Hasil untuk "Veterinary medicine"

T. Cameron

L. Pomeranz, A. E. Reynolds, C. Hengartner

J. Weese, E. van Duijkeren

Wenyao Lv, Zhijie Zhou, Lingli Xie et al.

The grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>) is highly susceptible to infections caused by <i>Aeromonas</i> species, particularly <i>A. hydrophila</i> and <i>A. veronii</i>. However, the immunological mechanisms underlying co-infection by these pathogens remain largely uncharted. This study investigated the pathogenesis and host immune response in grass carp following concurrent infection with <i>A. hydrophila</i> and <i>A. veronii</i>. Mortality was observed as early as 24 h post-infection, with cumulative mortality reaching 68%. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significantly elevated bacterial loads in hepatic tissue at 3 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological evaluation revealed severe hepatic lesions characterized by cellular necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of hepatic tissues between co-infected and control specimens identified 868 and 411 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 1 and 5 dpi, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of immune-related genes primarily associated with Toll-like receptor signaling and TNF signaling cascades. Notably, metabolic pathways showed substantial suppression while immune responses were significantly activated after infected. These findings provide novel insights into the host–pathogen interactions during <i>Aeromonas</i> co-infection in grass carp, which may facilitate the development of effective prevention and control strategies.

Aoao Wu, Liu Xu, Yinzhu Zhang et al.

Tannic acid (TA), a polyphenolic compound derived from plants, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant biological activities. Salmonella, a prevalent foodborne pathogen, poses a significant threat to poultry, resulting in considerable economic losses for the animal husbandry industry. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of TA against lung and intestinal injuries induced by a transient Salmonella infection in broilers. After a ten-day infection period, although Salmonella was not detected in the intestinal content of broilers, the infected broilers exhibited reduced body weight and compromised intestinal barrier function. Salmonella infection facilitated the growth of detrimental bacteria in the lungs and ileums, triggering an inflammatory response. TA inhibited the pathogen's colonization in the lungs and reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as lung levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Moreover, TA down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hindered the polarization of M1 macrophages in the lungs.In summary, TA mitigates Salmonella-induced lung inflammation and immune imbalance by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties in broilers.

Marlyn H. Romero, Sergio A. Gallego-Polania, Jorge A. Sanchez

The Colombian Orinoquia is considered one of the eight most important ecosystems in the world. Savannah ecosystems play an essential role in providing ecosystem services. The objectives were (a) to explore and identify the perceptions of traditional farmers and institutional representatives regarding human well-being, animal welfare and the environment, and (b) to identify environmental challenges and opportunities for improvement based on the “One Welfare” concept. Three focal groups were developed: male and female farmers and institutional representatives <i>(n =</i> 24) from Vichada. A thematic analysis, coding with an inductive approach and the definition of themes and sub-themes were carried out. The concept of being “a good farmer” explains the behavior of the producers, where the perception of human well-being is associated with the value of the family and the sense of pride in their tradition as “llanero”. Animal welfare was considered a symbol of profitability and prestige for cattle farmers, a concept that, for them, mixed traditional management, water supply, shade and feed, good health and the natural behavior of cattle. Regarding the environment, this concept is based on their awareness of the importance of conserving the natural savannah. Among the environmental challenges described are climate change, solid waste management and the use of controlled burns. Regarding opportunities for improvement, they proposed strengthening institutional dynamics, partnerships, environmental governance and education. Our results can provide information on the “One Welfare” approach and the motivation of farmers to care for animals and the environment, a fundamental aspect for developing effective intervention strategies.

Daiane Cristina Rocha, Camila da Silva Rocha, D. S. Tavares et al.

Antibiotics are considered one of the greatest advances of medicine and, in addition to their use in treating a wide spectrum of illnesses, they have been widely employed to promote animal growth. As many of those pharmaceuticals are only partially absorbed by the digestive system, a considerable fraction is excreted in its original active form or only partially metabolized. Therefore, the use of animal excrement in agriculture represents one of the principal routes of insertion of antibiotics into the environment. Within that context, plants, principally those of agricultural interest, will be exposed to those compounds when present in the soil or when irrigated with contaminated water. Although not yet fully understood, there are reports of phytotoxic effects of antibiotics that can diminish agricultural production. This review is designed to provide a general and integrative overview of physiological alterations observed in plants caused by environmental exposures to veterinary-use antibiotics. This text principally focuses on the processes involved in antibody absorption and accumulation, and their effects on the primary (photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation) and oxidative metabolisms of plants. We also bring attention to germinative and plant establishment processes under conditions of antibiotic contamination. The different effects of different antibiotics on plant physiology are listed here to provide a better understanding of their phytotoxicities.

Jing Sun, Jing Wang, Xin Jiang et al.

Abstract Background The intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is an attractive vector for cancer immunotherapy as it can effectively deliver tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells, leading to a robust antitumor response. Results In this study, we developed a novel vaccine platform called Listeria-based Live Attenuated Double Substitution (LADS), which involves introducing two amino acid substitutions (N478AV479A) into the virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO). LADS is a safe vaccine platform, with an attenuation of nearly 7000-fold, while retaining complete immunogenicity due to the absence of deletion of any virulence factors. We developed two LADS-based vaccines, LADS-E7 and LADS-AH1, which deliver the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 oncoprotein and murine colon carcinoma immunodominant antigen AH1, respectively. Treatment with LADS-E7 or LADS-AH1 significantly inhibited and regressed established tumors, while also dramatically increasing the populations of tumor-infiltrated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. RNA-sequencing analysis of tumor tissue samples revealed that LADS-E7 altered the expression of genes related to the immune response. Moreover, intratumoral injection of LADS-based vaccines induced strong antitumor responses, generating systemic antitumor responses to control distant tumor growth. Encouragingly, LADS-E7 or LADS-AH1 immunization effectively prevented tumor formation and growth. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that LADS-based vaccines represent a more powerful platform for the development of immunotherapeutic and preventive vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases.

Khawla Alharbi, Andi Asnayanti, Anh Dang Trieu Do et al.

Our prior research demonstrated a 20% to 25% reduction in bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) lameness in broilers with organic Zn, Mn, and Cu (Availa^® ZMC) supplementation. Expanding on this, we investigated the optimal timing for Availa^® ZMC feeding to mitigate BCO lameness and reduce feed additive costs in the poultry industry. In this study, we compared the application of 0.15% Availa^® ZMC for 56 days, the first 28 days, and the last 28 days. The experimental design was a randomized block design involving 1560 one-day-old chicks distributed across two wire-floor pens as BCO source infection and four treatment groups with six replicates. The source of BCO infection exhibited a cumulative lameness incidence of 83%, whereas the negative control group showed a 77% cumulative incidence of lameness (<i>p</i> = 0.125). Administering 0.15% of Availa^® ZMC during the initial 28 d resulted in a 41.3% reduction in BCO incidence, significantly different from the supplementation during the last 28 d (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, this reduction did not differ substantially (<i>p</i> > 0.05) from the 56d application period. Hence, administering 0.15% Availa^® ZMC during the first four weeks emerges as the optimal timing protocol, providing a defense against lameness comparable to the continuous supplementation throughout the complete production duration. Implementing this feeding approach reduces the cost of feed additive, promotes the health of skeletal bones, and effectively protects against BCO lameness in broilers, offering a valuable consideration for producers seeking optimal outcomes in the poultry industry.

E. Hennessey, Matthew R DiFazio, Ryan Hennessey et al.

Artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine is an emerging field. Machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, allows computer programs to analyze large imaging datasets and learn to perform tasks relevant to veterinary diagnostic imaging. This review summarizes the small, yet growing body of artificial intelligence literature in veterinary imaging, provides necessary background to understand these papers, and provides author commentary on the state of the field. To date, less than 40 peer-reviewed publications have utilized machine learning to perform imaging-associated tasks across multiple anatomic regions in veterinary clinical and biomedical research. Major challenges in this field include collection and cleaning of sufficient image data, selection of high-quality ground truth labels, formation of relationships between veterinary and machine learning professionals, and closure of the gap between academic uses of artificial intelligence and currently available commercial products. Further development of artificial intelligence has the potential to help meet the growing need for radiological services through applications in workflow, quality control, and image interpretation for both general practitioners and radiologists.

Samantha S Taylor, Kelly St Denis, Sarah Collins et al.

Practical relevance: The ‘2022 ISFM/AAFP Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines’ (hereafter the ‘Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines’) describe how the veterinary clinic environment can be manipulated to minimise feline patient distress. Many components of a veterinary clinic visit or stay may result in negative experiences for cats. However, much can be done to improve a cat’s experience by making the veterinary clinic more cat friendly. Exposure to other cats and other species can be reduced, and adjustments made with consideration of the feline senses and species-specific behaviour. Caregivers can prepare cats for a clinic visit with appropriate advice. Waiting rooms, examination rooms, hospital wards and other clinic areas can be designed and altered to reduce stress and hence encourage positive emotions. Changes need not be structural or expensive in order to be effective and make a difference to the cats and, in turn, to cat caregivers and the veterinary team. Moreover, by improving the all-round experience at the veterinary clinic, there are positive effects on preventive healthcare, identification of and recovery from illness, and compliance with treatment. Clinical challenges: Good feline healthcare necessitates visiting the veterinary clinic, which, simply by being outside of a cat’s territory and familiar surroundings, may lead to negative experiences. Such experiences can trigger negative (protective) emotions and associated physiological stress, which can result in misleading clinical findings, patient distress, prolonged recovery from illness, further difficulties with handling at subsequent visits and potential veterinary personnel injury. There may be a mistaken belief that veterinary clinics must undergo significant renovation or building work to become cat friendly, and that, if species cannot be separated, then clinics cannot improve their care of cats. These Guidelines aim to dispel any such misconceptions and provide detailed practical advice. Evidence base: These Guidelines have been created by a Task Force of experts convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine and American Association of Feline Practitioners, based on an extensive literature review and, where evidence is lacking, the authors’ experience. Endorsements: These Guidelines have been endorsed by a number of groups and organisations, as detailed on page 1161 and at icatcare.org/cat-friendly-guidelines and catvets.com/environment.

Noriyuki Ito, Naoyuki Itoh, Satoshi Kameshima

<i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. are oral anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria that form black-pigmented colonies on blood agar and produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH), and dimethyl sulfide ((CH₃)₂S), which cause halitosis and the destruction of periodontal tissues. <i>P. gulae</i> is considered the main pathogen involved in periodontal disease in dogs. However, the characteristics of the VSCs produced by <i>P. gulae</i> are unknown. In the present study, VSCs were measured in 26 isolates of <i>P. gulae</i> and some isolates of the other <i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. obtained from the oral cavities of dogs with periodontal disease using an in vitro assay with an Oral Chroma^TM gas chromatograph. The results demonstrated that <i>P. gulae</i> was able to produce large amounts of H₂S and CH₃SH, and the dominant product was CH₃SH (CH₃SH/H₂S was approximately 2.2). Other <i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. that were also obtained from the oral cavities of dogs with periodontal disease indicated similar levels of production of H₂S and CH₃SH to those of <i>P. gulae</i>. It is strongly suggested that the high levels of H₂S and CH₃SH produced by <i>P. gulae</i> and other <i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. contribute to halitosis and the destruction of periodontal tissues during the progression of periodontal disease in dogs.

Gonzalo A. Collado, Moisés A. Valladares, Cristian Suárez et al.

The capability to produce pearls is widespread in the phylum Mollusca, including bivalves of the superfamily Unionoidea. Here, we identified and characterized natural pearls formed by <i>Diplodon chilensis</i>, a freshwater clam native to southern South America, using samples obtained from two lakes located in the Chilean Patagonia. Pearls were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Naturally formed pearls were found in both male and female <i>D. chilensis</i> specimens. Pearls are produced in different shapes, including spherical, ellipsoidal, buttoned, and bumpy, ranging in size from 200 µm to 1.9 mm. The internal microstructure is composed of irregular polygonal tablets, about 0.40 to 0.55 μm in thickness. EDX analysis showed that pearls are composed of calcium carbonate. FTIR and Raman spectra recorded several peaks attributable to the aragonite in pearls of this species, as has been shown in other mollusks. In addition to these results, pearls of different colors are illustrated.

Tao Xie, Yinuo Liu, Huixian Lu et al.

Agouti signalling protein (ASIP) is a coat colour-related protein and also is a protein-related to lipid metabolism, which had first been found in agoutis. According to our previous study, <i>ASIP</i> is a candidate gene that affects the lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. However, its effect on milk lipid has not been reported yet. This study focused on the effect of the <i>ASIP</i> gene on the lipid metabolism of mammary epithelial cells in cattle. The <i>ASIP</i> gene was knocked out in bMECs by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The result of transcriptome sequencing showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with lipid metabolism were mainly enriched in the fatty acids metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the contents of intracellular triglycerides were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and cholesterol tended to rise (<i>p</i> > 0.05) in bMECs with the knockout of the <i>ASIP</i> gene. Fatty acid assays showed a significant alteration in medium and long-chain fatty acid content. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly up-regulated (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly decreased in the <i>ASIP</i> knockout bMECs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The Q-PCR analysis showed that knockout of <i>ASIP</i> resulted in a significant reduction of gene expressions like <i>PPARγ</i>, <i>FASN</i>, <i>SCD</i>, and a significant up-regulation of genes like <i>FABP4</i>, <i>ELOVL6</i>, <i>ACSL1</i>, <i>HACD4</i> prompted increased mid-to long-chain fatty acid synthesis. Overall, <i>ASIP</i> plays a pivotal role in regulating lipid metabolism in bMECs, which could further influence the component of lipid in milk.

Agustín Rebollada-Merino, Agustín Rebollada-Merino, Marta Pérez-Sancho et al.

Porcine brucellosis, caused by Brucella suis (B. suis), is a notifiable disease causing significant economic losses in production systems. Most infected pigs may act as carriers and shed B. suis even if asymptomatic. This can contribute to environmental persistence, thus hindering control efforts. Here, the environment and the offspring were investigated during and after a B. suis outbreak at a sow breeding farm. The diagnosis of B. suis in sows (n = 1,140) was performed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from vaginal swabs, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) from sera, and brucellin skin test (BST). B. suis diagnosis in post-weaning pigs (n = 899) was performed by I-ELISA in sera and BST. The environmental surveillance programme was implemented by placing gauze sponges (n = 175) pre-hydrated in a surfactant and inactivating liquid for Brucella DNA detection by PCR in different farm areas. Our results showed that the offspring of infected sows reacted to in vivo techniques for B. suis. Furthermore, the offspring born during the outbreak displayed higher seropositivity (I-ELISA) and reactivity (BST) than those pigs born after. Brucella DNA was detected in pregnant sow areas, boxes, boots, and post-weaning pig areas. In addition, Brucella DNA environmental detection was higher during the B. suis outbreak than the post B. suis outbreak. The environmental approach has proven to be a simple, practical, valuable, and safe method to detect and monitor B. suis. These results suggest a role of the environment and the offspring that should be considered in porcine brucellosis surveillance and control programmes.

Yang Liu, Yang Liu, Md. Abul Kalam Azad et al.

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) results in intestinal dysfunction contributing to metabolic syndrome and growth lag of piglets. Bile acid (BA) presents various bioactivities, including regulation roles in antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Forty-eight weaned piglets were allocated to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the effects of BA supplementation and IUGR challenge. Twenty-four IUGR piglets and 24 normal birth weight (NBW) piglets were allocated into two groups, respectively, including the control group fed with a basal diet, and the treatment group fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg BA. The experiment lasted 28 days. The results indicated that BA improved liver and spleen indexes in IUGR piglets, whereas decreased blood RDW-CV and RDW-SD regardless of IUGR (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary BA supplementation decreased plasma CAT activity and liver GSH concentration regardless of IUGR, whereas increased plasma GSH and liver H2O2 and decreased liver T-AOC in weaned piglets (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, IUGR downregulated liver Nrf1 and Nrf2 expression levels, while BA supplementation upregulated the Nrf2 expression of liver in weaned piglets (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary BA decreased (P &lt; 0.05) jejunal GSH concentration and ileal CAT activity regardless of IUGR. Furthermore, IUGR upregulated (P &lt; 0.05) jejunal SOD and CAT expression levels; however, dietary BA upregulated ileal Nrf1 (P &lt; 0.05) and Keap1 (P = 0.07) expression levels in piglets regardless of IUGR. Moreover, IUGR upregulated the liver lipid synthesis (FAS) and downregulated HSL and SCD1 expression levels, while dietary BA downregulated liver FAS and SCD1 expression levels (P &lt; 0.05). However, BA supplementation could enhance liver gluconeogenesis by upregulating (P &lt; 0.05) the liver G6PC and PCK1 expression levels in the NBW piglets but not in the IUGR piglets. Collectively, these findings suggest that BA could regulate the redox status of weaned piglets by regulating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and improving liver glucose and lipid metabolism of IUGR piglets. These findings will provide a reference for the application of BA in swine production; moreover, considering the physiological similarity between pigs and humans, these findings will provide a reference for IUGR research in humans.

Weili Tian, Wenchao Ji, Jun Li et al.

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to establish and study an intrahepatic portal vein infection hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) C57 mouse model and provide a theoretical basis for clinical research on HAE.MethodsC57 mice were used to establish the HAE mouse model. The location, size, morphology, appearance, and pathological changes in liver lesions in different groups of mice were characterized using ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and haematoxylin and eosin staining.ResultsThe mortality rate of the C57 mice was 20%, and the success rate of infection was 75%. The abdominal ultrasound images and MRIs clearly indicated the location, size, shape, and appearance of the liver lesions and the relationship between the lesions and the adjacent organs. The size, morphology, and signal of the livers in the control group were normal. The pathological results of the experimental group indicated a hepatic vesicular acinar cyst, while those of the control group exhibited normal livers.ConclusionThe intrahepatic portal vein infection HAE mouse model was successfully established.

Lijun Wang, Xiaomin Wang, Juan Chang et al.

Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) are the three most prevalent mycotoxins, whose contamination of food and feed is a severe worldwide problem. In order to alleviate the toxic effects of multi-mycotoxins (AFB1 + DON + ZEA, ADZ) on inflammation and apoptosis in swine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), three species of probiotics (<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and <i>Pseudomonas lactis</i> at 1 × 10⁵ CFU/mL, respectively) were mixed together to make compound probiotics (CP), which were further combined with 400 μg/mL of glycyrrhinic acid (GA) to make bioactive materials (CGA). The experiment was divided into four groups, i.e., the control, ADZ, CGA and ADZ + CGA groups. The results showed that ADZ decreased cell viability and induced cytotoxicity, while CGA addition could alleviate ADZ-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of IL-8, TNF-α, NF-Κb, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1 and ASCT2 genes, and protein expressions of TNF-α and Claudin-1 were significantly upregulated in ADZ group; while the mRNA abundances of IL-8, TNF-α, NF-Κb, Caspase-3, ASCT2 genes, and protein expressions of TNF-α and Claudin-1 were significantly downregulated in the ADZ + CGA group. In addition, the protein expressions of COX-2, ZO-1, and ASCT2 were significantly downregulated in the ADZ group, compared with the control group; whereas CGA co-incubation with ADZ could increase these protein expressions to recover to normal levels. This study indicated that CGA could alleviate cytotoxicity, apoptosis and inflammation in ADZ-induced IPEC-J2 cells and protect intestinal cell integrity from ADZ damages.

Calan M. Farley, Calan M. Farley, Patricia Kaynaroglu et al.

Disaster search dogs traverse diverse and unstable surfaces found in collapsed buildings. It is unknown if the physical conditioning on a treadmill involves the same muscle groups that are involved in rubble search. This 14-week prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate changes within the thermal gradients of specific dog muscles following treadmill compared to rubble search. Nine dogs, ranging in age from 6 months to 4 years, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each week the two groups would participate in either 20 min of treadmill or rubble searches. Prior to exercise, the dogs were weighed and then kenneled in a temperature-controlled study room for 20 min at 21°C. Pre-exercise thermal images were then captured of the standing dog from the dorsal, left and right lateral, and caudal perspectives, and of the sitting dog from the rostral perspective. Following a 10-min warm-up period of stretches, dogs proceeded to either treadmill or search. Upon completion, dogs were kenneled in the study room for 20 min prior to post-exercise thermal images. Images were sectioned into 22 muscle regions, the pre-exercise images were subtracted from the post-exercise images to determine the temperature difference (ΔT) for that dog, on that day, for that activity. Thermography measures radiant energy, temperature, and converts this information into an image. This study looked at ΔT within a region pre and post-exercise. The study failed to find a statistically significant difference in the ΔT within each muscle group between treadmill and search activities. There was a decrease in ΔT within all muscle regions over the of the study except for the right cranial shoulder, right caudal shoulder, and right hamstring for the treadmill activity only. The decrease was significant in the pelvis, left longissimus, right cranial shoulder for the search activity, left oblique, left caudal shoulder, and left quadricep muscular regions. These findings suggest that ΔT in muscle groups are similar between treadmill exercise and rubble search. Regardless of the exercise type, 14 weeks of structured Search and Rescue training and treadmill exercise resulted in less ΔT associated with a structured weekly exercise.

Tykałowski Bartłomiej, Śmiałek Marcin, Kowalczyk Joanna et al.

Turkey histomonosis poses a serious threat to poultry production due to the ban on the use of effective drugs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a phytoncidal feed supplement on the course of histomonosis. The preparation was also analysed for immunomodulatory properties.