Smoking addiction remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia, and accurate measurement of smoking behavior is essential to support effective interventions. The Glover–Nilsson Smoking Behaviour Questionnaire(GN-SBQ) is designed to assess psychological and behavioral aspects of tobacco dependence but has not yet been validated in an Indonesian-language version. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the GN-SBQ as a tool for measuring behavioral smoking dependence. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 102 active smokers aged ≥40 years. Cultural adaptation of the GN-SBQ involved forward-backward translation, pre-testing, and cognitive interviews. Content validity was evaluated using the Content Validity Index (CVI), construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and internal consistency was measured using Cronbach’s alpha. All items demonstrated I-CVI values ≥ 0.8, and the overall scale S-CVI/Ave was 0.93. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.860, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was significant (p < 0.001), confirming sampling adequacy for factor analysis. EFA identified two main components—habitual smoking behavior and emotional/situational response—that together explained 63% of the total variance. All items had factor loadings above 0.4. The overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.767, indicating acceptable internal consistency. The Indonesian version of the GN-SBQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing behavioral aspects of smoking dependence. It is suitable for use in clinical practice and research settings in Indonesia and can support more comprehensive and culturally relevant smoking cessation interventions. ABSTRAK Kecanduan merokok merupakan permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan di Indonesia, dan pengukuran yang akurat terhadap dimensi perilaku merokok diperlukan untuk mendukung intervensi yang efektif. Glover–Nilsson Smoking Behaviour Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) merupakan instrumen yang dirancang untuk menilai aspek psikologis dan perilaku dari kecanduan merokok, namun belum tersedia dalam versi Bahasa Indonesia yang tervalidasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas GN-SBQ versi Bahasa Indonesia sebagai alat ukur kecanduan merokok berbasis perilaku. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan melibatkan 102 perokok aktif berusia ≥40 tahun. Proses adaptasi budaya dilakukan melalui tahapan forward-backward translation, pre-testing, dan wawancara kognitif. Uji validitas mencakup validitas isi (Content Validity Index), validitas konstruk melalui analisis faktor eksploratori (exploratory factor analysis), serta uji reliabilitas menggunakan koefisien Cronbach’s Alpha. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa semua item memiliki I-CVI ≥ 0,8 dan S-CVI/Ave sebesar 0,93. Nilai KMO sebesar 0,860 dan Bartlett’s Test signifikan (p < 0,001), menunjukkan data layak untuk analisis faktor. EFA mengidentifikasi dua faktor utama yang menjelaskan 63% total varians, yaitu dimensi kebiasaan merokok dan respons emosional/situasional. Seluruh item memiliki factor loading > 0,4. Nilai Cronbach’s Alpha sebesar 0,767 menunjukkan reliabilitas internal yang baik. GN-SBQ versi Bahasa Indonesia terbukti valid dan reliabel untuk mengukur kecanduan merokok berbasis perilaku. Instrumen ini layak digunakan dalam penelitian dan praktik klinis di Indonesia, serta dapat mendukung upaya intervensi penghentian merokok yang lebih komprehensif dan kontekstual.
The third issue of Negotium Global Magazine in 2025, covering the months of September/December, is dedicated to disseminating work carried out on: Decision-making, technological innovation, business management, sustainability, resilience, future trends , development and training, human resources, strategy, entrepreneurship, agile management, emotional salary, organizational well-being, digital transformation, inclusive leadership, diversity, cultural intelligence, organizational culture, business strategy, innovation, digital trends, and digital business strategy
Sheetal Prakash Silal, Juliet R. C. Pulliam, Gesine Meyer-Rath
et al.
In March 2020 the South African COVID-19 Modelling Consortium was formed to support government planning for COVID-19 cases and related healthcare. Models were developed jointly by local disease modelling groups to estimate cases, resource needs and deaths due to COVID-19. The National COVID-19 Epi Model (NCEM) while initially developed as a deterministic compartmental model of SARS-Cov-2 transmission in the nine provinces of South Africa, was adapted several times over the course of the first wave of infection in response to emerging local data and changing needs of government. By the end of the first wave, the NCEM had developed into a stochastic, spatially-explicit compartmental transmission model to estimate the total and reported incidence of COVID-19 across the 52 districts of South Africa. The model adopted a generalised Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed structure that accounted for the clinical profile of SARS-COV-2 (asymptomatic, mild, severe and critical cases) and avenues of treatment access (outpatient, and hospitalisation in non-ICU and ICU wards). Between end-March and early September 2020, the model was updated 11 times with four key releases to generate new sets of projections and scenario analyses to be shared with planners in the national and provincial Departments of Health, the National Treasury and other partners. Updates to model structure included finer spatial granularity, limited access to treatment, and the inclusion of behavioural heterogeneity in relation to the adoption of Public Health and Social Measures. These updates were made in response to local data and knowledge and the changing needs of the planners. The NCEM attempted to incorporate a high level of local data to contextualise the model appropriately to address South Africa’s population and health system characteristics that played a vital role in producing and updating estimates of resource needs, demonstrating the importance of harnessing and developing local modelling capacity.
Background: Hematoma expansion (HE) is a significant predictor of poor outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) markers in ICH are promising predictors of HE. We aimed to determine the association of the NCCT markers with HE by using different temporal HE definitions. Methods: We utilized Risa-MIS-ICH trial data (risk stratification and minimally invasive surgery in acute intracerebral hemorrhage). We defined four HE types based on the time to baseline CT (BCT) and the time to follow-up CT (FCT). Hematoma volume was measured by software with a semi-automatic edge detection tool. HE was defined as a follow-up CT hematoma volume increase of >6 mL or a 33% hematoma volume increase relative to the baseline CT. Multivariable regression analyses were used to determine the HE parameters. The prediction potential of indicators for HE was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Results: The study enrolled 158 patients in total. The time to baseline CT was independently associated with HE in one type (odds ratio (OR) 0.234, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.077–0.712, p = 0.011), and the blend sign was independently associated with HE in two types (OR, 6.203–6.985, both p < 0.05). Heterogeneous density was independently associated with HE in all types (OR, 6.465–88.445, all p < 0.05) and was the optimal type for prediction, with an area under the curve of 0.674 (p = 0.004), a sensitivity of 38.9%, and specificity of 96.0%. Conclusion: In specific subtypes, the time to baseline CT, blend sign, and heterogeneous density were independently associated with HE. The association between NCCT markers and HE is influenced by the temporal definition of HE. Heterogeneous density is a stable and robust predictor of HE in different subtypes of hematoma expansion.
Approaching the cute object as a metaphor for the lovable, this article provides a survey of the different approaches to the study of cuteness and uses their intersections to map out a three-domain approach that incorporates the dimensions of affect, language and design. When considered in isolation, these domains highlight specific facets of cuteness, but their intersection underscores an important etymological tension that continuously transforms the metaphors of cuteness. These changes do not compromise the primary meaning of cuteness, but lead to a reinvention of the lovable, whereby the cute object continues to represent an abstraction of a particularly affectionate connection to the other. Therefore, the arguments presented will demonstrate that the notion of cuteness emerges through a particular etymological tension embedded in the idea of ‘cuteness’ that reifies aesthetic concepts through the relationship between the individual’s affective experience and the operation of language through culture.
Kwanyee Leung, Vasantha Padmanabhan, E. M. Convey
et al.
Summary. Changes in the ability of Gn-RH to induce gonadotrophin release with time after synchronization of oestrus was determined in 4 groups of 6 cows each. Cows were given Gn-RH at 40-min intervals for 6 h beginning at − 24,0,18 or 36 h (time 0 = removal of progestagen implant). Changes in concentration (ng/ml) of serum LH after Gn-RH averaged 2·9, 6·2, 6·4 and 33·4, whereas serum FSH averaged 25·7, 35·8, 35·8 and 97·3. Thus the responsiveness of the pituitary to Gn-RH had increased by 36 h after implant removal. Other groups of cows subjected to the same synchronization scheme were slaughtered at 0 h, 24 h or at various times after onset of oestrous behaviour. Gn-RH binding to crude pituitary membrane preparations was assessed. There was no apparent change in the affinity constant of Gn-RH-binding sites with time after synchronization. The number of Gn-RH-binding sites remained unchanged until the period of oestrus when a significant decline with time was detected. We conclude that the increase in pituitary responsiveness to Gn-RH that occurs before the preovulatory gonadotrophin surge was not directly associated with changes in number or affinity of pituitary Gn-RH-binding sites in crude pituitary membrane preparations.
El primer número de la Revista Global Negotium, en este año 2020, correspondiente a los meses Enero/Abril, va dirigido a la divulgación de trabajos desarrollados sobre contabilidad de costos en organizaciones empresariales, control interno en actividades financieras, economía y ecología desde la perspectiva de la ecocontabilidad, así como una revisión al perfil del contador público.