Hasil untuk "Toxicology. Poisons"

T. Clarkson, L. Magos, G. Myers

C. I. Bliss

R. Krieger

Mirjana B Olovi, Danijela Z Krsti, Tamara D Lazarevi Blockin-Pati et al.

Xingyao Yang, Xin Wang, Shifu Bao et al.

BackgroundPlasticisers, widely present in daily life, have been linked to osteoporosis (OP), though the precise mechanisms remain unclear.MethodsThis study examined the association between mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and OP using multivariate logistic regression based on NHANES data. Network toxicology identified key targets and pathways involved in MEHP-induced OP. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations validated the stability of MEHP-target interactions. The effects of MEHP on osteogenic differentiation were further assessed in mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs).ResultsAll logistic regression models confirmed a significant positive correlation between MEHP levels and OP. Network toxicology analysis identified CTSD, SOAT1, and VCP as key targets and the apoptosis pathway as a key mechanism in MEHP-induced OP. Molecular simulations demonstrated stable MEHP binding to these targets. Cellular experiments revealed that MEHP significantly inhibited BMSC osteogenesis by downregulating CTSD and VCP, while SOAT1 showed a weaker correlation.ConclusionMEHP exposure is positively associated with OP risk, with CTSD, VCP, and the apoptosis pathway potentially playing key roles in impairing BMSC osteogenesis.

Muhammad Sadiq Naseer, Ali Imran, Qaswaa Yousif Jameel et al.

ABSTRACT The growing demand for efficient, accurate, and affordable methods of evaluating food safety has led scholars to look into cutting‐edge analytical techniques. Carbon quantum dots, or CQDs, have shown great promise in the real‐time detection and measurement of heavy metals, herbicides, and pathogens, among other pollutants. These are newly discovered blooming carbon nanoparticles that are smaller than 10 nm. The several techniques for creating CQDs from different carbon sources have been compiled in this review paper. The manufacture of CQDs in the food industry has both significant advancements and apparent challenges. Although food waste can be used to create CQDs, research is still ongoing to determine how feasible and scalable these processes are. Despite the fact that CQDs have demonstrated potential in enhancing food safety and quality, further studies are essential to optimize their application in the food industry. This review will be very helpful to researchers and professionals who want to develop CQDs to fight food‐related issues.

Huyi TAO, Yujie CAO, Yitao PAN et al.

BackgroundPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of persistent organic pollutants widely used in various products, leading to population exposure and long-term accumulation. At present, there is a lack of research on the relationships between pre-pregnancy PFAS and menstrual characteristics among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) in China. ObjectiveTo explore the relationships between pre-pregnancy PFAS exposure among women undergoing ART and menstrual characteristics prior to assisted reproductive treatment. MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional research design, recruiting women undergoing ART treatment at the Reproductive Clinic of the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, from 2017 to 2020 as study participants. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect 42 types of PFAS in pre-pregnancy serum samples. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and menstrual characteristics (average menstrual cycle length, average menstrual period length, menstrual irregularities, and menstrual bleeding volume) of women undergoing ART. Multiple linear regression, binary logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between individual PFAS exposure before pregnancy and menstrual characteristics among ART women. Additionally, weighted quantile sum (WQS) model was applied to analyze the association between PFAS mixtures and menstrual characteristics. ResultsIn the pre-pregnancy serum samples of the study population, 15 PFAS were detected in more than 60% of the samples, including perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8:2 Cl-PFESA), perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic acid (HFPO-DA), perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA), and perfluoro-(3,5,7,9,11-pentaoxadodecanoic) acid (PFO5DoDA). Among them, PFOA had the highest median concentration of 9.160 ng·mL−1. The single PFAS exposure analysis revealed a positive correlation between PFAS and irregular menstrual cycles. Specifically, for every natural-log unit (e) increase in PFOA, PFBS, or PFHxS level, the incidence of irregular menstrual cycles increased by 57%, 42%, or 39%, respectively. Most PFAS were positively correlated with the average number of menstrual cycle days, such as PFHpA (b=1.08, 95%CI: 0.11, 2.05), PFOA (b=1.69, 95%CI: 0.39, 3.00), PFBS (b=1.23, 95%CI: 0.25, 2.22), PFHxS (b=1.47, 95%CI: 0.61, 2.32), PFHpS (b=1.48, 95%CI: 0.35, 2.61), and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (b=0.90, 95%CI: 0.08, 1.72). Furthermore, levels of PFHpA (OR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.82), PFOA (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.09, 2.30), PFBS (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.80), PFHxS (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.71), PFHpS (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.10, 2.14), and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.70) were positively correlated with low menstrual blood volume, while PFOA (OR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.23, 0.71), PFHpS (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.29, 0.71), and HFPO-DA (OR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.48, 0.97) were negatively correlated with high menstrual blood volume. The mixed exposure model showed that PFAS mixtures were positively correlated with the average number of menstrual cycle days (b=1.60, 95%CI: 0.49, 2.71), irregular menstrual cycles (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.19, 2.63), and low menstrual blood volume (OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.08, 2.35), but negatively correlated with high menstrual blood volume (OR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.22, 0.73). ConclusionWomen undergoing ART in Shanghai are widely exposed to PFAS prior to conception. Exposure to PFAS before pregnancy may be related to menstrual characteristics among women seeking ART before undergoing fertility treatments, but additional data from larger populations are required to validate the findings of this study.

Madjid Djouina, Anaïs Ollivier, Christophe Waxin et al.

Although the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the development of several intestinal diseases is well documented, the impact of e-cigarette aerosol (e-cig) on digestive health is largely unknown. To compare the effects of e-cig and CS on mouse ileum and colon, animals were chronically exposed for 6 months by nose-only inhalation to e-cig at 18 or 30 W power, or to 3R4F CS. Results showed that e-cig exposure decreased colon cell proliferation. Several other proliferative defects were observed in response to both e-cig and CS exposure, including up- and down-regulation of cyclin D1 protein levels in the ileum and colon, respectively. E-cig and CS exposure reduced myeloperoxidase activity in the ileum. In the colon, both exposures disrupted gene expression of cytokines and T cell transcription factors. For tight junction genes, ZO-1- and occludin-protein expression levels were reduced in the ileum and colon, respectively, by e-cig and CS exposure. The 16S sequencing of microbiota showed specific mild dysbiosis, according to the type of exposure. Overall, e-cig exposure led to altered proliferation, inflammation, and barrier function in both the ileum and colon, and therefore may be a gut hazard on par with conventional CS.

Ambika Patil, Saleha Inamdar, Archana T

Background: Electronic foetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) using cardiotocography (CTG) is crucial for assessing foetal well-being during labour and aiding in the early detection of intrapartum hypoxia. Admission CTG, short-term monitoring upon labour ward entry, identifies high-risk factors and guides subsequent interventions to prevent perinatal morbidity and mortality. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at Al Ameen Medical College and Hospital from August 2022 to July 2023 included booked and unbooked antenatal patients in latent labour. The study included 950 women in the first stage of labour in the low-(n=550) and high-risk (n=400) groups based on identified risk factors. Perinatal outcomes were assessed, including mode of delivery, liquor colour, APGAR scores, and NICU admissions. Results: High-risk factors such as hypertensive disorders (20%), anaemia (23.75%), gestational diabetes (6.25%), previous LSCS (37.50%), and post-date pregnancies (32.25%) were prevalent in the high-risk group. The majority of the participants were aged 20–30 years (52.7%), booked (39.2%), and presented at gestational ages ≥37 to <40 weeks (47.2%). Reactive CTG patterns were predominant in low-risk pregnancies (83.47%) and correlated with favourable perinatal outcomes. Equivocal and non-reactive CTG patterns in high-risk pregnancies were associated with compromised neonatal well-being, as evidenced by lower APGAR scores, increased resuscitation needs, higher NICU admissions, and perinatal deaths. Conclusion: Reactive CTG patterns are associated with positive perinatal outcomes, whereas equivocal and non-reactive patterns indicate heightened risks. Integrating risk stratification and CTG monitoring into obstetric protocols can enhance decision-making precision and improve the outcomes for both mothers and infants. This study highlights the need for further research on maternal risk management.

Sayan Pal, Prabir Kumar Ghosh, Raveendra D. Totad et al.

Background: Infections caused by Myroides spp. have been found very rarely in recent scientific literature. These Gram-negative bacilli however are increasingly being implicated in various life threatening infections, of late, in some of the critical care settings. Objective: To detect Myroides spp infections with strong degree of suspicion and to review the surveillance of multi drug resistant organism spread and containment in critical care settings of hospital. Methodology: Suspected isolates were found in the course of routine laboratory activities of blood and urine culture from patients admitted in intensive care unit, from amongst the non -fermenter Gram negative bacteria set as the inclusion criterion, and subjected to identification and antimicrobial susceptibly testing in automated system following standard microbiological methodology by Vitek-2 automated identification and susceptibility testing system. Interpretation of the results was done following the guidelines of Clinical and laboratory standards Institute. History and other relevant investigation results, as required, of the patients were retrieved from hospital record section. Result: Out of the 620 non-fermenter gram negative bacilli included in the study, Myroides spp. isolates were found five in number from blood and urine samples of the five patients. Tigecycline and minocycline were found to be most effective drug against the organism followed by colistin and imipenem. Conclusion: A robust Antimicrobial stewardship policy and implementation tool with efficient infection control measures are backbone to limit emergence and spread of such microbes in unforeseen days.

Omar El-Sayed Rageh, Hamdy Khaled Sabra, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alammar et al.

Abstract Background Poisoning is a major health problem especially in developing countries and leads to high morbidity and mortality. Aim To identify the profile of acute poisoning in the Toxicology Unit at Tanta University Hospital, Egypt (2017-2021). Methods A cross-sectional study using data extracted from medical records from beginning of January 2017 to end of December 2021. Data including demographic data, Glasgow coma scale, type of poisons, manner of poisoning, time of admission and discharge and state at discharge. Results This study included 9713 cases. Rodenticides represented the most frequent cause of poisoning among both males (30%) and females (27%). Pharmaceutical drugs, CNS abused pharmaceutical drugs, and chemicals represent the most common categories (24%, 22%, and 21%, respectively) among children (up to 12 years). Rodenticides and pharmaceutical drugs represent the highest categories among other age groups. Evening admissions represented 52% of cases. Glasgow coma scale was 15 among 86.3% of cases. Intentional poisoning was more common than accidental poisoning (58.6% and 34.7%, respectively). One half (52.2%) of the admitted cases were discharged within 24 hours of admission and 44.4% of them were discharged after 48-72 hours. Family request was the main reason of discharge of cases (70.3%), 15.7% were improved, 4% died. Mortality by rodenticide was 12.5%. Conclusion Rodenticides, pharmaceutical and CNS abused pharmaceutical drugs were the most common categories of poisoning. Intentional poisoning was more common than accidental poisoning. Rodenticides were responsible for most deaths.

Maria Inês Fonseca, Margarida Lorigo, Elisa Cairrao

Currently, the plastic monomer and plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used chemicals. BPA is present in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, commonly used in food storage and industrial or medical products. However, the use of this synthetic compound is a growing concern, as BPA is an endocrine-disrupting compound and can bind mainly to estrogen receptors, interfering with different functions at the cardiovascular level. Several studies have investigated the disruptive effects of BPA; however, its cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Therefore, this review’s purpose is to address the most recent studies on the implications of BPA on the cardiovascular system. Our findings suggest that BPA impairs cardiac excitability through intracellular mechanisms, involving the inhibition of the main ion channels, changes in Ca²⁺ handling, the induction of oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications. Our data support that BPA exposure increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including atherosclerosis and its risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Furthermore, BPA exposure is also particularly harmful in pregnancy, promoting the development of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. In summary, BPA exposure compromises human health, promoting the development and progression of CVDs and risk factors. Further studies are needed to clarify the human health effects of BPA-induced cardiotoxicity.

Jia Jin Hiu, Michelle Khai Khun Yap

Cobra venom cytotoxin (CTX) is a non-enzymatic three-finger toxin that constitutes 40–60% of cobra venom. Thus, it plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cobra envenomation, especially in local dermonecrosis. The three-finger hydrophobic loops of CTX determine the cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, the actual mechanisms of cytotoxicity are not fully elucidated as they involve not only cytolytic actions but also intracellular signalling-mediated cell death pathways. Furthermore, the possible transition cell death pattern remains to be explored. The actual molecular mechanisms require further studies to unveil the relationship between different CTXs from different cobra species and cell types which may result in differential cell death patterns. Here, we discuss the biophysical interaction of CTX with the cell membrane involving four binding modes: electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic partitioning, isotropic phase, and oligomerisation. Oligomerisation of CTX causes pore formation in the membrane lipid bilayer. Additionally, the CTX-induced apoptotic pathway can be executed via death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathways and mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathways. We also discuss lysosomal-mediated necrosis and the occurrence of necroptosis following CTX action. Collectively, we provided an insight into concentration-dependent transition of cell death pattern which involves different mechanistic actions. This contributes a new direction for further investigation of cytotoxic pathways activated by the CTXs for future development of biotherapeutics targeting pathological effects caused by CTX.

Yuanzhao WU, Anhui ZHANG, Fan XU et al.

BackgroundBromadiolone is the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide widely used all over the world. Exposure to bromadiolone in early life stage can lead to neurodevelopmental toxicity, but its toxic mechanism of neurodevelopment is not clear so far. ObjectiveTo investigate the developmental neurotoxicity and mechanism of bromadiolone to zebrafish embryos. MethodsZebrafish embryos were randomly divided into four groups: a solvent control group (dimethylsulphoxide) and three bromadiolone exposure groups (0.39, 0.78, and 1.18 mg·L−1). The exposure period was from 4 h to 120 h post-fertilization. The number of spontaneous movement per minute was recorded at 24 h post-treatment. The locomotor ability of zebrafish larvae and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were tested at 120 h post-treatment. The relative expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gap43, mbp, and syn2a) were measured by fluorescence quantitative PCR. ResultsCompared with the control group, the number of spontaneous movement per minute at 24 h decreased significantly in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the total distance travelled of the zebrafish larvae in the 0.78 and 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure groups decreased by 60% and 69% respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the total movement time decreased by 34% and 65% respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01). The AChE activity in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group increased by 36% when compared with the control group (P<0.05). The fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that compared with the control group, the expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes elavl3, syn2a, and mbp were significantly down-regulated by 66%, 69%, and 65% in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group respectively (P<0.01), the expression level of gap43 was up-regulated by 56% in the 0.78 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.01) and down-regulated by 34% in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.05). ConclusionBromadiolone exposure could inhibit spontaneous movement and locomotive behavior, down-regulate the expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes, hinder the release of neurotransmitters, and result in neurodevelopmental toxicity in the early-staged zebrafish.

F. Busardò, A. Jones

The illicit recreational drug of abuse, γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a potent central nervous system depressant and is often encountered during forensic investigations of living and deceased persons. The sodium salt of GHB is registered as a therapeutic agent (Xyrem®), approved in some countries for the treatment of narcolepsy-associated cataplexy and (Alcover®) is an adjuvant medication for detoxification and withdrawal in alcoholics. Trace amounts of GHB are produced endogenously (0.5-1.0 mg/L) in various tissues, including the brain, where it functions as both a precursor and a metabolite of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Available information indicates that GHB serves as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the GABAergic system, especially via binding to the GABA-B receptor subtype. Although GHB is listed as a controlled substance in many countries abuse still continues, owing to the availability of precursor drugs, γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (BD), which are not regulated. After ingestion both GBL and BD are rapidly converted into GHB (t½ ~1 min). The Cmax occurs after 20-40 min and GHB is then eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 30-50 min. Only about 1-5% of the dose of GHB is recoverable in urine and the window of detection is relatively short (3-10 h). This calls for expeditious sampling when evidence of drug use and/or abuse is required in forensic casework. The recreational dose of GHB is not easy to estimate and a concentration in plasma of ~100 mg/L produces euphoria and disinhibition, whereas 500 mg/L might cause death from cardiorespiratory depression. Effective antidotes to reverse the sedative and intoxicating effects of GHB do not exist. The poisoned patients require supportive care, vital signs should be monitored and the airways kept clear in case of emesis. After prolonged regular use of GHB tolerance and dependence develop and abrupt cessation of drug use leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. There is no evidence-based protocol available to deal with GHB withdrawal, apart from administering benzodiazepines.

Franić Zdenko, Bituh Tomislav, Godec Ranka et al.

Accreditation in accordance with the international General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard) has become a widely accepted method of quality management and objective evidence of technical competence, knowledge, and skills of testing and calibration laboratories. In 2010, the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (IMROH) had its management system accredited against the HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard for the following scopes: determination of radioactivity, testing of ambient air quality, and testing in the scope of ionising radiation protection. This accreditation encompassed three laboratories: Radiation Protection Unit, Environmental Hygiene Unit, and the Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit. In accordance with the rules of the Croatian Accreditation Agency, the second re-accreditation is due in 2020. This paper describes and discusses the quality management system at IMROH over the ten years of its implementation. We share our experiences about non-conformities discovered during regular work, internal audits, and external audits performed by the Croatian Accreditation Agency. The accredited management system significantly improved the performance of the accredited units, and the Institute increased its visibility and marketing advantage, consequently improving its market position.

Alexander W Labossiere, D. Thompson

Shahrzad sadat seyed saleh, simin Arabi, fatemeh ashouri

In this research, the essential oil from aerial parts of Fritillaria imperialis was extracted by Head space-Solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spctroscopy (GC-MS) methods. 24 components (86.61%) were identified in the oil was isolated by hydrodistillation. The major components of oil of F.imperialis were α-Bisabolol oxide A (28.2%), Camphor (12.86%), Chamazulene (11.8%), Trans-Thujone (10.9%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (10.3%), δ-3-Carene (6.9%) and α-Pinene (5.65%). 21 components (94.93%) were characterized in the oil which was obtained by Head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The major components of the oil were α-Bisabolol oxide A (35.2%), Camphor (9.54%), Chamazulene (18.3%), Trans-Thujone (7.89%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (11.8%), δ-3-Carene (6.5%) and α-Pinene (5.7%). In both methods (HD & HS-SPME), oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the main components of the oil, whereas hydrocarbon sesquiterpens were trace.

Nasima Khan, Farhana Afroz, Mst. Nadira Begum et al.

This study reports the chemical investigation and bioactivity of the secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Fusarium solani isolated from Cassia alata Linn. growing in Bangladesh. This plant was collected from conservation forest in Bangladesh and belongs to the Caesalpiniaceae family. The endophytic fungus Fusarium solani was isolated from the tissue of root of this plant. The fungal strain was identified by morphological characters and DNA sequencing. The crude organic extract of the fungal strain was proven to be active when tested for cytotoxicity against Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The bioactivity guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract leads to the isolation of seven secondary metabolites in pure form. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by the analysis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Bioassay investigation of the isolated secondary metabolites suggested aza-anthraquinones are more potent bioactive compounds as anticancer and antimicrobial agent. Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Fusarium solani, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial activity

Margareeta Häkkinen, E. Vuori, E. Kalso et al.