The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 in Jambi City and the countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles encountered. Research Methods, the research used is empirical juridical. First, the results of the research are that the execution of fiduciary guarantees in Jambi City is still not in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. This can be seen from the three cases that the author raised in this study, it was stated that only one case carried out parate execution in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019, and two other cases did not comply with the Court's decision. This means that there are still creditors who immediately carry out executions before submitting an Application for Confiscation of Execution to the District Court. Second, the obstacles encountered in implementing the execution of fiduciary guarantees after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 and the countermeasures made to overcome the obstacles faced, namely the obstacle since the entry into force of this decision is very difficult to collect from customers due to regulations -rule of law. Which if the rule of law is violated, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance will bear the consequences. In addition, the debtor insists on not letting go of his unit and violates the payment deadline. The countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles faced by PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance, namely if the debtor defaults, namely does not pay the installments that have been determined properly and has been given a subpoena, if the debtor becomes bankrupt, and the debtor dies and the heirs are absent.
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pelaksanaan parate eksekusi, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019 di Kota Jambi dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi. Metode Penelitian Penelitian yang digunakan bersifat yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian Pertama, pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia di Kota Jambi masih belum sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari tiga kasus yang Penulis angkat dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan hanya satu kasus saja yang melakukan parate eksekusi sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019, dan dua kasus lainnya tidak sesuai Putusan Mahkamah tersebut. Artinya, masih terdapat pihak kreditur yang langsung melakukan eksekusi sebelum pengajukan Permohonan Sita Eksekusi ke Pengadilan Negeri. Kedua, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019 dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi, yakni kendalanya sejak berlakunya putusan ini sangat sulit untuk melakukan penagihan terhadap nasabah karena adanya aturan-aturan hukum. Yang mana jika aturan hukum tersebut dilanggar, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yang menanggung konsekuensinya, selain itu debitur bersikeras untuk tidak mau mepaskan unitnya dan melanggar batas waktu pembayaran. Adapun upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yaitu jika debitur melakukan wanprestasi, yaitu tidak membayar angsuran telah ditentukan sebagaimana mestinya dan telah diberi somasi, jika debitur jatuh pailit, dan Debitur meninggal dunia dan ahli warisnya tidak ada.
Gesine Richter, Christoph Borzikowsky, Bimba Franziska Hoyer
et al.
Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted once more the great need for comprehensive access to, and uncomplicated use of, pre-existing patient data for medical research. Enabling secondary research-use of patient-data is a prerequisite for the efficient and sustainable promotion of translation and personalisation in medicine, and for the advancement of public-health. However, balancing the legitimate interests of scientists in broad and unrestricted data-access and the demand for individual autonomy, privacy and social justice is a great challenge for patient-based medical research. Methods We therefore conducted two questionnaire-based surveys among North-German outpatients (n = 650) to determine their attitude towards data-donation for medical research, implemented as an opt-out-process. Results We observed a high level of acceptance (75.0%), the most powerful predictor of a positive attitude towards data-donation was the conviction that every citizen has a duty to contribute to the improvement of medical research (> 80% of participants approving data-donation). Interestingly, patients distinguished sharply between research inside and outside the EU, despite a general awareness that universities and public research institutions cooperate with commercial companies, willingness to allow use of donated data by the latter was very low (7.1% to 29.1%, depending upon location of company). The most popular measures among interviewees to counteract reservations against commercial data-use were regulation by law (61.4%), stipulating in the process that data are not sold or resold (84.6%). A majority requested control of both the use (46.8%) and the protection (41.5%) of the data by independent bodies. Conclusions In conclusion, data-donation for medical research, implemented as a combination of legal entitlement and easy-to-exercise-right to opt-out, was found to be widely supported by German patients and therefore warrants further consideration for a transposition into national law.
O objetivo do artigo é investigar a concorrência nos mercados digitais e o papel da política de concorrência nas economias em desenvolvimento para um crescimento inclusivo e prosperidade compartilhada com ferramentas inovadoras para uma melhor aplicação da lei. Sua metodologia analisa relatórios e pesquisas internacionais. As economias em desenvolvimento devem fortalecer sua capacidade de desenhar políticas de concorrência nos mercados digitais de acordo com suas particularidades sociais e econômicas de desenvolvimento, observando o que as economias desenvolvidas vêm fazendo em seu próprio mercado. A UE tem conduzido a política de concorrência nos mercados digitais, e o Digital Markets Act e o Digital Services Act são mais duas iniciativas capazes de facilitar as economias em desenvolvimento na concepção de sua própria regulamentação nos mercados digitais. O resultado do artigo indica que não existe um formato único e, como conclusão, a experiência e os bons padrões devem ser avaliados e ajustados.
La fiscalidad participativa supone un plexo epistémico que posibilita el empoderamiento ciudadano en la gestión integral de las finanzas públicas. Constituye un estado complejo de relaciones que posee como denominador común la democratización del soporte financiero de la labor estatal en general y administrativa en particular; su imbricación teórica con la economía social y solidaria como posición que privilegia los límites sociales al mercado, priorizando el papel de los productores, y los valores de solidaridad y fraternidad que se producen en el marco de las relaciones de distribución, cambio y consumo. El análisis de ambas teorías permite empoderar a los sujetos que tradicionalmente permanecen alejados de las decisiones financieras, y su interconexión desde el punto de vista epistemológico permite la creación de un poderoso instrumento de formulación popular de políticas dirigidas a democratizar los procesos económicos, junto con los mecanismos estatales y administrativos reguladores de la materia.
Antonio Capobiano, Marcos Fabricio Povoa, Paulo Burnier da Silveira
A crise sanitária e econômica provocada pela pandemia do Coronavírus acende uma série de questões jurídicas, que incluem as relações trabalhistas, a proteção dos consumidores, a livre-concorrência, o acesso a dados pessoais para fins de monitoramento social, entre tantos outros. Esse artigo tem por objetivo lançar luz sobre os desafios e as perspectivas no campo da defesa da concorrência. Inicialmente, aborda-se o papel do Estado na economia. Em seguida, examina-se os aspectos concorrenciais, como a prática de price gouging, as colaborações entre concorrentes, a aquisição de concorrentes em dificuldades financeiras, bem como a importância de promover a concorrência em contratações públicas emergenciais. Por fim, encerra-se com considerações no plano consumerista e reflexões em vista de perspectivas futuras sobre o tema.
Highly selective and lightweight protective suits featuring excellent breathability, mechanical robustness, and catalytic degradation performance toward chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are highly desirable for first responders and the military. However, current multilayered state-of-the-art chemical/biological (CB) protective textiles containing activated carbon and separate aerosol-protective layers exhibit several drawbacks including high thermal burden and secondary contamination. Herein, we present for the first time, a highly sorptive, breathable, and mechanically strong aerosol-protective layered fabric with prominent catalytic degradation capability of CWA simulant, through novel material selection and engineering design. The electrospun polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) fiber web with hierarchical porosity is used as a matrix material, preventing toxic gas penetration while providing pathways for air and water vapor molecules. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers assembled with PIM-1 fibers via a layer-by-layer electrospun-deposition approach are shown to achieve significantly enhanced mechanical integrity and filtration efficiency, due to the high polar chemical structure and small fiber diameter of PAN. The subsequent incorporation of UiO-66-NH2 particles, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), further enhances the sorption capacity while maintaining excellent filtration efficiency, mechanical strength, and breathability, and also endows the fiber web with remarkable catalytic degradation towards CWA simulants. The resulting PIM/PAN/MOF composite fiber mat demonstrates unprecedented integrated properties with water vapor transmission rate of 1,013 g/m2·24 h, surface area of 574 m2/g, increased tensile strength (more than 70 times compared to neat PIM-1 fiber web), and PM2.5 and PM10 filtration efficiency of 99.88% and 99.94%, respectively, comparable to commercial polypropylene (PP) non-woven textile. This facile and effective fabrication of such a multifunctional composite fiber mat is valuable for the design of protective garments in health care, personal protective gear, and law enforcement and military uniforms.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials
El presente escrito analiza la compleja relación entre la autodeterminación de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas y el Gobierno central, en el marco de un principio de colaboración que resulta al final ser un límite para las partes en distintos ámbitos y en especial en materia tributaria. En análisis de realiza a la luz de la propia Carta política y de los pronunciamientos del tribunal constitucional.
On December 16, 2019 all commercial motor vehicles (CMV) are mandated to carry ELDs (FMSCA, 2017a). These ELDs will replace paper logs and attach to the trucks’ engines. There, they easily record idle time, driving time, miles driven, vehicle movement, and off and on-duty time; making it easier for law enforcement to check if drivers are compliant with Hours of Service (HOS) rules. Paper logs are easily manipulated and it’s an open secret that drivers may have two types of paper logs: one for law enforcement and another for their records. The Mandate is the DOT’s latest attempt to improve road safety by ensuring that ALL CMV drivers (including those who transport citrus and citrus products) are compliant with HOS rules. Added compliance will increase road safety but will also increase travel time which can have adverse effects for transporting fresh produce. For example, unpredictable loading and unloading times, unexpected traffic, or looking for parking are included in on-duty hours and result in delayed deliveries and increase risk of losing produce. These issues could lead to an increase in costs for long-haul trips, something essential to the citrus industry since fresh fruit and juice originate in few states (California, Florida, and Texas) and are transported regionally. This article discusses the HOS rules and exemptions, as well as the cost of transporting citrus across the country.
Márcio Gabriel Plastina Júnior, Leonardo José Peixoto Leal
As dificuldades econômicas e financeiras pelas quais passam as mais diversas empresas, em especial em tempos de crise, podem levá-las ao processo de Recuperação Judicial ou até mesmo o seu fim, por meio do processo falimentar. Ocorre que, justamente nesse período em que as empresas encontram-se fragilizadas é que se dá maior abertura ao processo de incorporação, sobretudo por suas concorrentes. Tal fato, gera o problema acerca do controle de mercado, violando diversos princípios e normas ligadas à Livre Concorrência. Questiona-se, portanto, qual a atuação do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) em tais processos de incorporação e fusão? Assim, analisar-se-ão os posicionamentos firmados pela Autarquia, por meio de decisões já existentes. Como metodologia, utiliza-se o estudo descritivo-analítico, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, legislativa e documental. Por fim, conclui-se sugerindo a aplicação da Teoria Failing Company Defense para a resolução de processos da mesma natureza.
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(3), 893-920 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Protection of fundamental rights in the EU: opinion 2/13 of the CJEU. - III. Case-law of the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights. - III.1. Civil and commercial cooperation. - III.2. Child abduction: The Hague Convention on Child Abduction and Regulation 2201/2003. - III.3. Common European Asylum System: the Dublin Regulation. - III.4. Criminal law: the European arrest warrant. - IV. Conclusions. - IV.1. Thresholds for rebuttal: different approaches by the European Courts? - VI.2. Effective judicial protection v. the use of the "better placed argument". | (Abstract) Several academics, this author included, have criticized the CJEU when dealing with the question of "rebuttal of trust" for the application of the principle of mutual trust between Member States in the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ). Both the case-law dealing with the Dublin mechanism in asylum matters, as per the opinion 2/13 of the CJEU in 2014, seemed to result in a battle with the Strasbourg Court on the hegemony to interpret the scope of mutual trust, rather than offering clear guidelines for national courts. This contribution questions whether a comparison of judgments in different fields of the AFSJ and recent case-law of both European Courts justifies a new approach. Instead of focussing on the differences in decision-making of the European Courts, the goal of this contribution is to deduce common criteria from the European case-law to be applied by national courts when addressing claims of rebuttal of trust. Providing a general overview of the case-law of the CJEU and the Strasbourg Court in the field of civil and commercial law, criminal law, migration law and matrimonial affairs, this contribution questions which criteria may be applied by the national court of the enforcing or executing State when considering trust as rebutted.
Combating Late Payment in Commercial Transactions in the Light of the Directive 2000/35/EC and in the Polish Law
Summary
The European Community has recognized late payments as one of
important obstacles to a good functioning of the internal market. The
preparatory works of the EC in this field prove that a long way has been
come from the European Parliament’s initiative to the directive 2000/35/E C
of the European Parliament and the Council dated 29 June 2000 on
combating late payment in commercial transactions. A rather limited scope
of the directive is a result of extensive modifications introduced by the
Council to the initial proposals. The directive concentrates on the interests in
case of late payment, reasonable compensation for recovery costs, retention
of title and recovery procedures for unchallenged claims. The above study
presents the substance of the directive and its transposition rules.
The first attempt to implement the EC directive in Poland was the law
of 6 September 2001. As it was not satisfactory, a new law on payment
terms in commercial transactions was issued on 12 June 2003. It will enter
into force on 1 January 2004. This new law is limited to interests and
procedural aspects. The above study presents the results of the directive’s
transposition within this law. The act of law from 2003 certainly sets new
limits on the freedom of contracts, but it is an interesting and rare example
of a protection of weaker parts to the contract, which are not consumers,
but enterprises. W hat should be reproached is that a typical civil matter is
regulated in an act of law separate from the Polish Civil Code. A breach of
the rule of the integrity of the Polish Civil Code is again a price for the fast
implementation of the EC law in Poland.
Under the conditions of teamwork there appears a strong need for the coordination of such a work, for enticing and synchronizing of individual activities as well as searching for optimal solutions that will secure the accomplishment of common goals. In these circumstances it seems the management to be a necessity coming from the nature and character of teamwork. That is why management has always been a subject of interest in science and everyday human practice.
How much the management will be successful depends on a series of factors among which a significant place is attributed to the personality traits of a manager. That is why one justifies the endeavours of many authors to identify the personality features a person should possess in order to be a good manager. Therefore, there are differentiated numerous lists of “necessary attributes” of successful managers neither of which can be considered universal nor discarded completely.
In this work an attempt has been made in order personality traits of a good manager to be identified through an empirical approach and to establish the fact whether the meaning contributed to certain attributes is also changed along with the changes in our society.
The oceans are a key source of a number of atmospherically important
volatile gases. The accurate and robust determination of trace gases
in seawater is a significant analytical challenge, requiring
reproducible and ideally automated sample handling, a high efficiency
of seawater–air transfer, removal of water vapour from the sample
stream, and high sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. Here we
describe a system that was developed for the fully automated analysis
of dissolved very short-lived halogenated species (VSLS) sampled from
an under-way seawater supply. The system can also be used for
semi-automated batch sampling from Niskin bottles filled during CTD
(conductivity, temperature, depth) profiles. The essential components
comprise a bespoke, automated purge and trap (AutoP & T) unit
coupled to a commercial thermal desorption and gas chromatograph mass
spectrometer (TD-GC-MS). The AutoP & T system has completed five
research cruises, from the tropics to the poles, and collected over
2500 oceanic samples to date. It is able to quantify >25 species over
a boiling point range of 34–180 °C with Henry's law
coefficients of 0.018 and greater (CH<sub>2</sub></sub>2l</sub>, <i>k</i><sub>H</sub><sup>cc</sup>
dimensionless gas/aqueous) and has been used to measure organic
sulfurs, hydrocarbons, halocarbons and terpenes. In the eastern tropical
Pacific, the high sensitivity and sampling frequency provided new
information regarding the distribution of VSLS, including novel
measurements of a photolytically driven diurnal cycle of
CH<sub>2</sub></sub>2l</sub> within the surface ocean water.
Camila Prado Cenciani de Souza, Cleide Aparecida de Abreu, Cristiano Alberto de Andrade
et al.
Efficient analytical methods for the quantification of plant-available Zn contained in mineral fertilizers and industrial by-products are fundamental for the control and marketing of these inputs. In this sense, there are some doubts on the part of the scientific community as well as of the fertilizer production sector, whether the extractor requested by the government (Normative Instruction No. 28, called 2nd extractor), which is citric acid 2 % (2 % CA) (Brasil, 2007b), is effective in predicting the plant availability of Zn via mineral fertilizers and about the agronomic significance of the required minimal solubility of 60 % compared to the total content (HCl) (Brasil, 2007a). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the alternative extractors DTPA, EDTA, neutral ammonium citrate (NAC), buffer solution pH 6.0, 10 % HCl, 10 % sulfuric acid, 1 % acetic acid, water, and hot water to quantify the contents of Zn available for maize and compare them with indices of agronomic efficiency of fertilizers and industrial by-products when applied to dystrophic Clayey Red Latosol and Dystrophic Alic Red Yellow Latosol with medium texture. The rate of Zn applied to the soil was 5 mg kg-1, using the sources zinc sulfate, commercial granular zinc, ash and galvanic sludge, ash and two brass slags. Most Zn was extracted from the sources by DTPA, 10 % HCl, NAC, 1% acetic acid, and 10 % sulfuric acid. Recovery by the extractors 2 % CA, EDTA, water, and hot water was low. The agronomic efficiency index was found to be high when using galvanic sludge (238 %) and commercial granular zinc (142 %) and lower with brass slag I and II (67 and 27 %, respectively). The sources galvanizing ash and brass ash showed solubility lower than 60 % in 2 % CA, despite agronomic efficiency indices of 78 and 125 %, respectively. The low agronomic efficiency index of industrial by-products such as brass slag I and galvanizing ash can be compensated by higher doses, provided there is no restriction, as well as for all other sources, in terms of contaminant levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury as required by law (Normative Instruction No 27/2006). The implementation of 2nd extractor 2 % CA and the requirement of minimum solubility for industrial by-products could restrict the use of alternative sources as potential Zn sources for plants.
Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution process that every day is taking more relevance. The cases of couples and mixed marriages breaking-up are increasing, and in such cases international family mediation is shown as the proper mechanism to solve the disputes. Directive 2008/52/EC of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters, whose transposition deadline ended last 21 May 2011, has meant a great improvement as an instrument with specific responses to cross-border family disputes. Unfortunately nowadays the transposition of the Directive into Spanish Law has not yet been taken place.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science
In criminal procedure, the cornerstone of the proceeding governing the establishment of crucial facts is the opportunity of the parties to present their arguments on the criminal matter at issue and to challenge the opponent’s arguments, which is the focal point of the adversity principle in criminal procedure. A criminal proceeding, which is legally regulated as a dispute involving parties with an equal procedural standing, is an optimal institutional setting for accomplishing the proclaimed purpose of the criminal procedure. It gives rise to the importance of the principle of adversity, which is not explicitly stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code but which is indisputably derived from the position of the adversaries in criminal procedure. Although the adversity principle is primarily put into effect in the course of the main hearing (trial proceedings), the elements of this principle may also be present in other stages of criminal procedure.
The basic condition for implementing the adversity principle is the normative framework where the criminal procedure is regulated as an adversarial procedure. In the contemporary criminal procedure, the monofunctionality principle is one of the basic features of both adversarial and continental criminal procedure which provides for exercising the adversity principle.