricate facets of eugenics and its ethical ramifications. By undertaking a comparative analysis between these antecedents and Vizio di forma, this study investigates how and why Levi turned to science fiction to articulate his conflicting thoughts on eugenics.

Harzat Abbas, Asif Abbas, Asim Iqbal et al.

This research paper investigates the exploration of trauma within Abdulrazak Gurnah's novel "Afterlives" (2020), examining the profound impact of historical and personal traumas on the characters, particularly the protagonist Hamza. The research adopts a qualitative research paradigm and incorporates primary and secondary sources to analyze the text comprehensively using trauma analysis theory. Literature, as a dominant medium, reflects human experience, with trauma emerging as a pervasive merged theme of stories of suffering and self-discovery. The examination explores treating trauma as a mere narrative device, revealing it as a tangible representation shaping characters' lives. Memories and nightmares in the novel are depicted as echoes of a haunting past, challenging Hamza's sense of self and resilience. The study concludes that "Afterlives" stands out as an exceptional portrayal of trauma in literature, emphasizing the long-lasting impact on the human psyche. Suggestions include a comparative analysis with similar works, an exploration of postcolonial perspectives in Gurnah's literature, and an examination of healing mechanisms portrayed in the aftermath of trauma. Ultimately, the research adds to a broader comprehension of literary trauma, emphasizing its relevance in shaping human experiences and promoting empathy, kindness, and solidarity in adversity.

M. Pawlak, Kata Csizér

Although there is consensus that second language grammar instruction is needed, some controversial issues remain. Whatever instructional options are selected, it is vital that they allow the development of not only explicit knowledge but also implicit or at least automatized knowledge that can be used in real-time interaction. Since this aim is difficult to achieve, students need to learn this subsystem on their own and this process can be aided by adept use of grammar learning strategies (GLS). However, research in this area is scarce, existing tools have not been validated in different contexts, and no cross-country comparisons have been made. The study addresses these gaps by examining the use of GLS by university students majoring in English in Hungary (N = 205) and Poland (N = 173). Data were collected by means of a standardized questionnaire and subjected to principal component analysis and correlational analysis. Independent- and paired-samples t-tests as well as regression analyses were also run. Some differences were found between the two contexts but overall patterns of GLS use were strikingly similar.

Wa Ode Hanafiah, Sulawesi Barat

The study discusses the effectiveness of Conventional Teaching Method utilizing whole-class member group and an Interactive-based Teaching Method employing small group works for improving both learners’ Grammar and Speaking competences in English Grammar classrooms. Data were taken from 68 first-year students of English Education Department of UNIDAYAN University, Bau-Bau, South-East Sulawesi province, who sit in a pre-test and post-test of two English competences; Grammar and Speaking in English. The research design is quasi experimental assigning 5 group works as the independent variables and 2 English competences; Grammar and Speaking in English as the dependent variables. The group works consist of various number of students. The treatment of all group works were reduplicated twice. The study reveals that the interactive-based teaching method utilizing small group works is far more effective for improving both learners’ Grammar and Speaking competences compared to those of conventional teaching method employing whole-class member group work in English Grammar classroom. The learners’ mean achievement is 25.04 points and 8.8 points respectively. The t-test confirms that there is a significant difference between the two methods. Moreover, the less the number of group members the more effective to the achievement of the learning target of the classrooms.

Tobias Reinhart, Gemma De les Coves

How complex is an Ising model? Usually, this is measured by the computational complexity of its ground state energy problem. Yet, this complexity measure only distinguishes between planar and non-planar interaction graphs, and thus fails to capture properties such as the average node degree, the number of long range interactions, or the dimensionality of the lattice. Herein, we introduce a new complexity measure for Ising models and thoroughly classify Ising models with respect to it. Specifically, given an Ising model we consider the decision problem corresponding to the function graph of its Hamiltonian, and classify this problem in the Chomsky hierarchy. We prove that the language of this decision problem is (i) regular if and only if the Ising model is finite, (ii) constructive context free if and only if the Ising model is linear and its edge language is regular, (iii) constructive context sensitive if and only if the edge language of the Ising model is context sensitive, and (iv) decidable if and only if the edge language of the Ising model is decidable. We apply this theorem to show that the 1d Ising model, the Ising model on generalised ladder graphs, and the Ising model on layerwise complete graphs are constructive context free, while the 2d Ising model, the all-to-all Ising model, and the Ising model on perfect binary trees are constructive context sensitive. This work is a first step in the characterisation of physical interactions in terms of grammars.

Chengcheng Wang Wang, Jorge Díaz Cintas

Using subtitles and subtitling as a means of diversifying foreign language teaching and learning has become increasingly popular in recent decades, particularly across Europe, where the European Commission has promoted, among others, the development of projects like ClipFlair, a web-based subtitling platform for foreign language learning (FLL). As part of this boost of research on FLL through subtitling, this empirical study was conducted in mainland China, where the role of subtitling in foreign language classroom has not been widely recognised by scholars. Carried out on seventeen higher education level Chinese L1 students, the experiment studied the effects of performing subtitling activities on English L2 vocabulary acquisition and discovered that doing subtitling tasks from L2 to L1 can result in a significantly better performance in vocabulary acquisition than doing intralingual subtitling activities (L2 to L2) or doing non-subtitling activities.

Barış Ağır, Zümre Gizem Yılmaz Karahan

Andree Alejandro Villegas de la Cruz

La obra de Alejandro Romualdo ocupa un lugar paradigmático en el corpus de la poesía peruana del siglo xx. La tendencia purista ampliamente ignorada de sus primeros trabajos todavía se encuentra presente en sus poemarios de temática social, en especial en Poesía Concreta (1952). Para demostrar esto, buscamos cotejar uno de los poemas dicho libro, “Así estamos” con el poema “Años de los castigos” de Manuel Scorza, poeta considerado por la crítica como social y confrontativo. Usando la retórica comparada y la retórica de la argumentación, se puede ver que ambos poetas tienden a las consonancias metáforicas y simbólicas para demostrar la inclusión de todas las personas en un ideal común de nación, sin embargo, la presencia hermética de la esperanza en el poema de Romualdo contrasta con el final fatalista de la poesía de corte social de Scorza.

Malak Ben Hamou

La vie et l’oeuvre de l’auteur français Jean Genet ont toujours été une quête de l’oeuvre d’art absolue. Dans cette quête, trois figures majeures le guideront : le sculpteur Giacometti, le peintre Rembrandt et le funambule Abdellah Bentaga. À travers les oeuvres de ces artistes, Genet découvrira l’identité absolue. Qu’est-ce qui le mena vers cette découverte et quelles conséquences eurent-elles sur l’écrivain ? C’est ce rapport à l’Autre, analysé dans les quatre textes que Genet a écrit sur ces artistes, que nous nous proposons d’interroger dans cet article, notamment à travers le mythe de Narcisse.

Hiroaki Naganuma, Diptarama Hendrian, Ryo Yoshinaka et al.

We propose a new approach for universal lossless text compression, based on grammar compression. In the literature, a target string $T$ has been compressed as a context-free grammar $G$ in Chomsky normal form satisfying $L(G) = \{T\}$. Such a grammar is often called a \emph{straight-line program} (SLP). In this paper, we consider a probabilistic grammar $G$ that generates $T$, but not necessarily as a unique element of $L(G)$. In order to recover the original text $T$ unambiguously, we keep both the grammar $G$ and the derivation tree of $T$ from the start symbol in $G$, in compressed form. We show some simple evidence that our proposal is indeed more efficient than SLPs for certain texts, both from theoretical and practical points of view.