Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Madison Wesenberg, Sandy Jung, John Tedeschini

Coercively controlling behaviours are highly prevalent in the context of intimate partner violence. However, coercive control often goes undetected because, unlike physical violence, it has not always been recognized as a criminal offence, is often perceived as less severe, and does not produce visible signs of physical violence. This paper outlines the importance of understanding what coercive control is, what coercive control looks like, why it is difficult to identify, and how investigative interviewing approaches can be employed to capture behaviours associated with coercive control when working with individuals who have engaged in partner abuse. Investigative interviewing approaches and motivational interviewing can help uncover coercively controlling behaviours that would otherwise be undetected by police and other justice-involved practitioners. Use of these approaches are illustrated to emphasize the importance of planning and preparation prior to the interview process, establishing rapport, and creating collaborative, non-adversarial relationships between the interviewer and the interviewee. These factors are likely to increase the quantity and quality of information gathered during the interview process, capture the nuances of coercive control, and reduce the likelihood that the interviewee will engage in controlling behaviours that could negatively impact the interview process.

Ni Luh Putu Maitra Agastya

Luis Jiro Suzuri Hernández, Alexa Villavicencio Queijeiro, Valeria Alexandra Alonzo Matamoros

En virtud de la importancia que, para la comunidad forense, tiene la perspectiva de las ciencias forenses planteada en el artículo publicado por Roux y Col. 2022, la Editora de la RCFH, considero importante traducir al español este trabajo y ponerlo a disposición de nuestros lectores. Este artículo es la traducción al español del documento original en inglés, titulado: “The Sydney Declaration – Revisiting the essence of forensic science through its fundamental principles”, escrito por Claude Roux, Rebecca Bucht, Frank Crispino, Peter De Forest, Chris Lennard, Pierre Margot, Michelle D. Miranda, Niamh NicDaeid, Olivier Ribaux, Alastair Ross y Sheila Willis, y publicado en la revista Forensic Science International, volumen 332, año 2022, cuyo original está disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111182 La traducción fue realizada en marzo del 2024 por Luis Jiro Suzuri Hernández y Alexa Villavicencio Queijeiro, de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forenses de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, y fue revisado, editado y corregido por la Licda. Valeria Alexandra Alonzo Matamoros egresada de la carrera de lenguas extranjeras, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. Se agradece a Claude Roux, por brindarnos su autorización para publicar la traducción al español en nuestra revista.

Mahdy Mortazavi, Hosein Mohammadidoost, Raziyeh Dashti

IntroductionGovernance refers to focusing on processes through which collective groups can be managed. In this regard, non-public institutional mechanisms such as civil society have been increasingly expanded in governance processes (Bozzini and Enjolras 2011; Rhodes, 1997). In other words, the administration of affairs in a framework of non-hierarchical, systematic, and collaborative relationships and interactions that includes the real cooperation and interaction of all actors and stakeholders in a field, including government, private and civil society institutions, is referred to as governance.Due to the excessive expansion of the public sector in Iran, the third sector has not been able to have a proper position in responding to the needs of citizens as it deserves (Research Center Parliament, 2008); on the other hand, the public sector itself has not had sufficient efficiency and effectiveness due to its numerous administrative and economic problems, large size and high costs (Danai Fard and Abbasi, 2007). The endowment system is no exception to this rule. Endowment is an institution through which a significant part of the problems and bottlenecks of society can be recognized and the property and assets of good people can be used voluntarily to solve them. But so far, the impact of endowments on the growth and development of the country's economy, reducing economic inequalities and using the endowment capacity in difficult economic conditions has not been tangible (Khaksar Astana et al., 2014). Therefore, the main goal of this research is to formulate the governance model of the Endowment system in Iran, and the research question is, what is the governance model of the Endowment system in Iran? Research MethodologyThis research has been conducted with a qualitative approach, qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data, and structural-interpretive modeling was used to validate the components of the model. Philosophically, this research has an interpretive approach and is developmental in terms of orientation.In this research, we use qualitative content analysis with a thematic analysis unit (Sandelowski, 1995). In this regard, we have used the method of Braun and Clark (2006):Stage 1: Familiarizing yourself with your data "repeatedly reading the data" and actively reading the data (looking for meanings and patterns).Stage 2: Creating initial conceptual identifiers from the dataStage 3: Categorizing different identifiers in the form of selective identifiers and sorting the identified data summary.Stage 4: Reviewing the primary themes createdStage 6: Defining and naming sub-themesStage 6: Review, comparison, and participation of experts, and final analysis and report writing (Hajipour et al., 2015).The structural-interpretive modeling strategy is a suitable method for identifying and designing the model of complex relationships between the components of a phenomenon (Attri et al, 2013). This method was first proposed and introduced by Warfield (1974).The data collection tool in the qualitative section was semi-structured documents and interviews, and in this stage, 22 experts were selected using non-probability sampling and snowball methods. In the stage of structural-interpretive modeling, the number of samples was 14 experts. Also, to measure the reliability and validity of the research findings, it was indicated that the coefficient of Cohen's kappa is 0.7544, and since it is more than 0.7, it indicates the appropriate reliability of the findings. Research FindingsThe governance model of the endowment system with 3 main themes of strategic factors, infrastructural factors, and consequences and effects, as well as 11 sub-themes of data and information management, spatial oriented strategic plan, structure and model of the endowment administration, coherence and integration, rule of law, accountability, transparency, participation, independence, outcomes, and effects and 46 components were compiled, and the dimensions of the model were organized in four levels Discussion and ConclusionThe three key axes and bottlenecks of endowment governance are explained below:Management of data and information instead of the management of endowments:To implement the trustee-based governance of endowments, information on endowments and real and legal trustees (charities), including the intentions, geography, qualifications of trustees, and the like, should be collected in the territorial arena (Charities Regulator, 2018).The structure and model of endowment administration:In the trustee-centered governance model, each endowment is considered a self-sufficient unit with a legal personality, and a board of trustees, a trustee, and a supervisor can be considered for its management. Therefore, in contrast to state-oriented governance, which has a simple approach, in trustee-oriented governance, a complex, non-hierarchical approach based on the endowment is dominant.The spatial-oriented strategic plan:Having a program based on local requirements, needs and capacities can provide further development and progress. It is obvious that endowments also have specific and special intentions in the field of land in different regions, and the spatial-oriented strategic plan should be formulated and implemented in accordance with this issue, and each region and sometimes each endowment (large endowment) has its own special plan (Chew, 2009). References:Attri, R., Devi, N. & Sharma, V. (2013). Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach: An overview. Research Journal of Management Sciences, 2(2), 3-8.Bozzini, E. & Enjolras, B. (Eds.). (2011). Governing ambiguities. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-10.Charities Regulator. (2018(. Charities Governance Code, Dublin.Chew, C. (2009). Strategic Positioning in Voluntary and Charitable Organizations. Publishing RoutledgeDanai Fard, H. & Abbasi, T. (2007). Administrative reforms in Iran: An analysis of government downsizing. Daneshvar Raftar, 15(29), 102-121.Hajipour, B., Moutamani, A. & Tayyebi Abolhasani, A.H. (2015). The combination of success factors for the commercialization of advanced technology products. Innovation Management, 5(4), 54-19.Khaksar Astane, H., Rahnama, Ali. & Ibrahim, H. (2014). Pathology of the position of the endowment institution in strengthening the country's economy. The first knowledge-based conference on resistance economy.Research Center Parliament. (2008). Pathology of non-governmental organizations in Iran. Rhodes, R. (1997). Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity, and accountability. Buckingham, PA: Open University Press.Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Res Nurs Health, 18(2), 179- 83.Warfield, J.N. (1974). Developing interconnection matrices in structural modeling. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetic, 4(1), 81-87.

Anuj Singh, Ashish Kumar Sharma, Amit Kumar et al.

Background: Malnutrition remains the ever challenging, public health concern irrespective of age and economic status. Although nutrition is essential irrespective of age but it has peerless role in the school days. The present study was conducted to assess the socio-economic predisposing factors of malnutrition among school children in the Bareilly district of North India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Bareilly district of North India. A total of 465 school children were examined for nutritional status and socio-economic factors responsible for malnutrition. Applying multi-stage random sampling technique and pretested, pre-validated schedule was used for data collection which was compiled and analysed with Epi-Info software version 7. Results: The study revealed 40% prevalence of malnutrition among school children. Socio- demographic factors such as gender, caste, type of family and residence were found statistically significant different with nutritional status of child (p<0.05).  However, socio economic factors such as parental education, employment and socio economic conditions were discovered inversely related with malnutrition (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study indicates the necessity to accelerate the government’s coping strategies to win over malnutrition in especially in underserved population of country.

Belén Parra-Ramajo

Mendel Stuart C.

Mildred Alvarenga

La Genética Forense es una especialidad de la genética que actualmente ocupa un lugar preferencial por su gran utilidad para identificar personas, esclarecer casos criminalísticos o de filiación genética, sobre todo en casos en los que no se cuenta con muestras adecuadamente conservadas; por ejemplo, en la identificación de restos óseos. En Honduras la genética forense se viene utilizando desde el año 2002, cuando la Dirección de Medicina Forense inauguró su laboratorio de Genética Forense; y hoy ya es una herramienta plenamente consolidada y ampliamente utilizada.

Ana-María Ruiz-Ruano, Jorge López-Puga, Juan-Jose Delgado-Morán

Las sociedades contemporáneas están cada vez más condicionadas por el desarrollo de la tecnología informática. Esa tendencia deja entrever un panorama en el que cada ser humano se identifica por el binomio persona-computadora, mientras que la mayor informatización de la vida civil está generando ingentes cantidades de datos que son susceptibles de ser gestionados con fines bélicos. El objetivo de este artículo es abordar la utilidad potencial de las redes bayesianas como herramientas destinadas a la monitorización y detección temprana de ataques híbridos de carácter social a escala global. Como conclusión, planteamos que el uso de la inferencia y las redes bayesianas es útil para monitorear, detectar y supervisar el componente social de las amenazas híbridas a escala global por medio del análisis de las redes sociales. Abstract Contemporary societies are increasingly conditioned by the development of computer technology. This trend suggests a picture in which each human being is identified by the person-computer binomial while greater computerization of civil life is generating huge amounts of data that are likely to be managed for war purposes. The objective of this article is to address the potential utility of Bayesian networks aimed at monitoring and early detection of hybrid attacks of a global nature. We conclude that the use of inference and Bayesian networks is useful for monitoring, detection and supervision of the social component of hybrid threats globally through social network analysis.

Kate Sheehan

The majority of children placed into foster care are separated from their siblings upon entering the child welfare system. Some research suggests that siblings enjoy more stable home environments and fewer behavioral problems when placed together in care. The sibling relationship may provide stability, consistency, and unconditional positive regard to the children most at risk for poor outcomes such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and loss of identity. This paper argues that foster care and child welfare agencies must institute the changes necessary to make sibling relationships a priority. Recommendations for integrating the protection of sibling relationships in the placement process are proposed.

Emily Gibson, Robert Barr

A Culture of Hope provides a blueprint for schools wanting to meet the social/emotional needs of youth at risk. In working with staff to develop cultures of hope, the influence of implicit biases and prejudices about people who are living in poverty must be addressed. This essay introduces information and research about implicit biases, illustrates the impact of implicit biases on teaching and learning, and shares strategies for raising awareness about implicit biases against poverty in order to build staff consensus around core beliefs and values.

Scott Poynting

None

Timothy Donais

Over the past two decades, therule of law has emerged as a key priority within contemporary peacebuildingefforts. Drawing on examples from post-Dayton Bosnia, this article examines theimpact of rule of law reform efforts on broader patterns of power and politicalauthority in peacebuilding contexts. It suggests that in the case of Bosnia,the use of rule of law strategies to restructure political life has largelyfailed. Thus, despite some notable achievements on the rule of law front, thecore dynamics of Bosnia’s political conflict remain intact, and country’s peaceprocess is as fragile as ever. The article concludes by noting that charting acourse between accepting the political status quo and fundamentallytransforming it requires more nuanced approaches that advance the rule of laweven while accepting its limits as an instrument of deep politicaltransformation.

Eva Aizpurúa González, Esther Fernández Molina

El estudio de las actitudes públicas hacia el castigo de los menores infractores se ha instituido en uno de los ámbitos de investigación más destacados y prósperos de la Criminología. Sus principales hallazgos han constatado el desconocimiento que caracteriza a la población en lo referente al funcionamiento del sistema de justicia juvenil. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene como objeto analizar el efecto de la información en las actitudes retributivas y las percepciones relativas a la jurisdicción de menores. Para ello, se ha implementado un diseño cuasi-experimental con grupo de tratamiento y grupo de control, en el municipio de Talavera de la Reina. Los resultados alcanzados, consistentes con la investigación comparada, evidencian que la opinión pública se encuentra supeditada a la cantidad y la calidad de la información de que dispone la comunidad, corroborando que cuanto mayor es el conocimiento ciudadano en esta materia, menores son las actitudes punitivas y los juicios desfavorables hacia el sistema judicial juvenil. Igualmente, los datos resultantes reafirman la naturaleza compleja y multifacética de las actitudes, mediadas por una multiplicidad de factores interdependientes, documentada, con profusión, en las aproximaciones empíricas internacionales.

Michael Platzer

The Africans detained in Austria have been targeted by police by their skin color, often are arrested with violence, are poorly defended by assigned defense lawyers, given longer sentences than Austrian citizens and have less access to alternatives or bail.A modified form of the United Nations Crime Victim questionnaire was administered to all the African prisoners at the Vienna’s Central Detention Facility. It revealed that the Africans were not only victims of violence (sometimes even torture) and crimes (assault-58%, burglary-32%, fraud-27%, bribery-33%) in their home countries, but also 24 percent had experienced assault, 16% theft, and 13% had been defrauded in Austria-much higher rates than the EU citizen. On the other hand, the Africans are rarely charged with burglary, robbery, or violent crimes. They are primarily arrested for the possession or sale of narcotic drugs (83%) and an additional four percent for resisting arrest. This is primarily the result of insufficient financial support provided to asylum seekers and the prohibition to work pending their determination of immigrant status. Because of the long appeal processes and the practical impossibility of deporting certain nationalities, a type of underground community is taking root where simple survival is the determining factor whether to commit a non-violent offence. Les Africains détenus en Autriche sont visés par la police à cause de la couleur de leur peau; ils sont souvent arrêtés avec violence, sont mal défendus par leurs avocats de défense, doivent passer de plus longues périodes en prison que des citoyens autrichiens ayant commis un crime pareil, et ils ont moins d'accès aux mesures extrajudiciaires et au système de liberté sous caution. Une forme modifiée du questionnaire de victimes de crime des Nations Unies fut administrée à tous les prisonniers africains au Service Central de la Détention de Vienne. Les résultats indiquèrent que les Africains furent non seulement victimes de violence (parfois même de torture) et de crimes dans leur pays d'origine, (assaut - 58%, cambriolage - 3 2%, fraude - 27%, corruption - 33%) mais également que 24% d’entre eux avaient souffert l'assaut, 16 % le vol, et 13% avaient été victimes de fraude en Autriche – un taux beaucoup plus élevé que parmi les citoyens de l’Union Européenne. D'autre part, les Africains sont rarement chargés de cambriolage, de vol, ou de crimes violents. Ils sont arrêtés principalement à la suite de possession ou de vente de drogues narcotiques (83%) et, en plus, de résistance à l’arrêt (4%). La raison en est principalement le manque d’aide financière fournie aux chercheurs d'asile et l’interdiction à travailler en attendant que leur statut d’immigrant soit déterminé. En raison des longs processus d'appel et de l'impossibilité pratique d’expulser certaines nationalités, un type de communauté souterraine prend racine où la survie simple détermine si l’on devrait commettre ou bien ne pas commettre une offense non-violente. Gli Africani detenuti in Austria sono presi di mira dalla polizia a causa del colore della loro pelle; essi vengono spesso arrestati in modo violento, sono difesi male dai loro avvocati difensori, devono passare più lunghi periodi in prigione rispetto ai cittadini austriaci che hanno commesso lo stesso reato, infine essi hanno meno possibilità di accedere alle misure extragiudiziarie e ai sistemi di libertà dietro cauzione. Una versione modificata del questionario delle Nazioni Unite sulle vittime del crimine è stata somministrata a tutti i prigionieri africani detenuti nell'istituto centrale di detenzione di Vienna. I risultati indicano che gli Africani sono stati non soltanto vittime di violenza (talvolta anche di tortura) e di altri crimini nel loro paese d'origine, ma anche che il 24% di loro ha subito aggressioni, il 16% furti e il 13% sono stati vittime di frodi in Austria - un tasso molto più alto che tra i cittadini dell'Unione Europea. D'altronde, gli Africani sono raramente imputati per rapine, furti con scasso o crimini violenti. Essi sono arrestati principalmente in ragione del possesso o della vendita di droghe (83%) e, in più, per resistenza durante l'arresto (4%). Il motivo di ciò è da cercare principalmente nella mancanza di aiuto finanziario fornito ai richiedenti asilo e nel divieto di lavorare in attesa di ricevere lo status di immigrante. A causa della lunghezza del processo d'appello e dell'impossibilità pratica di espellere certe nazionalità, un tipo di comunità sotterranea si sviluppa, entro cui la semplice possibilità di sopravvivenza determina se si dovranno commettere o no dei crimini non violenti.

Ragnar Bergendal, Stephan Hurwitz, O. Hj. Granfelt et al.

I anledning af Karl Schlyters 70 års fødselsdag

Eero Backman

See abstract in article.

Sin autor

Sin resumen      

Maria Ester Menegasso

Este relato apresenta a pesquisa e as atividades que envolveram o processo de capacitação de gestores de organizações do terceiro setor a partir de uma experiência de ensino e pesquisa realizada em um projeto de extensão no período de agosto a dezembro de 1999.

Franz Marcus

See abstract in article.