Hasil untuk "Special types of environment"

Елеонора Терещенко, Оксана Школенко, Марія Ковальова et al.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of enterprise resilience determinants to external economic shocks through factor analysis. The modern economic environment is characterized as one of high volatility and unpredictability, creating significant challenges for stable enterprise functioning. Theoretical approaches to understanding enterprise resilience are analyzed: systemic, resource-based, dynamic-adaptive, and ecosystem approaches. An original definition of enterprise resilience is proposed as an organization's integral capacity to maintain functionality, rapidly adapt to environmental changes, and transform challenges into development opportunities through the effective combination of internal resources with external network linkages. Factor analysis of resilience determinants identified five primary groups of factors: financial-economic, operational-technological, organizational-managerial, market-marketing, and socio-institutional. It was established that financial-economic and operational-technological determinants have the highest priority, ensuring the enterprise's basic ability to function under crisis conditions. Types of external economic shocks and mechanisms of their impact on enterprise activities are systematized. Enterprise adaptation strategies to crisis conditions are analyzed: resource conservation, diversification, innovative adaptation, partnership cooperation, and rapid transformation. A system of scientifically based recommendations for enhancing organizational resilience has been developed, including quantitative benchmarks and implementation tools. Special attention is paid to the Ukrainian experience of enterprises operating under martial law, which creates a unique empirical basis for international resilience research. The practical significance of the research results lies in their potential application by enterprise management to develop resilience enhancement strategies, by government bodies to formulate business support policies during crises, and by scientists for further development of organizational resilience theory. The study contributes to understanding the multidimensional nature of organizational resilience and provides a comprehensive framework for strategic decision-making under uncertainty.

Oleksandr Suslenko

Introduction. Ensuring spatial orientation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and ground drones is one of the key tasks in modern robotics and autonomous systems. Traditional methods, such as SLAM or GNSS-IMU integration, have significant limitations in complex environments where sensor data is noisy or satellite signals are unavailable. In such cases, deep learning approaches, in particular neural network architectures for segmentation and object detection, are promising as they enable drones to interpret their surroundings at the semantic level. Purpose. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative analysis of segmentation neural network architectures (U-Net, DeepLabV3+) and object detection architectures (YOLO, SSD, Faster R-CNN) regarding their applicability to solving the problem of spatial orientation of UAVs and ground drones in real time, as well as to identify the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches depending on the operating environment and computational resources. Methods. The study employed an experimental approach using UAVid datasets and synthetic aerial imagery. To evaluate the effectiveness of the selected architectures, the following indicators were analyzed: accuracy (mIoU, mAP), speed (FPS), and resource requirements (number of parameters, computational complexity). Special attention was given to the use of segmentation models for constructing semantic maps of the environment and object detectors for localizing reference landmarks. Results. The experiments demonstrated that segmentation architectures (U-Net, DeepLabV3+) provide more precise representation of object shapes and allow the construction of highly detailed maps, which is critical in environments with irregular obstacles (forests, mountainous areas). At the same time, object detectors (YOLO, SSD) showed significantly higher real-time performance, making them more suitable for systems with limited computational resources. Faster R-CNN achieved higher accuracy but lagged in processing speed. It was shown that segmentation models make it possible to estimate traversability between objects and classify surface types, tasks that are unattainable with traditional bounding box detectors. Conclusions. Segmentation architectures provide drones with richer semantic information for spatial orientation but require higher computational resources and demonstrate lower inference speed. Object detection architectures are capable of real-time operation but at the cost of reduced environmental detail. A combined approach, applying both methods depending on navigation tasks and resource constraints, is considered promising. Future research should focus on developing hybrid multi-output models that combine the advantages of segmentation and detection.

M. Kanagavel, V. Thanikaiselvan

The images captured under water are typically deteriorated due to non uniform attenuation of traversing light in underwater medium. The studies on underwater environment mainly depends on the techniques for the enhancement of underwater images. Many state-of-the-arts compensate the losses due to scattering of light in underwater images but still it is a challenging task to compensate the color distortion due to absorption of light. A new approach is introduced in this article for the enhancement of underwater images by balancing the attenuation disparity between the color channels. This approach reduces the color dominancy based on the prior that the non-uniform attenuation of RGB channels of light in water which results in severely absorbed, moderately absorbed and informative color channels. The difference between the maximum pixel intensity level of an image and its color channels is considered as the attenuation disparity of color channels. So, this leads to the statistical classification of underwater images into five major types: haze, bluish, greenish, greenish blue and bluish green images and two special types such as yellowish image and dark image subjectively. The pixel intensity of severely and moderately absorbed color channels are manipulated in accordance with the informative color channel by adding the value of concerned attenuation disparity globally. It increases the pixel intensity level of weak color channels and restores the channel information but does not improve the visual quality. The Gray World (GW) method or color equalization (CE) method is applied to remove the color imbalance and the contrast is improved by saturating the high level and low level pixel intensities. Finally, the conventional multiscale image fusion is employed to improve the image quality. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of underwater color image quality evaluation (UCIQE) metrics and underwater image quality measures (UIQM) compared to the existing image enhancement methods.

MA Wanzhu, ZHU Kangying, ZHUO Zhiqing et al.

Islands have special geographical landscapes and complex soil forming conditions, where the soil formation is different from that in mainland areas. To understand the genesis characteristics and taxonomic classification of island hilly soils in Zhejiang Province, 80 soil profiles were surveyed combining with historical literature data in this study. The results showed that the geomorphic structures, parent materials, climatic conditions, and vegetation types of the soils were relatively single, but the soils were frequently affected by the island scales, distances from land, tide, and human activities. The terrain slope was large; the lithification was obvious; the clayization was weak; the desilicification-allitization was changeable; the weathering-leaching coefficient was medium; the restoring base cations were obvious; the pH value and base saturation percentage were higher than those in the mainland at the same latitude; and the soil forming environment was affected by both ancient and modern factors. Four soil orders, namely Ferrosols, Argosols, Cambosols, and Primosols, were identified from the islands of Zhejiang Province, including 7 suborders of Ustic Ferrosols, Udic Ferrosols, Ustic Argosols, Udic Argosols, Ustic Cambosols, Udic Cambosols, and Orthic Primosols, as well as 10 soil groups, 11 subgroups and 25 soil families. In conclusion, the direction of soil formation from the islands of Zhejiang Province is basically the same as that of mainland hilly soil at the same latitude, belonging to the traditional ‘red soil zone’.

Mei LIU

Geological reference material is a primary standard to ensure the accuracy of geological sample analysis results. After more than 40 years of development, China has developed and certified thousands of geological reference materials covering different media such as rock, ore, soil, sediment, organism, and water. China’s metrological management department divides the certified reference material into two classes according to the classification class, the first-class reference material (GBW) and the second-class reference material [GBW(E)]. According to their attributes and application fields, they are divided into 13 categories[6-7], and the geological reference materials belong to the seventh category [GBW07 and GBW(E)07]. It can be seen from the National Sharing Platform for Reference Materials (https://www.ncrm.org.cn) that by the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the total number of geological reference materials approved by the State Administration for Market Regulation is 1013, including 718 first-class certified reference materials, and the amount of first-class certified reference materials ranks first in the 13 categories (Fig.1). Geological materials are the most important and basic raw materials in the development of human society, with various types, complex components, and large differences in component content. It is because of the complexity of geological materials and the demand for reliable quantitative analysis that thousands of geological reference materials have been developed. Some reference materials developed by some industrial geological agencies are classified into other categories in classification management, such as isotope reference materials belonging to the fourth category, biological composition reference materials belonging to the tenth category, coal reference materials belonging to the eleventh category, these reference materials are widely used in related geological work, and in this paper they will be classified as geological reference materials. To systematically grasp the development status of geological reference materials in China, the first-class geological certified reference materials are comprehensively sorted, and are divided into six categories according to the type of matrix, property value and application scope: basic, ore, marine, environment, energy and special purpose (Table 1), and the development situation of each type, matrix characteristics and fixed value index respectively are summarized. On the basis of summarizing the results, on one hand, the main problems existing in the application of geological reference materials and the causes of these problems are analyzed. On the other hand, the detailed technical problems that may affect the uncertainty in the process of homogeneity, stability and characterization are discussed, and the views and suggestions are expounded.　　In this paper, the first-class geological certified reference materials are divided into the following six categories to summarize the development of each type：　　(1) 260 basic geological reference materials have been developed, the type of matrix including rock, soil and river sediments. The characteristic components of the certified value are generally 70 elements and compounds, which are mainly used as monitoring standards for sample analysis in basic geological surveys and research.　　(2) 272 ore geological reference materials have been developed, including precious metal ore, metal ore, single mineral, and non-metallic ore. The specific mineral types are shown in Table 1. There are generally 20 property values, which are the main technical indicators in mineral exploration. They are mainly used as a monitoring standard for geological exploration, mineral processing and smelting, comprehensive utilization, commodity inspection and trade amongst other fields.　　(3) 16 marine geological reference materials have been developed, including marine sediments and marine minerals. The specific samples include 10 marine sediment reference materials namely, 1 near sea, 1 Yellow Sea, 2 South China Sea, 1 East China Sea, 3 deep Pacific Ocean, 1 Antarctic Ocean and 1 Arctic Ocean. Six marine mineral reference materials are three polymetallic nodules and three ocean cobalt-enriched crusts. The characteristic composition of the certification value is the same as that of the basic geological reference material, but slightly less, generally 51-71 kinds. This is a necessary chemical composition measurement standard for marine sediment measurement and marine mineral resource survey and research.　　(4) 101 standard materials for environmental geology have been developed, including the available state of soil elements, the form of soil and sediment elements, the valence state of groundwater elements, the extractable state of soil elements, biological inorganic elements, organic pollutants in soil and sediment and other reference materials. The characteristic components of the matrix and certified values are the total amount of inorganic elements in biological samples, the available states, and forms of elements in soil and sediment, the valence states of elements in water and organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediment. This kind of reference material provides analytical quality monitoring standards for land quality geochemical surveys and evaluation, regional ecological geochemical evaluations, multi-objective geochemical surveys and detailed surveys of soil pollution.　　(5) 23 energy geological reference materials have been developed. The property values of oil-generating rock reference materials are organic carbon, pyrolysis hydrocarbon S2, pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax, and chloroform asphalt “A”. The property values of coal reference material are calorific value, ash, volatile matter, total sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, true relative density and phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine, and arsenic. The property values of the reference materials of highly evolved hydrocarbon source rock are pyrolysis hydrocarbon S2, pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax, and total organic carbon TOC. This is the monitoring standard for the exploration, evaluation and rational utilization of energy and mineral resources.　　(6) 129 reference materials for special purposes have been developed, including 20 synthetic reference materials for emission spectroscopy and 4 synthetic reference materials for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. The property values are 28-29 inorganic chemical elements. There are 38 isotope reference materials, and the property values of those include isotope abundance and abundance ratio. There are 35 electron probe reference materials, and the property values are generally two principal components of their minerals. There are 15 reference materials for phase analysis, and the property values are the corresponding main phase. There are 5 soil limit water content reference materials, and the property values are 10mm liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index. There are 12 soil pH reference materials, and the property values are pH. It can be seen from the classification and summary that the geological reference material matrix in China is rich in types and quantities, which establishes an influential quality monitoring system for geological sample analysis, ensures the reliability and consistency of geological sample test data, and significantly improves the comparability and scientific value of relevant data.　　At present, there are still some problems in the application and development technology of a large number of geological reference materials. The problems are discussed and analyzed, hoping to draw attention to improving the value determination class of geological reference materials. In the aspect of application, the specific problems existing in different types of geological reference materials and their causes at the present stage are analyzed and development suggestions are proposed, according to the work needs of current mineral resources, international cooperation, marine strategy, ecological civilization and other fields. In the aspect of development technology, some detail technologies which may affect the value determination class in the process of homogeneity, stability and characterization are analyzed. In the aspect of development technology, some detail technologies which may affect the setting in the process of homogeneity, stability and value setting are analyzed. The test method of homogeneity and the evaluation method of stability uncertainty are discussed. Suggestions are made for the uncertainty evaluation method of unexamined elements for homogeneity test and control limit of relative extended uncertainty.　　1. Three problems existing in the current application of geological reference materials are analyzed：　　(1) The quantity of some types of reference materials developed is small, the gradient distribution of characteristic values is insufficient, and the matrix type is simple. For example, the amount of marine geology, micro-area analysis, energy and mineral resource reference material development is small. The ore-forming elements of key metal ore reference materials are mainly low content, lacking rich ore grade or higher content grade. The matrix types of the samples of organic pollutant reference materials are only soil and sediment, and the property values are only organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other compounds, and the matrix types and target compounds are few. The main reasons for these problems are difficulty in obtaining samples, little working demand, difficulty in ensuring the uniformity and stability of the sample preparation technology, large error of analysis technology unable to determine the value.　　(2) There are many components in the geological reference materials with mature development technology that have no certified values. The reasons of low element content and test interference are mainly analyzed.　　(3) At the current class of analytical technology, there is only one measurement method for several elements, and for some elements, with the widespread application of modern instrumental analysis technology, the optional measurement method is gradually becoming singular. 　　2. The detail technology of four aspects in the development of reference material is discussed：　　(1) Uniformity testing method. XRF is a widely used measurement method for the uniformity test of geological standard materials due to its high testing precision. However, due to its large sample size, XRF cannot meet the requirements of minimum sample size. Since the release and implementation of China National Technical Specification for Measurement “General and Statistical Principles for Characterization of Reference Materials” (JJF1343) in 2012, the uniformity of reference materials was tested by ICP-MS and ICP-OES under 0.1g weighing sample[24-30]. The measurement precision of these two methods is not as good overall as that of XRF, and the accuracy of individual elements is poor, which may cause the numerical value to be too large when calculating the uncertainty introduced by uniformity, thus affecting the reasonable evaluation of the uncertainty of property value. For this reason, some scholars[34-35] improved the XRF sample preparation device, studied the accuracy and precision of the method under 0.1g weighing sample, and verified the application effect for uniformity testing. However, only 10 major components in the reference materials of soil and stream sediments were tested under 0.1g weighing sample, while the reference materials of other matrix types and other trace elements, especially heavy elements, have not been studied and tested. Therefore, the feasibility of the XRF method with a sample size of 0.1g still needs to be verified.　　(2) Uncertainty calculation method for elements without uniformity test. The composition of geological materials is complex, and its reference substances generally have multiple attribute values, and the content of each component is greatly different, so it is usually difficult to test the uniformity of all attribute values. According to the provisions of JJF1646—2017, the characteristic of representative and less homogeneous should be selected for uniformity evaluation. The uncertainty of the untested elements can be evaluated according to the concentration and geochemical properties with reference to the uncertainty introduced by the tested elements. However, the exact calculation method was not specified. An evaluation method that considers both element properties, content and test methods (Table 2) is presented here. The specific calculation method is to multiply the relative uncertainty (Ur) of the uniformity of the detected element by the standard value μ of the undetected element and take it as the uncertainty component ubb of the undetected element.　　(3) Evaluation method of stability uncertainty. At present, trend analysis method is generally used to evaluate the stability uncertainty (us) of geological reference materials, and the calculation formula is us=s(b1)·t. It can be seen from the formula that the longer the stability monitoring time, the greater the stability uncertainty introduced. The stability uncertainty data of several reference materials were compared and determined to be the main contribution to the total uncertainty, which is inconsistent with the long-term observation of the stability of the geological reference materials. Therefore, this calculation method is not suitable to evaluate the uncertainty introduced into the stability of geological reference material. Meng et al.[42] suggested using the analysis of variance to calculate, and the comparative analysis showed that us was still the main contribution to the total uncertainty. Wang et al.[43] used range method to calculate us, but the application of this method in geological reference materials has yet to be verified. In conclusion, the reasonable evaluation of stability uncertainty of matrix reference materials with more test error sources needs to be studied further.　　(4) Control limits for relative extended uncertainty. The determination of the property value of geological reference materials usually has certain control requirements for relative extended uncertainty (Urel), but these control limits are rarely introduced in the public information of the reference material. It was not until the specification JJF1646 published in 2017 that Urel was required in principle. Urel is the embodiment of the quality of property value data. Urel control limits in Table 3 are proposed on the basis of the principle requirements of JJF1646—2017 by referring to the control limits in the development of existing reference materials and the analysis of different types of geological reference materials. In the process of development, the developer also needs to comprehensively consider the matrix condition, setting index, element content of the sample and formulate reasonable Urel control limits of uncertainty in combination with the current analysis technology class, to obtain accurate and reasonable property value and uncertainty.

Valentina N. Solovar

The article is devoted to the identification of the national specifics of the representation of rotational movement in the Khanty linguoculture, the analysis of the semantics of verbs of rotation, the possibility of their lexical compatibility on the material of the Western dialects of the Khanty language (Kazym, Shuryshkar, Uralic) and one of the eastern (Surgut) by the types of situations described by them. The purpose of our study is to identify the parameters relevant to the lexical rotation zone. The article uses the method of corpus research: a sample of examples with verbs of rotation is analyzed and the boundaries of their compatibility are determined. The method of field research is used. There is a difference between movement along a trajectory close to an ideal circle (rotation in a circle) and movement along a chaotic trajectory, i.e. rotation of a set of homogeneous objects / gaseous particles (deer, snow vortex, smoke). In this case, the second type of rotation is marked. The subject performs multiple or single rotations around its axis or causates a rotational movement. The key parameter for distinguishing verbs of rotation and skating is animateness. Verbs of rotation around a landmark reflect the way of movement. Verbs of rolling and rotation do not reflect the environment of movement, but may reflect the direction of movement, which is regulated by the special compatibility of the subject and the predicate, or the word-formation capabilities of the predicate. The rolling zone reflects rotation in contact with the plane during translational motion and multidirectional rotation (about natural phenomena and about the movement of deer). The selected parameters and values are not lexicalized into separate verbs, but are combined inside lexemes. One lexeme describes situations of rotation in the same plane with and above the landmark, however, skating on the surface and rotation around the landmark is marked in dialects by separate lexemes.

Nadia Ashayeri, Behzad Vasigh

Some of the most impressive displays of delicate plaster work can be found when we look up in a space in Islamic Iranian architecture. Plaster is an ideal medium for decorative work, because it can take fine detail. It is also versatile: plaster can be formed into ornate, multi-layered ceiling medallions, intricate friezes replete with scrolls and swags, or long runs of coved cornice work. Plaster can be cast, shaped, carved, sculpted, sanded, or cut. When Islam opened a new view to art philosophy, it affected the ornament style in Iranian architecture. If one had to choose the defining material of Muslim culture, it would, without a doubt, be stucco. In contemporary history, plaster has been considered a relatively poor material, probably due to its lack of application in heavy duty building work, its easy handling and the simple process it takes to transform it from rock mineral. But, human dexterity, particularly that of Muslim artisans, helped to produce designs in stucco, and numerous buildings decorated with that technique have survived for us to admire. Architectural decoration has been one of the most resilient of the Islamic arts. The partial and more often overall decoration of buildings has been a characteristic feature of Islamic architecture from the eighth century onwards. Religious monuments as well as secular complexes have been decorated with an array of styles and techniques that reflected the multiplicity of Muslim societies and their cultural expressions. The importance given to decorating one's built environment has also been applied to temporary settlements such as tented encampments. Islamic plasterwork covers almost every single surface of walls, arches, vaults and ceilings, gaining an almost textile-like quality through their intricate ornament and vibrant palette of colours. Its almost overwhelming appearance is the result of the interconnection and superimposition of different ornamental elements: calligraphic inscriptions, geometric lazo. The interior decorations are centered on the mihrab. In fact, one can find almost all elements and methods of decoration on and around this symbolic place. There is a harmonious and creative co-existence between plaster, marble and brass. In addition, the mihrab typifies the beautiful marriage of all methods of decoration, especially geometry, floriation, calligraphy. The main roll of mihrab and its decoration became a mainstream in aesthetic orientation in Iranian art and architecture that spread to numerous architectural types such as schools to houses. One of the types of secular architecture is the house. Therefore, in order to evaluate this hypothesis and find the answer to the question: In what period are Chohar-soffeh decorations of Dosiran village rooted? the authors attempted to gather the information about Dosiran’s Chohar-soffeh houses and their decorations, and then examined the characteristics of these decorations and index samples similar to them in the history of the country and finally made a comparative comparison of the physical content of these samples. The research method includes survey, analytical-descriptive and interpretive-historical methods. Research data were obtained through field surveys, personal observations, and library documents. The research tool is logical inference and comparative comparison based on Carry-Walk-Method. Finally, it was concluded that two types of these inscriptions have a body similar to the plaster altars of the Ilkhanid period and in terms of content have the salient features of the plasterwork of this period; nevertheless, works of art combining the late Sassanid and early Islamic periods can also be seen in the drawings of all these inscriptions. The ornaments of Dosiran’s Chohar-soffehs, due to their appearance, organization and special content, as well as the way they are placed on the walls of the plates and the level of rib vaults, have given double value to the mansions of Gholam Hossein Naderi and Koohyar Dashti. These inscriptions include five different shapes and three general patterns. From the studies and comparisons, it was concluded that the Dosiran’s Chohar-soffehs strongly show the artistic course of the country from the late Sassanid period to the Ilkhanid period due to having well-known and important designs in the art history of Iran such as arabesques and Khataee motifs, flowers, knots (Gereh) and significant objects, which are mainly rooted in the Islamic period, as well as representing distinctive features such as great similarity to the valuable and sacred pattern of the altar in Islamic art and architecture, indicative features of Ilkhanid altars, using similar motifs to widely used motifs of the Sassanid era, the application of the natural form of plants and important techniques such as Muqarnas and honeysuckle (Laneh Zanbouri) ornament. The appearance and origins of the drawings of these inscriptions and the adapted examples are evidence of this claim; because despite the existence of continuity and artistic connection in the history of the country, some artistic features are specific to a particular period of history and are less considered in later periods. However, in Dosiran’s Chohar-soffehs, the characteristics of the bedrock of several periods are shown together.

P. E. Korneev

The functioning of modern digital communication systems tends to occur in a complex interference environment. The communication system is affected by various types of jamming: both natural noises associated with the conditions of radio waves propagation, and artificial interference concerned with electromagnetic compatibility of radio equipment, characteristics of communication channels, etc. Applied issues of enhancing digital communication systems interference insusceptibility are quite relevant at the present time. Concurrently, it is advisable to achieve an increase in interference insusceptibility by rational methods that do not require a significant increase in the emitted signals energy. The techniques based on the use of algorithms for processing special types of signals are the most promising to this date. Radio specialists address the methods for digital processing of polarization-manipulated signals which, while maintaining the communication system carrying capacity, allow us to obtain an essential gain in the parameters of the communication system interference insusceptibility. At the same time, a successful combination of these methods with the already known techniques of digital signal processing is noted. This article considers the multi-position method of quadrature amplitude-polarization manipulation (M-QAPM), where the number of positions M = 27 = 128 (128-QAPM). The modulation symbol at 128-QAPM consists of a 7-bit digital code. The purpose of this article is to describe analytically the method of 128-position quadrature amplitude-polarization manipulation when transmitting 7-bit binary modulation symbols over a communication channel. During mathematical modeling, a signal constellation was formed and visualized. The structural diagram of the modulator was given. The practical significance of the given paper lies in the fact that quadrature amplitude-polarization manipulation can be considered as a universal type of digital modulation, which can be applied instead of the currently known quadrature types of manipulation.

Mohammad Vaseie, Maryam Amini, Taha Kashani

INTRODUCTION Nosocomial infections is one of the problems of hospital environments, which in addition to economic costs, sometimes prolongs the patient's hospitalization [1]. .... [2-10]. 90% of nosocomial infections are caused by bacteria; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas and Proteus mirabilis are among the most important causes of nosocomial infections [10]. Prescribing antibiotics is the first way to treat the disease due to the important role of bacteria in causing nosocomial infections but the challenge in the treatment of these infections is the occurrence of antibiotic resistance [11]. Vancomycin is one of the antibiotics that is frequently used in the hospital environment, especially in the case of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Although a few cases of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been reported, with the emergence of resistance to vancomycin in enterococcus and the emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci with reduced sensitivity to vancomycin, the treatment problems of these bacteria have increased [12-14]. Excessive antibiotic consumption has caused this resistance. This consumption in Iran is 16 times the world standard and approximately equal to the entire Europe [15]. Timely recognition and diagnosis of antibiotic resistance, proper use of antibiotics to reduce the creation of drug resistance is one of the most important principles in any hospital which the results are effective in reducing patients' long -term hospitalization and reducing mortality and heavy economic costs for patients. Since the use of antibiotics in various infections has increased, examining antibiotic resistance is a research priority in each region. AIM(s) In this study, frequency and risk factors and antibiotic resistance of nosocomial infections caused by gram positive bacteria were investigated during 6 years in Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in Iran RESEARCH TYPE The present study is a retrospective cross -sectional and descriptive analytical study. RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE & TIME This study was conducted on patients with the diagnosis of nosocomial infection during the years 2014 to 2019 at Shahid Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran. SAMPLING METHOD AND NUMBER Based on the census sampling method, 263 patients were identified by diagnosing infection at the time of the study (4 people have two different nosocomial infections and 2 have a common nosocomial infection with different risk factors). Those whose nosocomial infection was not mentioned in their file were excluded from the study. METHOD The information required for each patient (based on the Clinical Guidebook of nosocomial Infection in Iran) in the information form including: age, gender, hospitalization department, performing invasive procedures (endotracheal intubation, cathetering, venous catheter, arterial catheter) culture samples, sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics, type of antibiotic, type of infection and type of bacteria were recorded. In the studied patients, drug sensitivity was determined by the disk diffusion method. The first step of this method includes the preparation of yeast suspension according to McFarland standard turbidity of 0.5. Dip a sterile swab in the suspension and after taking the excess liquid by pressing the swab against the inner wall of the tube, wet the swab on the surface of the 9 cm plate containing Mueller Hinton's medium that has already reached room temperature, 3 times completely at an angle of 60 degree and is uniformly inoculated on the surface of the plate. Then the plates are placed in a suitable place for 3 to 5 minutes (maximum 15 minutes) so that the excess liquid is absorbed and penetrates into the agar. In the next step, the antibiotic discs are removed by fine forceps, previously soaked in alcohol and then cooled with a sterile flame, and placed on the surface of the plate. The discs should be pressed briefly with the help of pliers. According to the McFarland standard, to transfer other discs, the forceps must be re-sterilized; because immediately after placing the discs, the antibiotic penetrates into the agar, therefore, discs should not be moved after they are placed on the environment. The plates are kept inverted for 24 hours at 35-37°C. After 24 hours, the plate is checked under the lamp and the diameter of the no growth halo is measured with a ruler and according to the table with the discs, the antibiogram test report is prepared as resistant, semi-sensitive and sensitive. ETHICAL PERMISSION This study was conducted after obtaining the code of ethics IR.SHAHED.REC.1399.147 from Shahed University. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using MedCalc 20 statistical software. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe quantitative variables with normal distribution, median and range were used for quantitative variables with non-normal distribution, number and percentage were used to describe qualitative variables. In order to measure the relationship between the demographic factors of patients and the risk factors of contracting enterococcus isolates, staphylococcus aureus isolates, and coagulase-negative staphylococcus isolates, logistic regression model was used with a type 1 error rate of 0.05. FINDING by TEXT In this study, 269 gram-positive cocci isolates from 263 patients were identified during 6 years (from April 2014 to March 2019). In total, 36% of nosocomial infections belonged to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates, 33% to Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 25% to Enterococcus isolates, and 6% to other Gram-positive cocci isolates (Group A Streptococcus, Group B Streptococcus, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, and Viridans Streptococcus). (Table 1). In this study, the sensitivity of antibiotics erythromycin, amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoxitin, clindamycin, vancomycin, ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, cholestin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, meropenem, ofloxacin, cefepime was checked with cocci isolates Gram positive (Table 2). The logistic regression model was used to measure the relationship between demographic factors of patients and risk factors with Enterococcus isolate (p= 0.001, X²(7)= 41.67), Staphylococcus aureus isolate (p= 0.001, X²(8)= 42.12) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates (p=0.01, X²(8)= 18.48) were used. The results of this comparison showed that there was a significant and direct relationship between the inpatient department (special care to the normal department) and the underlying disease (having or not having an underlying disease) with the infection of Enterococcus isolate. Out of 263 patients, 209 had a urinary catheter and 147 had an endotracheal tube, 16 of the patients with a tracheal tube had this isolate, which were not included in the model to avoid errors (Tables 3 and 4). Also, there was a significant and direct relationship between the inpatient department (special care to the normal department) and the length of time the endotracheal tube remained with the infection of Staphylococcus aureus isolate. Also, there was a significant and direct relationship between the duration of hospitalization and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates (Tables 5, 6, 7, 8). MAIN COMPARISON to the SIMILAR STUDIES The results of this study showed that the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolate ranked first with 36% infection. The most dangerous factor of this bacterium was the vascular catheter. Staphylococcus aureus ranked second with 33% of infections and the most common cause was endotracheal tube. Enterococcus isolates ranked third with 25% of cases, and the most common cause was urinary catheters. The best drugs affecting gram-positive cocci were vancomycin and ciprofloxacin, and the most resistance was seen in erythromycin, amikacin and clindamycin. High length of hospitalization and hospitalization department were effective risk factors. The results of the Asghar study, which was conducted in 2008-2009 titled “Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria in Mecca hospitals” are consistent with the results of the present study and show that ampicillin and erythromycin are resistant to streptococci [16]. The results of Mosadegh Rad's meta-analysis show that suction, tracheal tube, urinary catheter, history of surgery and ventilator were the most common causes of nosocomial infection in Iranian hospitals, and in this study, vascular catheter is known as the most important risk factor [17]. History of surgery and urinary catheter in Rahmanian's study constitute 20.9% and 20.3%, respectively, of the cause of nosocomial infection [18]. In the Bijari’s study, urinary catheter dislodgement, suction and endotracheal tube are known as the most important risk factors for nosocomial infections [19]. Ahmed Khan's study on 13 types of nosocomial infections shows that vancomycin has a high sensitivity on enterococcus of most gram-positive cocci infections, which was consistent with the present study [20]. In the study of Mossadegh Rad, Escherichia coli was the most common microorganism causing nosocomial infection, which can indicate its drug resistance to antibiotics. Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Klebsiella are in the next categories [17]. ... [21]. The study of Vahdat of Bushehr shows that ampicillin is 94% resistant in Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin is 11.7 resistant in Staphylococcus aureus, Gentamicin is 76.5% resistant in Staphylococcus aureus, Amikacin is 76.5% resistant in Staphylococcus aureus, Zoxim hardness is 59% resistant percentage was consistent with the present study and indicates the accuracy of antibiotic selection [22]. Zamanian's study also shows that Staphylococcus aureus has the highest resistance to amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin, the lowest resistance to vancomycin, and the highest sensitivity to vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and co-trimoxazole, respectively; this difference in the results of different studies may be due to the difference in the sample size of the studies [23]. LIMITATIONS The limitations of this study include the retrospective nature of the research and the insufficient accuracy of the information based on the files and also conducting this study in only one hospital. SUGGESTIONS Conducting similar studies in a multi-centered manner can most likely determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance at a higher level and based on that, it is possible to plan for the appropriate treatment of patients. CONCLUSIONS Coagulase-negative Staphylococci with 36 % has the most frequent and vascular catheter is the most risk factor in this bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus with 33 % infection in the second place and the Enterococcus isolate with 25 % infection.is in the third place. If the use of resistant antibiotics is limited and antibiotics sensitive to microorganisms are used as much as possible, the occurrence of more microbial resistances will be prevented. The insertion of various catheters, including urinary and vascular catheters can provide the basis for nosocomial infection and has been identified as a risk factor in various studies. Therefore, it is better to limit the use of catheters to very essential materials. According to the results of the study, the use of effective antibiotics according to the patient's antibiogram can be useful in improving the effectiveness of the treatment. CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS in POLICE MEDICINE Given that gram -positive bacteria such as negative coagulase staphylococcus and staphylococcus aureus are very important pathogens in the hospital environment, including urban hospitals and field hospitals during war and natural crises. The use of effective antibiotics according to antibiogram is emphasized for better treatment, especially during war and crises. Equipping military centers laboratories with antibiogram kits, to quickly prepare samples to prescribe antibiotics selectively, will have better therapeutic results in the above conditions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The cooperation of the respected personnel of Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in completing this project is appreciated. CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. FUNDING SOURCES The project was carried out with the financial support of the Shahed University.

Danish Hassan, Hamza Khan, Muhammad Fahim Akhter et al.

Natalia Nikolaevna Skakun, Laura Longo, Vera Terekhina et al.

The assemblages of many Paleolithic sites on the Russian Plain contain large pebbles of various types of stone, which, due to the natural and unmodified forms, rarely become objects of special study. Some of them retain their natural shape, others are slightly artificially modified. In the course of our research, artifacts from several Paleolithic sites in Russia and the Republic of Moldova were subjected to a comprehensive study. Technical-morphological and experimental-traceological studies made it possible to characterize the methods of their manufacture and use. Among the items studied, there is a trapezoidal slab retrieved in the lower layer of the Late Paleolithic stratified site Kamennaya Balka II (the Northern Azov Sea region, Russia). On its surface, use-wear traces were found, which are characteristic of wear traces on tools used to grind plant materials. To verify the results of the traceological analysis, a series of experiments was performed. The wear traces on the working part of the experimental tool turned out to be similar to those found on the original one. The functional identification of the slab from Kamennaya Balka II as a tool for processing plants was also confirmed by the discovery on the working surface of mineralized starch grains. This comprehensive study of an unmodified stone artifact from the Kamennaya Balka II site and its identification as the lower grinding stone indicates the presence of complex foraging strategies among the economic activities of the inhabitants of the site and their successful adaptation to the natural environment in this region.

Zhenmin Yuan, Ziyao Zhang, Guodong Ni et al.

As prefabricated buildings play a significant role in the global fight against the new coronavirus “COVID-19,” they attract more global attention than other types of buildings. Lean construction helps to improve the benefits of enterprises and the working environment of workers. However, prefabricated buildings are encountering various challenges in implementing on-site lean construction. According to a cause-and-effect relationship, it will be more meaningful to explore the critical causes hindering on-site lean construction, namely, the critical barriers. Hence, this paper establishes a research methodology framework based on multimethod collaboration, including the exploratory factor analysis model regarding critical barriers, the exploratory factor evaluation model regarding organizational capabilities, and the important findings and suggestions. Thirty-one critical barriers of on-site lean construction for prefabricated buildings are identified via literature analysis, field survey, and semistructured interview. After pre-exploratory factor analysis, thirty critical barriers are finally retained and prioritized, and six common components are extracted and nominated. A large-scale project using the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) mode is selected as a case study to evaluate its construction organizational capability to deal with the six common components. The important findings indicate that the inadequate professional management capability of managers is the most critical barrier, and the construction organization from the project case is fully capable of dealing with the common components during on-site lean construction. Six corresponding substantive suggestions are also proposed according to domain experts, and the most prioritized one of them is that an internal training or external recruitment is suggested to solve the inadequate professional management capability of managers. The internal training should take the form of seminars and training courses that invite senior prefabricated project management experts to participate. The external recruitment needs to focus on the management experience, lean skills, and leadership of managers in prefabricated projects. The established methodology framework proposes a new idea for the barrier analysis and corresponding organizational capability evaluation of on-site lean construction from the perspective of the specific prefabricated construction industry rather than the entire construction industry. Due to the special construction mode of prefabricated buildings, it further expands the current boundary of lean construction methodology. The findings and suggestions will provide a valuable reference and guidance for the prefabricated construction industry to solve the barriers regarding on-site lean construction.

Olha Myagkova

The article is devoted to the use of scribing and sketching technologies in the educational process as visualization technologies. It is proved that in the conditions of total environment with modern information technologies and large information flows and formation of clip thinking in students, visualization that takes into account these cognitive features promotes understanding, mastering and memorization of educational material, improves learning and communication skills, increases motivation, learning, and promotes critical thinking; keeps the attention of the individual on key points, makes him an active participant in the educational process. The advantages and disadvantages of using scribing technologies in the educational process are summarized. The types of scribing and possible variants of their use are researched and analyzed. Among them are painted, application, magnetic, flannel, which involves the use of flannel (carpet linograph). technologies for using special programs or online services to create online scribing (computer, animation, video scribing) is emphasised. Scribbing facilitation is singled out, which involves the translation of information from verbal to visual form. Attention is paid to the study of the positive impact of visualization on the assimilation and comprehension of material through sketching technologies: they increase student involvement in learning, encourage more effective strategies and promote key skills, including creative thinking, communication and skills to build and present knowledge. The main models of sketchouting and their variants of use are investigated: linear, vertical, radial, modular, trajectory, skyscrapers or columnar, popcorn.

Ireneusz Kubiak, Alexandru Boitan, Simona Halunga

The main topic of the present paper is the printed text protection against electromagnetic infiltration. There are many solutions to protect such data. One of these methods is the one that uses computer fonts that are characterized by special shapes. The suitability of the solution has to be confirmed by many tests and analyses. An important element of such researches is the class of receiving devices used. In the case of measurements of the valuable emissions arising from electronic data processing of the printed text, typical receivers that are used for measurements of electromagnetic compatibility cannot be used. They have to be dedicated devices for measuring the very low level of signal that arises unintentionally. The sensitivity of the receiver must be very high in wide measuring bands. In addition, in order to assess the method of preventing electromagnetic infiltration, it is important to verify it by independent institutions. An additional advantage is the use of different receivers in the assessment process. This paper presents the results of studies made regarding the suitability of two sets of fonts with special shapes (secure symmetrical and secure asymmetrical) in secure information processing. The analysis of the fonts was based on visual examination, a basic method of preliminary assessment of electromagnetic emissions correlated with processed text information, of the images reproduced from unwanted emissions. The tests were carried out at two independent institutions, Military Communication Institute—Poland, Special Telecommunications Services—Romania, using three different types of receivers: Tempest Test System DSI-1550A, Rohde & Schwarz FSET22 and Rohde & Schwarz FSWT. The images obtained in the two independent laboratories with different setup and test equipment confirmed thus without doubt the possibility of using special fonts as the solution against an effectiveness of electromagnetic infiltration. The above assessment is correct, regardless of the used receiver and the environment of implementation of the secure fonts.

Mahboobeh Moosivand

Abstract The value priorities of individuals are influenced by a variety of factors that affect individuals' social behaviors and actions. The present study was conducted to investigate gender differences in students' value system, Engagement, social competence, and cognitive styles. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students of the University of Tehran in the academic year 1397-98. The research sample was 150 male and female students of Tehran University who were selected by stratified random sampling. The value system questionnaire, the engagement of students’ scale belongs to Gunuc & Kuzu, Hart's competence perception, and the carton cognitive styles questionnaire were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that male students scored higher on material values, cognitive competence, social competence, and physical competence. In using educational strategies and teaching methods, education professionals need to consider the gender and individual disparities of students based on physical, psychological, cultural, and spiritual aspects.   Keywords  Value System, Academic Engagement, Social Competence, Cognitive Styles, Students    Introduction  Values ​​as social phenomena are one of the important characteristics of societies that form the cultural structure. Values ​​have short-term and long-term effects in various political and social dimensions, and recognizing them plays a very important role in identifying cultural developments (Saha and Sharma, 2019). The value system refers to the factors and elements that are respected by many of the individuals in society and that can meet their material and spiritual needs. According to some experts, this value system is categorized into primary or material values ​​related to the biological needs of individuals) and secondary or extra-material values ​​including social and moral values); In such a way that the general system of values ​​is affected by both types (Zare Shahabadi and Turkan, 2015). Zare Shahabadi and Turkan (2015) in a study aimed at investigating the relationship between the social security and youth value system of Yazd University students found that students have materialistic value priorities and there is no significant difference in materialistic and non-materialist value priorities of students based on age, sex, the field of study, marital status and socio-economic status. The feeling of social security also has a significant inverse correlation with material values ​​and a positive correlation with metamaterial values. One of the most important and influential internal factors in this field is the cognitive style of individuals (Mokhtari, 2014). Cognitive style is a method by which the learner processes information and has different types, such as context-dependent and context-independent cognitive styles. In a study, Riazi, Ebrahimian Shiadeh, and Mousavi Amirabadi (2015) found that negative emotions and cognitive ability play an important role in predicting procrastination, explaining a total of 63 percent of the procrastination variance. Over the last two decades, the academic conflict has attracted the attention of researchers and educators due to its comprehensiveness in explaining students' motivation and learning, as well as its ability in predicting students’ performance, progress, and success at school. (Lam et al., 2016). Research literature shows that there is a positive relationship between academic motivation and quality of learning and academic achievement (Gonius and Kozo, 2015).  One of the components of self-concept is the perception of competence (Waters, Culpin, Van Dum and Verchern, 2015) which is the process of becoming aware of one's characteristics, type of relationships with others, feedback on events, capacities, and abilities (Harter, 1982). According to Harter (1982), the perception of competence includes five areas: academic competence (academic performance and intelligence), social acceptance (communication with peers), athletic competence (sports activities), physical competence (physical perception), and behavior (behavior with other people).    Method This study is a fundamental post-event research (causal-comparative) that was conducted retrospectively. In terms of time, this survey is cross-sectional, and in terms of depth, it is an expansive type, the data of which have been collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study includes all male and female undergraduate students of the University of Tehran. In this study, the faculties were divided into four main categories: humanities, basic sciences, technology, and art. A sample of 150 people (75 girls and 75 boys) was selected using stratified random sampling based on gender and field of study. The mean age of the sample group was 22.58 for boys with a standard deviation of 3.01 and 22.41 with a standard deviation of 2.58 in the age range of 18 to 30 years. Moral licenses are obtained according to the ethical standards of each faculty. The students were classified based on their gender and field of study and responded to the Value System Questionnaire (VSQ) of Zare et al. (2015), Student Achievement (SES) Gonius and Cozo (2015), Harter (1982) Competence Perception (1982) and Carton (KAI) Curton (1967).    Results Based on the results of the Manova test, material values ​​(η² = 0.42, P <0.001, F = 25.231), cognitive competence (η² = 0.31, 0.001, P, F = 11/330), social competence (η = 0.38, P <0.001, F = 15,943), physical competence (η = 0.34, P <0.001, F = 1.134) male students obtained higher scores whilst in the components of cognitive enthusiasm (η = 0.28, P <0.05, F = 779.8), relationship with peers (emotional passion I) (η² = 0.32, P <0.001, F = 12.051 (1 and 148) ), behavioral desire (η² = 0.35, / 001 P> 0, F = 25.216), academic enthusiasm (η² = 0.39, P <0.001, F = 113) and modernist / researcher cognitive style (37 / 0 = η², P <0.001, F = 18.354 ) female students obtained higher scores. 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D. Chitty

I. V. Dolgovykh, M. V. Maslakova, L. I. Patrakova

The topic relevance is increasing due to the children number rise of homeless, dysfunctional, incomplete, low-income, left without parental care, from families using destructive methods, bringing to congenital disorders of the physical and psychological development, who could falling into unfavorable environment take the path of asocial behavior, disharmonious development and, as a result, getting into the «risk groups».  The article objective is to determine the library involvement in preventing the children at risk neglect through multiformat forms of the work popularizing books and reading for the educational and cultural development of children.  N. V. Stetsenko describes children at risk groups as exposed to biological, psychological, social influences, their tendency to offenses, violence and other types of antisocial behavior. Сhildren at risk include the following categories: gifted children; poorly educated; children with disabilities; children from problem and dysfunc­tional, asocial families; pedagogically neglected children; children from families in need of socio-economic and socio-psychological assistance and support.  Currently, the work of a librarian with children at risk is an urgent problem related to growth of families and minors of the «special attention group», where the library task is to reach the maximum number of children attracted to the library. Difficult children is a complicated category; therefore, library and information workers need to know the characteristics of such children, effective methods and methods of educational and preven­tive work. Сhildren at risk need to adapt to the world around them, broaden their horizons, communicate with their peers, organize leisure activities, express themselves creatively, receive information and services, and satisfy their intellectual needs. The library has the staff, resources and means capable to form a harmoniously developed child personality , including children at risk.  The library is designed to create for readers not only comfortable (it's important), but productive conditions with the point of intellectual growth, for example, the reader’s participation in organizing library activities (storytelling, makerspace, creative workshops, etc.). The modern library helps to reduce the number of «disadvantaged children», heals the social environment, makes it more friendly and safe for a child.

R. Grafton, T. Kompas, N. Long

E. Shinn

Yanliu Lin, P. Hao, S. Geertman