Hasil untuk "City planning"

B. Giles-Corti, A. Vernez-Moudon, R. Reis et al.

S. Bibri, J. Krogstie, Mattias Kärrholm

Compact city planning and development has, over the last 30 years or so, been the hegemonic response to the challenges of sustainable development. Global and local policies promote the compact city model due to the positive outcomes of its design principles and strategics as to achieving sustainable cities in terms of their environmental, economic, and social goals. The aim of this paper is to examine how the compact city model is practiced and justified in urban planning and development with respect to the three dimensions of sustainability, and whether any kind of practical progress has been made in this regard. To illuminate the phenomenon of the compact city, a descriptive case study is adopted as a qualitative research methodology where the empirical basis is mainly formed by urban plans in two Swedish cities: Gothenburg and Helsingborg, in combination with qualitative interview data, secondary data, and scientific literature. This study shows that compactness, density, diversity, mixed land use, sustainable transportation, and green space are the prevalent design principles and strategies of compact city planning and development, with the latter being contextually linked to the concept of green structure, an institutional setup under which the two Swedish cities operate. Moreover, at the core of the compact city model is the clear synergy between the underlying principles and strategies in terms of their cooperation to produce combined effects greater than the sum of their separate effects with respect to the benefits of sustainability as regards its tripartite value. Further, this study demonstrates that the compact city model as practiced by the two cities is justified by its ability to contribute to the environmental, economic, and social goals of sustainable development. However, the economic goals dominate over the environmental and social goals, notwithstanding the claim about the three dimensions of sustainability being equally important at the discursive level. Nevertheless, new planning measures are being implemented to address the relevant environmental and social issues towards balancing the three goals of sustainability and thus strengthening their influence over urban development practices. (Less)

L. Le, Hoang Nguyen, J. Dou et al.

Energy-efficiency is one of the critical issues in smart cities. It is an essential basis for optimizing smart cities planning. This study proposed four new artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for forecasting the heating load of buildings’ energy efficiency based on the potential of artificial neural network (ANN) and meta-heuristics algorithms, including artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization, particle swarm optimization (PSO), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), and genetic algorithm (GA). They were abbreviated as ABC-ANN, PSO-ANN, ICA-ANN, and GA-ANN models; 837 buildings were considered and analyzed based on the influential parameters, such as glazing area distribution (GLAD), glazing area (GLA), orientation (O), overall height (OH), roof area (RA), wall area (WA), surface area (SA), relative compactness (RC), for estimating heating load (HL). Three statistical criteria, such as root-mean-squared error (RMSE), coefficient determination (R2), and mean absolute error (MAE), were used to assess the potential of the aforementioned models. The results indicated that the GA-ANN model provided the highest performance in estimating the heating load of buildings’ energy efficiency, with an RMSE of 1.625, R2 of 0.980, and MAE of 0.798. The remaining models (i.e., PSO-ANN, ICA-ANN, ABC-ANN) yielded lower performance with RMSE of 1.932, 1.982, 1.878; R2 of 0.972, 0.970, 0.973; MAE of 1.027, 0.980, 0.957, respectively.

Hao Zhou, Shenjing He, Yuyang Cai et al.

Abstract It is of great significance both in theory and in practice to propose an efficient approach to approximating visual walkability given urban residents' growing leisure needs. Recent advancements in sensing and computing technologies provide new opportunities in this regard. This paper first proposes a conceptual framework for understanding street visual walkability and then employs deep learning technologies to segment and extract physical features from Baidu Map Street View (BMSV) imagery using the case of Shenzhen City in China. Guided by this framework, four indicators are calculated based on the segmented imagery and further integrated into the visual walkability index (VWI), whose reliability is validated through manual interpretation and a subjective scoring experiment. Our results show that deep learning technologies achieve higher accuracy in segmenting street view imagery than the traditional K-means clustering algorithm and support vector machine algorithm. Moreover, the developed VWI is effective to measure visual walkability, and it presents great heterogeneity across streets within Shenzhen. Spatial regression further identifies that significant social inequalities are associated with neighborhood visual walkability. According to the findings, implications and suggestions on planning the healthy city are proposed. The methodological procedure is reduplicative and can be applied to other unfeasible or challenging cases.

M. Lowe, D. Adlakha, J. Sallis et al.

City planning policies influence urban lifestyles, health, and sustainability. We assessed policy frameworks for city planning for 25 cities across 19 lower-middle-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and high-income countries to identify whether these policies supported the creation of healthy and sustainable cities. We systematically collected policy data for evidence-informed indicators related to integrated city planning, air pollution, destination accessibility, distribution of employment, demand management, design, density, distance to public transport, and transport infrastructure investment. Content analysis identified strengths, limitations, and gaps in policies, allowing us to draw comparisons between cities. We found that despite common policy rhetoric endorsing healthy and sustainable cities, there was a paucity of measurable policy targets in place to achieve these aspirations. Some policies were inconsistent with public health evidence, which sets up barriers to achieving healthy and sustainable urban environments. There is an urgent need to build capacity for health-enhancing city planning policy and governance, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.

Michael Batty

Abdulaziz I. Almulhim

Smart city planning is crucial for enhancing urban resilience, especially with the contemporary challenges of rising urban population and climate change. This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to examine the integration of urban resilience in smart city planning, synthesizing the current literature to identify key components, barriers, and enablers. The study found that technological integration, sustainability measures, and citizens’ participation are critical factors to the effective development of smart cities. The review emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to urban resilience, calling for continued research and collaboration among stakeholders. It highlights how urban sustainability and resilience should be addressed within an urban system and that interdisciplinary work, stakeholder consultation, and public engagement are required. It finally suggests the integration of creativity and diversity in urban planning practices and policies for improving vulnerability to modern-day challenges in urban contexts. It concludes by outlining implications for urban planning practices and policy development, advocating for innovative, inclusive strategies to enhance urban resilience.

B. Giles-Corti, A. Moudon, M. Lowe et al.

This Series on urban design, transport, and health aimed to facilitate development of a global system of health-related policy and spatial indicators to assess achievements and deficiencies in urban and transport policies and features. This final paper in the Series summarises key findings, considers what to do next, and outlines urgent key actions. Our study of 25 cities in 19 countries found that, despite many well intentioned policies, few cities had measurable standards and policy targets to achieve healthy and sustainable cities. Available standards and targets were often insufficient to promote health and wellbeing, and health-supportive urban design and transport features were often inadequate or inequitably distributed. City planning decisions affect human and planetary health and amplify city vulnerabilities, as the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted. Hence, we offer an expanded framework of pathways through which city planning affects health, incorporating 11 integrated urban system policies and 11 integrated urban and transport interventions addressing current and emerging issues. Our call to action recommends widespread uptake and further development of our methods and open-source tools to create upstream policy and spatial indicators to benchmark and track progress; unmask spatial inequities; inform interventions and investments; and accelerate transitions to net zero, healthy, and sustainable cities.

R. Sabitha, G. S, Y. S et al.

This paper explores how the convergence of augmented reality (AR), cloud computing, and machine learning might transform public engagement in sustainable city planning in today's dynamic urban environment. Citizens may experience proposed urban developments in unprecedented detail, including their possible social, environmental, and infrastructural impacts, due to the use of augmented reality. The potential for AR, cloud computing, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to dramatically increase citizen participation in green urban design is investigated. With AR, individuals may explore potential new developments in virtual cityscapes. Intricate linkages within the dynamic dataset created during public participation are captured by the system's usage of SVM to evaluate and understand user comments. The ability of SVM to deal with non-linear patterns is crucial to gleaning useful insights from stakeholders' complex and varied contributions. In order to ensure that all parties involved in a system have access to the most up-to-date information, cloud computing plays a crucial role by enabling real-time collaboration and changes to the AR models This all-encompassing method not only improves the effectiveness of eco-friendly city planning, but also encourages openness and participation in policymaking. The suggested system represents a paradigm shift, demonstrating that innovative technology may be combined with informed citizenry to produce ecologically responsible and socially dynamic cities.

Ashraf abdallah, Bara' Al-MISTAREHI, Amir SHTAYAT

Agriculture is a vital component of Egypt's economy; therefore, using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in agricultural planning in Egypt has significant benefits regarding water management, site appropriateness assessment, flood risk mitigation, and infrastructure construction. It is also essential for planners to make more informed decisions, optimize resource allocation, and support sustainable farming practices. This research paper investigates the accuracy of obtaining DEM data from four free global models (STRM30, ALOS30, COP30, and TanDEM-X90). The global DEM data has been compared to an actual GNSS-RTK DEM data surveyed onsite for two agricultural block areas in Aswan, the southern Government of Egypt. The two blocks are a part of a national project. For Block I and II, the RMSE of the Model STRM30 was 2.92 m and 3.59 m, respectively, indicating a poorer solution. Regarding accuracy, the ALOS30 model ranks third, reporting an RMSE of 2.58 m for block II and 3.30 m for block I. COP30 has an RMSE value of 1.06 m for blocks I and II and.91 m overall. TanDEM-X90 is the most accurate model in this investigation; block I provided an RMSE of 0.90 m with an SD of 0.58 m (SD95% = 0.38 m). After removing the anomalies, the model's stated RMSE for block II was 0.34 m, with an SD value of 0.62 m and 1.03 m. According to the classification using machine learning algorithms, with an accuracy of 84.7% for block I and 85% for block II, TanDEM-X90 is the best solution.

Reza Mortaheb, P. Jankowski

Anthony Jnr. Bokolo

Purpose Because of the use of digital technologies in smart cities, municipalities are increasingly facing issues related to urban data management and are seeking ways to exploit these huge amounts of data for the actualization of data driven services. However, only few studies discuss challenges related to data driven strategies in smart cities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to present data driven approaches (architecture and model), for urban data management needed to improve smart city planning and design. The developed approaches depict how data can underpin sustainable urban development. Design/methodology/approach Design science research is adopted following a qualitative method to evaluate the architecture developed based on top-level design using a case data from workshops and interviews with experts involved in a smart city project. Findings The findings of this study from the evaluations indicate that the identified enablers are useful to support data driven services in smart cities and the developed architecture can be used to promote urban data management. More importantly, findings from this study provide guidelines to municipalities to improve data driven services for smart city planning and design. Research limitations/implications Feedback as qualitative data from practitioners provided evidence on how data driven strategies can be achieved in smart cities. However, the model is not validated. Hence, quantitative data is needed to further validate the enablers that influence data driven services in smart city planning and design. Practical implications Findings from this study offer practical insights and real-life evidence to define data driven enablers in smart cities and suggest research propositions for future studies. Additionally, this study develops a real conceptualization of data driven method for municipalities to foster open data and digital service innovation for smart city development. Social implications The main findings of this study suggest that data governance, interoperability, data security and risk assessment influence data driven services in smart cities. This study derives propositions based on the developed model that identifies enablers for actualization of data driven services for smart cities planning and design. Originality/value This study explores the enablers of data driven strategies in smart city and further developed an architecture and model that can be adopted by municipalities to structure their urban data initiatives for improving data driven services to make cities smarter. The developed model supports municipalities to manage data used from different sources to support the design of data driven services provided by different enterprises that collaborate in urban environment.

سید جلال الدین حسینی, آزیتا رجبی, افشین سفاهن et al.

توسعه حمل‌ونقل عمومی محور، یکی از راهکارهای مهم و مصادیق توسعه پایدار شهری است که به‌منظور حل معضلات ترافیکی و بهبود شرایط حمل‌ونقل در شهرها مورداستفاده قرار می‌گیرد. در این رویکرد، برنامه‌ریزی و گسترش حمل‌ونقل عمومی، به‌عنوان جایگزینی برای استفاده از خودروهای شخصی و حمل‌ونقل خصوصی مطرح شده است. منطقه 11 شهرداری تهران یکی از مناطق مرکزی شهر تهران است که دارای بار ترافیکی بالایی است و به‌تبع آن با مشکلاتی در سیستم حمل‌ونقل شهری خود مواجه است. در تحقیق مذکور، باهدف انطباق شاخص‌های توسعه حمل‌ونقل عمومی محور با وضعیت فعلی منطقه 11 شهر تهران و بازپس‌گیری شهر از فضای خودرو محور به فضای انسان‌محور، شاخص‌های استاندارد توسعه حمل‌ونقل عمومی محور به‌عنوان مبنای تحلیل و رتبه‌بندی بررسی‌شده‌اند. در این رویکرد، با توجه به شاخص‌های مختلف، میزان قابلیت منطقه برای تحقق توسعه حمل‌ونقل عمومی محور ارزیابی گردیده است. به‌این‌ترتیب، این تحقیق به مسئولین و برنامه‌ریزان شهری کمک می‌کند تا بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، راهکارهای مناسبی برای بهبود حمل‌ونقل در منطقه 11 شهر تهران ارائه دهند. روش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف؛ کاربردی و ازنظر متدولوژی توصیفی و ازنظر روش جمع‌آوری اطلاعات مبتنی بر روش‌های کتابخانه­ای – اسنادی و مطالعات میدانی بوده و در تحلیل اطلاعات نیز از نرم‌افزار سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و روش­های رتبه­بندی و در مقایسه تطبیقی، از ضریب ناموزونی موریس و روش بی‌مقیاس خطی و از نرم‌افزار Choice Expert برای تحلیل سلسله­مراتبی AHP استفاده شده است. با توجه به نتایج حاصله، می‌توان گفت که منطقه 11 شهرداری تهران، به‌رغم داشتن پتانسیل بالا برای تحقق توسعه حمل‌ونقل عمومی محور، در شرایط فعلی ظرفیت تبدیل‌شدن به یک مرکز توسعه حمل‌ونقل عمومی محور را ندارد و جهت تبدیل‌شدن باید تغییرات وسیعی در ساختارهای فضایی آن ایجاد شود.

I. Cárdenas-León, R. Morales-Ortega, M. Koeva et al.

According to the KNMI Klimaatsignaal’21, the average surface temperature in The Netherlands has increased by 2.3°C between 1901 and 2020. Moreover, The Netherlands is also experiencing more frequent and intense heatwaves. Urban development significantly impacts the environmental conditions of a city, influencing thermal comfort and human well-being. To deal with these problems, municipalities across the country have been tasked to find ways to measure, understand, and find solutions to the increasing temperatures, specifically in urban areas. Because of this, several contrasting urban heat maps have been produced using different metrics and methods by different agencies. Koopman et al. presented a methodology for a standardized urban heat map at a 1-m spatial resolution to unify the stress tests by selecting the Physical Equivalent Temperature (PET) as a metric for heat stress. The PET is a key indicator in bio-meteorology, quantifying the combined effects of various environmental factors on human thermal perception. Despite its utility, widespread adoption of PET-based assessments by municipalities remains limited. To address this gap, this paper presents the development of a Digital Twin framework using PET analysis, enabling a collaborative, nondestructive, and cost-effective assessment of urban interventions’ impact on thermal conditions. Leveraging geoprocessing workflows and geospatial data, our framework allows for real-time PET calculations and scenario testing, facilitating informed decision-making by urban planners. The framework was tested and applied for Enschede, Netherlands, demonstrating its efficacy in visualizing current conditions, projecting future scenarios, and evaluating intervention strategies. Feedback from urban planners highlighted the tool’s usability and potential for enhancing community engagement in urban planning processes.

Valdemar Ramon Farre Guijarro, Jose David Vega Sanchez, Martha Cecilia Paredes Paredes et al.

The 5th-Generation New Radio (5G-NR) network have been widely deployed around the world in the frequency range 1/range 2 bands. Once specific frequency bands within these ranges can vary across different countries and regions due to regulatory differences, it should be carried out radio network planning to evaluate the 5G coverage considering the particularities of different locations. In this regard, this paper performs a throughly analysis of the following methods for modeling wireless channel propagation in Quito, Ecuador: 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Knife Edge Diffraction (KED), ASTER and Dominant Path model (DPM). Specifically, we focus on KED, ASTER, and DPM for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.5/28$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GHz bands to determine the propagation models in three-Dimensional urban macro scenarios. In the radio network planning, the multiple-input multiple-output array antennas, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 2/ 4\times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> configuration radiation patterns are deployed using WINPROP tool and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$64\times 64$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array configuration with the ATOLL tool. 5G frequency specifications, path-loss, influence of diffraction, reflection, blocking, and fading between transmitter and receiver have been considered for scenarios of interest, such as dense urban and urban in Quito, by using fixed wireless access applications and Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communications. In addition, data rates, throughput, and the quality metrics of the received reference signal, i.e., the signal-to-noise plus interference ratio, the reference signal received quality, the reference signal received power, and the received signal strength indicator, are also assessed for each propagation model. Finally, we provide useful insights into propagation models and design usage rules for the bands mentioned in 5G networks for Quito city.

Deepti Prasad, T. Alizadeh, R. Dowling

Smart city initiatives are mushrooming across the Global South, yet their implications for urban informality – a distinct challenge of planning in the cities of the Global South – remain overlooked. Using the Indian case as a focus and drawing upon empirical studies in three cities of Bhubaneswar, Pune, and Chennai, which are among the first 20 smart cities prioritised for implementation in the Smart Cities Mission, we show how informality challenges the understanding of the smart city. We analyse how this phenomenon is framed in smart city planning, focusing on the three domains of affordable housing, infrastructure services, and citizen engagement. We argue that using informality as a lens of critical analysis offers a new perspective on the ‘Southern theory’ of smart cities. In doing so, we highlight the disregard of informality at the cost of socio-spatial division – as a significant challenge for smart city development in India.

Jan-Peter Glock, Julia Gerlach

Abstract Cars are dominating urban traffic in cities around the world, even though daily trips in many cities are often realized with active modes of transportation or public transport. Urban transport planning processes need to adapt to this reality and the necessity of climate change mitigation. Against this background, the research project “Mobility Reporting”, a joint undertaking of the district Pankow in Berlin and researchers from TU Berlin and TU Dresden, established a new, goal-driven, and participative planning process. The process identified local mobility as one of the central planning goals. The 15-min city (FMC) was thus adduced as a benchmark to analyze the district’s current mobility system and development potential. We conducted extensive accessibility analyses to examine the status quo concerning the FMC. We calculated travel times to essential destinations in daily life by foot, public transport, and car. This analysis was accompanied by a mixed online and paper–pencil survey conducted to evaluate the perceived accessibility of people in Pankow. The survey results shed light on the question of which walking time thresholds constitute a “very good” or “good” accessibility. Further analyses included environmental and social variables, allowing us to check whether areas with different accessibility levels also differ regarding the socio-economic characteristics of their inhabitants. For example, do socially advantaged neighborhoods have better local accessibility? Is there a trade-off between exposure to environmental pollution and good accessibility? With this contribution, we shed light on what an FMC is and ought to be. Results from the survey support the normative and political vision of the FMC. Pankow generally offers the merits of a walkable city, showing the expected travel time differences between the dense inner city and the outskirts. Socially disadvantaged neighborhoods are not consistently less accessible. However, there seems to be a trade-off between good accessibility (especially PT accessibility) and correlated externalities of transport, namely air pollution and noise.

Pablo Meninato

Este artículo explora la contribución de la arquitecta ítalo-brasileña Lina Bo Bardi para crear un urbanismo más equitativo, inclusivo y sostenible. Tras ofrecer una breve reseña biográfica, el ensayo examina algunos de los temas que influenciaron en la trayectoria de Bo Bardi, como sus provocativas reflexiones sobre el feminismo y su interés y fascinación por el "Brasil profundo" a partir de su estancia en la ciudad de Bahía. El argumento central del trabajo es que, adoptando el Centro de Ocio Fábrica SESC Pompéia como caso de estudio, Bo Bardi desarrolló una concepción distinta y original del proyecto urbano. Distanciándose de los postulados del urbanismo moderno, el pensamiento y el diseño de Bo Bardi se centraron en la activación del espacio público a través de actividades y eventos destinados a fortalecer los lazos comunitarios. Bajo este nuevo paradigma, la noción de "calle" se reinterpreta y cambia continuamente. De manera alternativa o simultánea, las calles del SESC Pompéia pueden funcionar como espacios exteriores e interiores, pasarelas a nivel de suelo y elevadas, terrazas solárium y escenarios para performances. Bo Bardi concibió el SESC Pompéia como una “ciudadela de la libertad,” promoviendo la posibilidad de una experiencia urbana más inclusiva, equitativa, multifuncional e innovadora para todos.

L. Le, Hoang Nguyen, Jian Zhou et al.

In this study, a novel technique to support smart city planning in estimating and controlling the heating load (HL) of buildings, was proposed, namely PSO-XGBoost. Accordingly, the extreme gradient boosting machine (XGBoost) was developed to estimate HL first; then, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied to optimize the performance of the XGBoost model. The classical XGBoost model, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), Gaussian process (GP), and classification and regression trees (CART) models were also investigated and developed to predict the HL of building systems, and compared with the proposed PSO-XGBoost model; 837 investigations of buildings were considered and analyzed with many influential factors, such as glazing area distribution (GAD), glazing area (GA), orientation (O), overall height (OH), roof area (RA), wall area (WA), surface area (SA), and relative compactness (RC). Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root-mean-squared error (RMSE), variance account for (VAF), mean absolute error (MAE), and determination coefficient (R2), were used as the statistical criteria for evaluating the performance of the above models. The color intensity, as well as the ranking method, were also used to compare and evaluate the models. The results showed that the proposed PSO-XGBoost model was the most robust technique for estimating the HL of building systems. The remaining models (i.e., XGBoost, SVM, RF, GP, and CART) yielded more mediocre performance through RMSE, MAE, R2, VAF, and MAPE metrics. Another finding of this study also indicated that OH, RA, WA, and SA were the most critical parameters for the accuracy of the proposed PSO-XGBoost model. They should be particularly interested in smart city planning as well as the optimization of smart cities.

Leonardo Juan Ramírez López, Angela Ivette Grijalba Castro

Urban planning is recognized as an interaction between the state and society, which aims to articulate public policies in the territory, facilitating their administration in favor of greater development and well-being of society. However, this interaction becomes complex because consumption demands increase, and the carrying capacity of the urban ecosystem to supply them is exceeded, hindering its sustainable functionality. With this overview, it becomes relevant to study urban planning from a sustainable environmental planning perspective, based on four topics: urban planning, sustainability, resilience, and smart cities, which are developed throughout the document by means of a chronological study. A bibliometric study was used through a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) adjustment to 87 articles, supported by VOSviewer®, which allowed for the construction and visualization of the co-occurrence networks of key words extracted from the selected articles. Likewise, 16 documents more were used for the co-occurrence analysis. The main result is to consider cities with a complex systems approach that works like a gear; the relationship between inter-urban and intra-urban processes is the key factor that allows for an understanding of their synchronization; therefore, deepening of each of these topics is crucial to the ideal of a territorial administration involving time scales and adaptive cycles, allowing for the provision of new tools for concepts such as carrying capacity and the measurement of the ecological footprint.