Biological invasions influence species interactions around the globe, including host and parasite communities. We evaluated trematode parasite diversity and the potential for host-switching of parasites in 3 co-occurring crabs in the Northeast USA, including 1 native species (Cancer irroratus) and 2 non-natives (Carcinus maenas, Hemigrapsus sanguineus), of which the former represents a historical and the latter a contemporary invader. At 7 sites from Maine to Rhode Island, we surveyed crabs for trematode infection prevalence and abundance, and the influence of parasitism on host body condition. We also conducted DNA sequencing using the 18S rRNA barcoding marker to determine species composition, diversity, and gene flow of trematode lineages among the co-occurring hosts. While the native host, C. irroratus, and the historical invader, C. maenas, exhibited no statistical difference in trematode prevalence, we found that C. maenas had a greater abundance of metacercarial cysts than the other 2 hosts, and the contemporary invader, H. sanguineus, was rarely infected. Crab condition did not vary with infection abundance, although infected females of all species had higher reproductive investment than other groups. Genetic analyses revealed that the microphallid trematodes consisted of 3 main clades, representing over 50 haplotypes, with evidence of host-switching by native parasites utilizing the non-native hosts. Given the importance of crustaceans to parasite life cycles, the introduction of novel hosts to these systems alters both free-living and host-parasite community interactions and could ultimately affect community structure and function. Future studies should continue to investigate host-parasite diversity and demographics following invasions to better understand impacts on native marine communities.
AbstractPolycrystalline Se‐substituted bartonite [Cs6Cl][Fe24Se26] is obtained by annealing stoichiometric amounts of Cs2Se, CsCl, Fe, and Se (Al2O3 crucible in evacuated silica tubes, 500 °C, 60 h).
Please cite this paper as: Roberts C, Algert C, Knight M, Morris J. Amniotic fluid embolism in an Australian population‐based cohort. BJOG 2010;117:1417–1421.We utilised linked birth, hospital and death data for the entire population to determine the incidence of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) and its mortality and morbidity. AFE diagnoses were identified from International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD10)‐coded hospital and/or death records with additional case definition criteria imposed. The AFE incidence was 3.3 per 100 000 (95% CI, 1.9–4.7), maternal fatality rate 35% (95% CI, 15–59) and perinatal mortality rate 32% (95% CI, 12–56). Newly identified risk factors included induction with vaginal prostaglandin and manual removal of the placenta, and survivors were at increased risk of cerebral infarction. Although two‐thirds of women and infants survived, AFE also caused severe morbidity.
Abstract In this paper, I review the structural and physical properties of the gold mixed-valence complexes, M2[AuIX2][AuIIIX4] (M = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br, and I), having perovskite-type structure. In spite of the three dimensional perovskite-type structure, the charge transfer interaction between AuI and AuIII in these complexes is two-dimensional. These complexes undergo the pressure-induced Au valence transition from the mixed valence state of AuI,III to the single valence state of AuII, which is coupled with a structural phase transition. In the pressure region below the Au valence transition, these complexes show a metallic behavior, which would be attributed to a dynamic two-electron exchange between the AuI and AuIII states (i.e. highly mobile bipolarons). The metallic cubic phase appearing commonly for these complexes under high pressure and high temperature can be obtained as a metastable phase even at ambient pressure and room temperature. Moreover, as a recent topic, I report the photo-induced Au valence transition for Cs2[AuIBr2][AuIIIBr4].