Hasil untuk "Business mathematics. Commercial arithmetic. Including tables, etc."

J. Ready

Edo Roos Lindgreen

Het is niet nodig om in dit voorwoord te vermelden dat de wereld sterk in beweging is. Als MAB-lezer heeft u genoeg informatiebronnen tot uw beschikking, en uiteraard uw eigen observaties, die de enorme veranderlijkheid en soms schokkende absurditeit van onze wereld in het huidige tijdperk elke dag weer bevestigen. Wel is het goed om stil te staan bij de impact van deze veranderlijkheid op onze bedrijven en instellingen, onze verdienmodellen, onze medewerkers, op alle stakeholders – en dus ook op internal audit. Voor u ligt het derde special issue van het MAB met internal audit als thema. Bij de vorige editie – een speciale uitgebreide uitgave in 2022 ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) in Nederland – was het thema ‘nieuwe blikken’. Dat waarderen we in deze editie graag op naar: nieuwe perspectieven. Evenals bij de vorige editie heeft de redactie zich ook nu ten doel gesteld om internal auditors en andere belangstellenden te inspireren met vernieuwende bijdragen van binnen en buiten het vakgebied. Frans Eusman, John Bendermacher en ondergetekende bijten het spits af met een opiniërend artikel, getiteld “Internal audit als witte zwaan”, over de positie van internal audit in de turbulente jaren die voor ons liggen. Wat kunnen organisaties doen om deze turbulentie niet alleen te doorstaan, maar ook om te zetten in strategisch voordeel? En wat is een mogelijke rol van internal audit daarbij? In hun bijdrage “Technology and internal auditing: An overview of performance effects” adresseren Marc Eulerich, Anna Eulerich en Annika Bonrath de inzet van technologieën als data-analyse, AI en RPA in het auditproces. De auteurs gaan daarbij in op de relatie met de New Global Internal Audit Standards van het IIA; zij beschrijven hoe de inbedding van nieuwe technologieën in het auditproces de ‘performance’ kan verhogen en belichten de uitdagingen die dat met zich meebrengt. Svetlana Vrubleuskaya en Evelyn Bell beschrijven in hun boeiende bijdrage “Criminologische inzichten voor internal auditors: een multidisciplinaire benadering van afwijkend gedrag” een onderzoek naar de wijze waarop criminologische theorieën internal auditors kunnen helpen bij het begrijpen en aanpakken van mogelijke oorzaken van afwijkend gedrag binnen organisaties. Hierbij staat niet de inbreukmaker centraal, maar de omgevingsfactoren in de organisatie die invloed hebben op zijn of haar gedrag. Complexe systemen trekken de laatste jaren sterk de aandacht in uiteenlopende disciplines zoals biologie, planologie en organisatieleer. Complexe systemen zijn systemen en processen waarbij de samenstellende entiteiten op ingewikkelde manieren met elkaar interacteren en die onder meer gekenmerkt worden door niet-lineair gedrag, onvoorspelbaarheid en schaalinvariantie. Ook internal auditors zijn geïnteresseerd in complexe systemen, en in deze editie vindt u hierover twee bijdragen. In het artikel “Responsief Auditen: over de wenselijkheid en toegevoegde waarde bij complexe vraagstukken”, een pakkende bewerking van zijn referaat bij de Post-master opleiding Internal Audit & Advisory aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, gaat Frank Schuiten in op responsief auditen; een nieuwe auditaanpak die is gestoeld op constructionistische uitgangspunten, waarin verhalen en onderlinge dialoog kernconcepten zijn. Peter Hartog, Paul Hamaker en ondergetekende betogen in de bijdrage “Internal audit and complex systems: emerging approaches” dat nagenoeg elk auditobject moet worden beschouwd als een complex systeem, of een onderdeel daarvan, en dat de Internal Audit Function (IAF) haar auditaanpak daarop zou moeten aanpassen; een traditionele reductionistische auditaanpak kan leiden tot een verlies aan informatie, en daarmee tot minder goede beslissingen door stakeholders. De auteurs presenteren de contouren van een nieuwe aanpak, mede gebaseerd op het Cynefinraamwerk. De stormachtige opkomst van AI, ingezet met de introductie van ChatGPT, nu bijna drie jaar geleden, biedt organisaties enorme kansen, maar brengt zoals altijd ook risico’s met zich mee. Ook hierover twee bijdragen. Kunter Orpak beschrijft in zijn artikel “Generative AI and cybersecurity: Exploring opportunities and threats at their intersection” hoe AI wordt ingezet door aanvallers én verdedigers in de wereld van cybersecurity. Hackers, steeds vaker aangestuurd door statelijke actoren, weten goed gebruik te maken van AI-technologie; cybersecurityteams zetten AI in bij het analyseren van dreigingen, het detecteren van aanvallen en het formuleren en executeren van een passende respons. Vincent Damen, Menno Wiersma, Gokce Aydin en Rens van Haasteren gaan in op de impact van de nieuwe Europese AI Act. Wat betekent deze regelgeving voor onze organisaties, hoe kan compliance worden gewaarborgd, wat is de rol van internal audit daarbij, en hoe kan Explainable AI een bijdrage leveren aan compliance? Het antwoord vindt u in de bijdrage “Explainable AI for EU AI Act Compliance Audits”. Ten slotte een belangwekkend paper over een thema dat het afgelopen jaar wellicht door de Omnibus directive wat op de achtergrond lijkt geraakt, maar niets aan relevantie heeft ingeboet: duurzaamheid. In hun bijdrage “Internal Audit’s Strategic Role in Sustainability and ESG Transformation” pleiten Rob de Leeuw en Arjan de Draaijer voor een intensieve en meer strategische rol van internal audit. Wij hopen met deze artikelen een bijdrage te leveren aan de verdere ontwikkeling van het prachtige vakgebied internal auditing en wensen u veel leesplezier. Mede namens Peter Hartog, Barbara Majoor en Annemarie Oord, Edo Roos Lindgreen, Redacteur van dit special issue

Nabila Adelia Dahlan, Siti Maysarah

This study examines ethnomathematical practices in a home-based peanut-cake (kue kacang) business and draws implications for teaching social arithmetic. Using a descriptive-qualitative, ethnographic approach, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation with the business owner, Mrs. Mardiana Rangkuti (Medan, Indonesia). Analysis reveals that key social-arithmetic concepts are embedded across procurement, processing, packaging, and sales, including gross, tare, and net calculations, unit conversions, pricing, profit, and profit percentage, with minimal risk of loss. Daily records indicate a profit rate of 233.52% relative to production costs, illustrating how routine commercial decisions operationalize mathematical reasoning. The study translates these authentic practices into context-rich classroom tasks (e.g., computing net weight from gross and tare, comparing pricing strategies, and evaluating profit percentages under varying input costs). The novelty lies in integrating local cultural and economic activities into mathematics instruction, enabling students to connect formal social arithmetic concepts with real-life contexts. This approach is expected to improve conceptual understanding, relevance, and engagement in learning social arithmetic.

I. A. Alieksieienko, H. Y. Shportko

Methods. In the process of preparing the article, a complex of scientific methods of cognition was used, which allowed for a comprehensive study of modern personal selling techniques: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature – to study the theoretical foundations of personal selling and classify techniques used in global and domestic practice; comparative method – to compare the effectiveness of individual techniques; content analysis of publications – to identify current trends and challenges in the field of personal selling; graphic visualization – to build a schematic model of the stages of personal selling and structuring the comparison results. Results. The features of personal selling are considered. A scheme of personal selling stages has been developed, which integrates preparation, establishing contact, identifying needs, presenting a solution, dealing with objections, closing the deal, and after-sales support. Modern personal selling techniques have been systematized, including SPIN Selling, Consultative Selling, SNAP Selling, etc. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of techniques in different business contexts has been conducted. It has been determined that personal selling techniques need to be adapted to the digital environment, in particular the use of CRM systems, chatbots, special programs for sales automation and customer behavior analytics. It has been confirmed that the use of modern personal selling techniques increases the likelihood of a successful deal, the level of customer satisfaction and forms long-term relationships. Novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of modern personal selling techniques, taking into account their adaptability to various business contexts and psychological characteristics of consumers in the digital age. Practical value. The results of the study have practical significance for sales specialists, heads of commercial departments and teachers of economic and business disciplines: The proposed classification of modern personal selling techniques can be used for training and advanced training of sales managers. A comparative table of the effectiveness of techniques in different business contexts contributes to making informed management decisions regarding the implementation of appropriate sales methods. The developed model of personal selling stages can serve as a practical tool for structuring the work of a salesperson and forming an effective strategy for interacting with the client. The research materials can be integrated into training courses in marketing, entrepreneurship, trade and business communications. The approaches discussed in the article can be used to create sales standards and scripts in companies seeking to optimize personal service processes.

Jenil Gandhi, Dr. Alpesh Nasit

Studying the relationship between factoring and other short-term financing with reference to India's micro, small, and small businesses The basis for comparison is average interest rate, general repayment period, execution time, commission charge, application of agreement between or among the parties, requirement of securities, whether it creates assets or liabilities, the intended use of the available funds or credit, whether GST Report and CIBIL Score are required for obtaining funds/credit or not, and any restrictions on drawing the funds or credit. With the use of a tabular comparison, the benefits of factoring funds over other forms of short-term borrowing. Introduction: Steep rivalry in the corporate sector is a result of changes in the business environment. At the same time that well-established large business hubs are experiencing intense rivalry, MSME commercial firms are also coming under pressure. Along with other big/large business operations around the world, MSME is one of the most crucial components for economic development in any developed, developing, or under-developed country in the world. However, as a result of fierce competition between giant corporations and a disregard for the significance of MSME businesses, MSMEs are struggling and are unable to expand in this constricting business environment. There are a few ways that MSME may serve in order to broaden or enhance the MSME world. A MSME can succeed in this cutthroat business environment by using the financial tools offered by various financial institutions, such as short-term financing. To better execute short-term financing, MSME businesses may find some of the short-term finance and its comparisons valuable. The conclusion drawn from the short-term finance data may be useful to MSME decision-making. Objectives: The purpose of the title is to evaluate the many forms of credit that are now available and show how, after comparison, short-term financing might benefit MSME. All forms of short-term financing for MSME will be compared to factoring as a new source of alternative credit on the market. A comparison table will be created, and the results of the comparison will be explained, in order to show the significance of factoring as the best alternative source of financing for MSME. Methods: The data which has been collected from different resources like of websites RBI, ICICI, SBI, IFCI, etc. Its foundation is research in terms its quality. This article will analyze the nature, characteristics, definitions, numbers, and facts of each type of short-term credit, including factoring, trade credit, cash credit, working capital loans, and cash credit. There will be comparison of each type of factoring with listed short-term financing options available to MSME's. Since this is an empirical study analysis will be of qualitative in nature and there will not be any need of the measures of central tendency like ratio, percentage etc. Results: In comparison to alternative forms of short-term financing for MSME, employing factoring funds has a significant advantage, according to reviews of numerous websites and articles. The major benefit over other short-term funds is that factoring offers actual cash in hand under the guise of factoring funds. After selling their own accounts receivable to a factor and generating revenue, an MSME may be able to abolish the term "bad debts" in the future because factoring involves collecting money from debtors on their behalf. In comparison to other forms of short-term financing, the factoring process is more convenient, requires less paperwork, and provides funds faster. Factoring works in the concept of account receivables for MSME where as other short-term finance is works on the concept of account payable for MSME. Conclusions: In conclusion, factoring stands out as a superior short-term financing option for MSMEs due to its ability to provide immediate cash flow through the sale of accounts receivable. Unlike traditional financing methods that rely on accounts payable, factoring minimizes the risk of bad debts by ensuring that funds are collected directly from debtors. Its streamlined process, reduced paperwork, and faster access to funds make it a more convenient and efficient solution compared to other alternatives.

Matt Kaufmann, J. S. Moore, P. Manolios

A. Mondal, Priyam Panda, Shivam Agarwal et al.

Md. Shoaib Chowdhury, Md. Owalid Hossain

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is one of the most congested megacities in the world today. It's predominantly road-based transportation systems have been failing to meet the dwellers mobility needs. Furthermore, the road congestion results in a significant GDP loss every year. The government has been undertaken (and continuing to undertake) numerous transportation systems and services improvement projects such as Metro Rail, BRT, flyovers and U-loop projects along major corridors. Furthermore, being a sustainable (environmentally friendly) mode, a Water-Taxi (WT) service was introduced in the Hatirjheel lake in December 2016 that currently serves major residential, educational, and business/commercial destinations including Rampura/Badda, Badda-Gulshan-1 link road, and Tejgoan/Kawran-Bazar areas through multiple routes. Previous studies reported that the demand for HatirJheel WT service outperforms its service capacity despite noted service weaknesses. This study assesses the WT service characteristics [i.e., WT station characteristics including their surrounding areas and adjacent bus stops, frequency/headway, travel (waiting and running) time, vessel capacity and ridership level as well as access (pre-trip) and egress (post-trip) modes of the riders]. Field data were collected and questionnaire-based surveys were conducted in late 2019 and early 2020 (just before the COVID-19 lockdown). The survey data reveals that a large percentage of WT riders are exchange (transfer) passengers from buses and para-transits. It is also found that WT operates on irregular headways causing long waiting times for riders. The physical separation between bus stops and WT stations, accessing issues (i.e., walking time and safe crossing of roads) with the WT stations as well as long waiting time at stations significantly deteriorate the WT service performance. Taking into consideration of the existing issues and challenges that may jeopardize the implementation of the proposed improvements, a SWOT analysis is also performed. This study recommends that schedule based reliable WT service with a desirable frequency and posted time-table should be introduced to minimize the waiting times at stations. The future study should focus on developing a model for analyzing the effectiveness of WT and bus system integration (i.e., physical and service - schedule and fare - integration between buses and WTs). If desired, WT and bus system integration would improve the service performance of both modes while attracting additional riders and ultimately supporting sustainable development (i.e., alleviating congestion on local roadways and improving air quality etc.). © 2023 Author(s).

Cong Yan, Yeye He

Data preparation is widely recognized as the most time-consuming process in modern business intelligence (BI) and machine learning (ML) projects. Automating complex data preparation steps (e.g., Pivot, Unpivot, Normalize-JSON, etc.)holds the potential to greatly improve user productivity, and has therefore become a central focus of research. We propose a novel approach to "auto-suggest" contextualized data preparation steps, by "learning" from how data scientists would manipulate data, which are documented by data science notebooks widely available today. Specifically, we crawled over 4M Jupyter notebooks on GitHub, and replayed them step-by-step, to observe not only full input/output tables (data-frames) at each step, but also the exact data-preparation choices data scientists make that they believe are best suited to the input data (e.g., how input tables are Joined/Pivoted/Unpivoted, etc.). By essentially "logging" how data scientists interact with diverse tables, and using the resulting logs as a proxy of "ground truth", we can learn-to-recommend data preparation steps best suited to given user data, just like how search engines (Google or Bing) leverage their click-through logs to learn-to-rank documents. This data-driven and log-driven approach leverages the "collective wisdom" of data scientists embodied in the notebooks, and is shown to significantly outperform strong baselines including commercial systems in terms of accuracy.

Martina Fischetti, Matteo Fischetti, J. Stoustrup

The spread of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 brought new challenges to our society, including a stronger focus on safety across all businesses. Many countries have imposed a minimum social distance among people in order to ensure their safety. This brings new challenges to many customer-related businesses, such as restaurants, offices, theaters, etc., on how to locate their facilities (tables, seats etc.) under distancing constraints. We propose a parallel between this problem and that of locating wind turbines in an offshore area. The discovery of this parallel allows us to apply Mathematical Optimization algorithms originally designed for wind farms, to produce optimized facility layouts that minimize the overall risk of infection among customers. In this way we can investigate the structure of the safest layouts, with some surprising outcomes. A lesson learned is that, in the safest layouts, the facilities are not equally distanced (as it is typically believed) but tend to concentrate on the border of the available area—a policy that significantly reduces the overall risk of contagion.

A. Banas, K. Banas, M. Lo et al.

As we live today under a constant threat of global terrorism, effective detection of highly energetic materials is one of the critical procedures needed at a variety of locations including airports, border checkpoints, and entrances to high security buildings. In this work, the application of O-PTIR (Optical- Photothermal InfraRed) spectromicroscopy for the detection of high explosive materials within fingerprints is described. High explosive (HE) materials (PETN, RDX, C-4, TNT) were used to prepare contaminated fingerprints. These were subsequently deposited on various objects including microscopic glass slides, a table, a mug, etc. Samples deposited on glass slides were directly sent for analysis; for other samples, adhesive tapes were used to lift off fingermarks. In cases of difficulty in locating fingerprints, additional powders were used to enhance their visibility. Experiments were performed with the mIRage IR microscope working in non-contact, far-field reflection mode and offering submicron IR spectroscopy and imaging. Fast imaging (several characteristic absorbances were selected for every substance of interest) was used to locate "suspicious" particles among various residues present in fingerprints. Subsequently spectra were collected for those particles. Reflection mode O-PTIR spectra taken from powdered and non-enhanced fingerprints were of comparable quality to transmission mode FTIR spectra collected for pure HEs. Based on the performed experiments we consider that O-PTIR spectromicroscopy opens a new avenue for non-destructive, efficient and reliable analysis of exogenous substances deposited within fingerprints. The real significance of O-PTIR is in its ability to deliver high quality spatially resolved FTIR transmission-like spectra below the diffraction limit of infrared wavelengths, whilst doing so in easy-to-use reflection (far-field) mode. Collected spectra are also searchable and interpretable in both commercial and institutional IR databases without mathematical modelling.

Jan Backhuijs, Renick van Oosterbosch, Leo van der Tas

Dit artikel onderzoekt effecten van de eerste toepassing van IFRS 16 op informatie gerelateerd aan leases in jaarrekeningen over 2019 bij lessees. IFRS 16 vereist meer informatie over leases waarvan een groot deel dikwijls wordt gegeven. Een ander deel echter, met name over toekomstige leasebetalingen, veel minder. Ook over gevolgen van door de invoering van IFRS 16 veranderde cijfers in de jaarrekening op impairment testing, alternatieve prestatiemaatstaven en bestuurdersbeloningen treffen we (heel) weinig informatie aan. Vaker besteden de controleverklaringen van de accountant bij de jaarrekening aandacht aan de invoering van IFRS 16. De grondslag voor verwerking van latente belastingposities als gevolg van IFRS 16 wordt weinig vermeld, is uiteenlopend en wacht op de aangekondigde regelgeving.

N. Biggs

Abstract In his youth, John Reynolds showed a talent for arithmetic and was destined for a career as a mathematician at the Tower Mint in London. He became skilled in the algorithms needed to determine the correct relationship between the weight and purity of coins and their values. This was a matter of national importance, and his work came to the attention of King James I, who reigned from 1603 to 1625, and his chief ministers, including Robert Cecil and Francis Bacon. It seemed that John might attain high office himself, but the murky administration of the early Stuart period cast its shadow over his career. Nevertheless, for the next forty years he continued to play a major part in the nation's affairs. He produced books of tables for the valuation of coins in the commercial world, and for the highly technical work of the assayers. Also, he was actively involved in the production of standard measures and instruments used by the excise officers. His life and works illustrate how mathematical ideas were employed by the English government in the period of the early Stuart kings and the Commonwealth.

Muhammad Trynadi Zanuar, M. Y. Fajar, Faridh A Badruzzaman

M. Zanuar, M. Y. Fajar, Faridh A Badruzzaman

Miroslav Tibor Morovics

A. Prakash, D. K. Ghosh

Ideal for college students in intermediate finance courses, this book uniquely applies mathematical formulas to teach the underpinnings of financial and lending decisions, covering common applications in real estate, capital budgeting, and commercial loans. An updated and expanded version of the time-honored classic text on financial math, this book provides, in one place, a complete and practical treatment of the four primary venues for finance: commercial lending, financial formulas, mortgage lending, and resource allocation or capital budgeting techniques. With an emphasis on understanding the principles involved rather than blind reliance on formulas, the book provides rigorous and thorough explanations of the mathematical calculations used in determining the time value of money, valuation of loans by commercial banks, valuation of mortgages, and the cost of capital and capital budgeting techniques for single as well as mutually exclusive projects. This new edition devotes an entire chapter to a method of evaluating mutually exclusive projects without resorting to any imposed conditions. Two chapters not found in the previous edition address special topics in finance, including a novel and innovative way to approach amortization tables and the time value of money for cash flows when they increase geometrically or arithmetically. This new edition also features helpful how-to sections on Excel applications at the end of each appropriate chapter.

H. L. Brink

J. P. M. Nabbe