Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Raimonds Cerūzis

Recenzija par grāmatu: Gatis Krūmiņš (sast., red.). Turbulence kā virzītājspēks: Latvijas cilvēki un tautsaimniecība 150 gados. Rīga 2025. 604 lpp. ISBN 978-9934-20-728-0

Urh Ferlež

P. Faustini, T. Covões

Abstract The debate around fake news has grown recently because of the potential harm they can have on different fields, being politics one of the most affected. Due to the amount of news being published every day, several studies in computer science have proposed models using machine learning to detect fake news. However, most of these studies focus on news from one language (mostly English) or rely on characteristics of social media-specific platforms (like Twitter or Sina Weibo). Our work proposes to detect fake news using only text features that can be generated regardless of the source platform and are the most independent of the language as possible. We carried out experiments from five datasets, comprising both texts and social media posts, in three language groups: Germanic, Latin, and Slavic, and got competitive results when compared to benchmarks. We compared the results obtained through a custom set of features and with other popular techniques when dealing with natural language processing, such as bag-of-words and Word2Vec.

Laura Fekonja Fonteyn

Prevajalske naloge so temeljni del učenja in študija prevajalstva, vendar so z vidika poglobljenega dela, razumevanja, stremenja k rezultatu in občutka zadovoljstva pogosto manj učinkovite kot realni prevajalski projekti. Sodobne teorije učenja postavljajo v središče dejavnost študentk in študentov. Prispevek utemeljuje, zakaj je izvajanje konkretnih prevajalskih projektov učinkovita pot za učenje prevajalskih in medkulturnih spretnosti, novih besed ter skupinskega dela, hkrati pa priložnost za povečanje motivacije študentk in študentov ter krepitev kompetenc, kot so samostojnost, odgovornost in iznajdljivost. V drugem delu so predstavljeni prevajalski projekti, ki smo jih izvedli ali jih trenutno izvajamo in pri katerih so sodelovali študentke in študenti prevajalstva na Inštitutu za teoretično in uporabno prevodoslovje ter študentke in študenti slovenistike na Inštitutu za slavistiko Univerze v Gradcu. Predstavimo potek dela in posredovanje povratne informacije. Na koncu predstavimo kratko anketo, s pomočjo katere ugotavljamo stališča študentov do predstavljenih projektov.

L. N. Rebrina, L. H. M. A. Al-Khafaji

This comparative study examines the role of conceptual metaphorization as a means of shaping the image of Iraq in regional and federal media in Germany from 2019 to 2024. The analysis focuses on the frequency of metaphors, the magnitude and dominant features of the nominative field of metaphors, semantic and part-of-speech properties of metaphor representatives, and the salient characteristics of the country as components of its image, along with paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. It identifies both stable and variable patterns of metaphorization across the two groups of media. The study highlights recurring metaphors such as “Iraq as a Living Being,” “Iraq as an Incomplete Whole,” “Iraq as a Place of Uncontrolled Power,” “Iraq as a Warrior,” “Iraq as a Theater,” “Iraq as a Toy,” and “Iraq as a Refuge.” The findings conclude the effectiveness of conceptual metaphor as a tool for stereotyping; similarities in the composition of metaphors despite differences in their frequency and density across various German media; a predominance of complex, structural, and ontological metaphors; and the presence of compatible and coherent metaphors. Notably, there is an interdependence between the frequency and density of the nominative field of metaphors, with higher density observed in federal media; stability in terms of the part-of-speech affiliation of representatives and dominance of noun representatives; predominant overlap in the dominant features of nominative fields across different media groups; and the existence of metaphors with varying degrees of conventionality.

Rafał Szeptyński, Marek Majer

The current consensus is that the aorist/infinitive suffix of Class II verbs in Common Slavic was either *-nǫ- (in most of the area) or *-ny- (part of the western periphery). In this study, we argue that this picture is still inadequate as it does not account for part of the dialectal Slovene evidence. A careful analysis shows that some peripheral varieties of Slovene must reflect a pre-form *-nu-, lexicalized relics of which are also found more widely in Slovene. The existence of CSl *-nu- has thus far only been conjectured based on internal reconstruction and Indo-European parallels. (An attempt at an integrated diachronic explanation of the rise of the CSl variants will be the task of a separate ensuing study.

Victor A. Friedman

Katarzyna Kaczor-Scheitler

The subject of the article is the issue of virginity and the broader post-Tridentine spirituality using the example of the Maiden’s Palm or the Dissertation on Virginhood (Palma panieńska albo rozprawa o stanie dziewiczym, Kalisz 1607) by Szymon Wysocki, who translated the Italian work Trattato della verginita et dello stato verginale (Rome 1584) by Basili Gradi, introducing only minor editorial modifications. Attention is focused on the ideals and instructions contained in the Polish translation and its place and role in the panorama of 17th-century didactic works devoted to spirituality. The article shows what role Wysocki’s Polish translation could have played in monastic life and in the field of 17th-century literature. It also reveals what kind of translator Szymon Wysocki was, who did not belong to auctores unius libri and translated about 30 works into Polish. The reflection also covers the place of Maiden’s Palm (Palma panieńska) among other Old Polish translations. Perhaps its appearance resulted in the creation of similar didactic treatises intended for consecrated persons. The ideal of religious perfection presented in the Maidenly Palm, which was largely based on the biblical and patristic tradition, was certainly an expression of the participation of both Benedictine and Jesuit orders in the shaping of post-Tridentine spirituality. 

Екатерина Викторовна Байдалова

Статья обращается к истории и современному состоянию изучения топоса города в современном украинском литературоведении (2000–2010-е гг.). Город и городское пространство относительно поздно вошли в украинскую литературу (вместе с прозой И. Нечуя-Левицкого, П. Мирного, И. Франко, В. Винниченко). Это произошло под влиянием индустриализации государства и общества в конце XIX – начале ХХ в., однако «городской текст» украинской культуры продолжал формироваться на протяжении всего прошлого столетия. В исследованиях украинских ученых, обращающихся к урбанистической тематике, основное внимание уделяется противопоставлению городского и рустикального дискурсов, исследованиям топоса города в отдельных направлениях, явлениях, произведениях, творчестве того или иного писателя, а также главным национальным городским текстам – киевскому и львовскому, их связям с историей этих городов и развитием разных национальных литератур, обращающихся к данным текстам: австрийской, польской, еврейской, русской, украинской. Ведутся исследования «текстов» и других городов (Полтавы, Екатеринослава (Днепропетровска / Днепра), Одессы, Донецка, Харькова и др.), в том числе провинциальных городков, являющихся неотъемлемой частью украинской культуры. Теоретическим проблемам посвящено относительно небольшое количество работ. В основе методологии изучения топоса города, как правило, лежит структуралистский подход с опорой на достижения тартусско-московской семиотической школы. Статья поступила в редакцию 21.08.2023. Рецензирование завершено 01.09.2023. Статья принята к публикации 12.09.2023. Цитирование Байдалова Е. В. Топос города в украинской литературе в исследованиях современных украинских литературоведов // Славянский альманах. 2023. No 3–4. С. 410–427. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2023.3-4.21

Zenun Kastrati, L. Ahmedi, Arianit Kurti et al.

During the pandemic, when people needed to physically distance, social media platforms have been one of the outlets where people expressed their opinions, thoughts, sentiments, and emotions regarding the pandemic situation. The core object of this research study is the sentiment analysis of peoples’ opinions expressed on Facebook regarding the current pandemic situation in low-resource languages. To do this, we have created a large-scale dataset comprising of 10,742 manually classified comments in the Albanian language. Furthermore, in this paper we report our efforts on the design and development of a sentiment analyser that relies on deep learning. As a result, we report the experimental findings obtained from our proposed sentiment analyser using various classifier models with static and contextualized word embeddings, that is, fastText and BERT, trained and validated on our collected and curated dataset. Specifically, the findings reveal that combining the BiLSTM with an attention mechanism achieved the highest performance on our sentiment analysis task, with an F1 score of 72.09%.

Toms Bergmanis, Marcis Pinnis

In this paper, we examine the development and usage of six low-resource machine translation systems translating between the Ukrainian language and each of the official languages of the Baltic states. We developed these systems in reaction to the escalating Ukrainian refugee crisis caused by the Russian military aggression in Ukraine in the hope that they might be helpful for refugees and public administrations. Now, two months after MT systems were made public, we analyze their usage patterns and statistics. Our findings show that the Latvian-Ukrainian and Lithuanian-Ukrainian systems are integrated into the public services of Baltic states, leading to more than 127 million translated sentences for the Lithuanian-Ukrainian system. Motivated by these findings, we further enhance our MT systems by better Ukrainian toponym translation and publish an improved version of the Lithuanian-Ukrainian system.

A. Holvoet, L. Lindström, A. Daugavet et al.

This article is a study in the use of irrealis in complementation in the two Baltic languages, Lithuanian and Latvian, and in two Fennic languages, Estonian and Finnish. Four domains of complementation are singled out: propositional, desiderative, apprehensional and evaluative. All investigated languages show limited use of irrealis in the propositional domain (in identical conditions, viz. under main clause negation), as well as in the apprehensional and evaluative domains. The most important differences are observed in the state-of-affairs domain, in particular with desiderative predicates, where Lithuanian shows consistent irrealis marking whereas Finnish has mostly realis. Estonian and Latvian are intermediate. Estonian has a rather strong predominance of irrealis, but it might be recent; in Latvian realis and irrealis are about equally distributed, but this situation seems to differ from that in Old Latvian. In these two languages changes seem therefore to have been going on, and areal convergence might to some extent have been involved in this.

Sergej Borisov

This year, young scientists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, and Regensburg (Germany) took part in the Linguistics section of the conference. The reports were divided into three thematic blocks. The first block was devoted to the connection between the past and the present in modern Slavic languages. The reports touched upon the issues of lexicology, morphology, and syntax of the Russian language in comparison with other Slavic languages, the results of corpus studies of the grammar of modern Slavic languages, and special attention was paid to sociolinguistic research in Slavic national minorities. During the second session of the “Linguistics” section, topical problems of ethnolinguistics were discussed. The vast geography of the research conducted by young scientists involved in the study of traditional culture included the Saratov region of Russia, Serbia, Macedonia, and China. The third thematic block of reports was devoted to studies of printed and handwritten monuments of Slavic writing, as well as texts in modern Slavic languages. Reports were presented in which the glosses in the monuments of the 17th century were analysed, a classification of ancient Russian toponyms was proposed, and the linguistic means of expressing the national idea in a Polish play of the early 20th century were studied. The moderators of the subsections were employees of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who are experts in each of the designated topics. Scientific communication took place between young scientists, and many presentations were accompanied by lengthy discussions, in which not only the speakers themselves, but also their senior colleagues participated. Some of the speakers take part in the conference every year, while others presented the results of their research within the walls of the Institute for the first time, which indicates the relevance of this conference.

M. Saenko

Although the Proto-Slavic word for lungs can be reliably reconstructed as *pluťa (n. pl.) or *pľuťa (n. pl.), it remains unclear how these two forms are related to each other. Scholars have expressed contradictory views as to which of the two forms should be considered primary. In a number of Slavic languages, the descendants of *pľuťa are more widespread, as they can be found in Old Church Slavonic, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Lusatian, and Old Russian, whereas the continuants of *pluťa prevail (without being exclusive) in two unconnected areas: Polish-Sorbian-Polabian and Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian. It seems most likely that the form *pľuťa is older and *pluťa is an innovation. The following attempts have been made to explain the relation between the two forms: a) assimilation *pluťa > *pľuťa; b) dissimilation *pljutja > *plutja or *pľuťa > *pluťa; c) *pľuťa > *pluťa under the influence of the infinitive *pluti ‘to fl oat’; d) *pľuťa > *pluťa as a result of the ‘secondary hardening of ľ; e) doubleting *pľuťa / *pluťa because of the twofold development of Proto-Slavic *eu̯ > *u/*ju; f) doubleting *pľuťa / *pluťa as a reflection of two ablaut grades within one athematic paradigm; g) doubleting as a result of vowel assimilation *pleu̯ti̯ā > *plau̯ti̯ā. In our view, the distant dissimilation of the palatals ľ–ť > l–ť or the influence of the underlying verb *pluti ‘float’ should be considered the most probable scenarios of how the variant *pluťa appeared. In terms of word formation, it is likely that feminine *pleu̯tis > *pľutь was the initial form. Having shifted from *-i-declination to *-jā, it came to be perceived as the plural of the neutral noun.

Ilja A. Seržant

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to identify causal factors constraining the diachronic dynamics of particular morphosyntactic categories of Slavic. It is suggested that the modern inventory of Slavic languages is not a result of accumulation of historically accidental changes and non-changes. Instead, it is argued that macro-areal pressures constrained by the geographic location and the particular language-contact configuration determine the selection of inherited properties for either retention or loss and, subsequently, innovation. I primarily provide evidence from two categories: verbal person-number indexes (subject agreement markers) and partitivity markers and I also briefly discuss some other fusional categories.

M. Mattheoudakis, Aspasia Chatzidaki, Christina Maligkoudi

Genovaitė Dručkutė

Drawing on the theoretical premises of imagology and geocriticism, the article analyzes the aesthetic experience of the traveler who traverses Lithuanian cities (Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda), walks across small towns, stops over in villages, and makes his way to the seaside. The local aesthetic identity of the newly discovered country, i.e. its beauty and/or loathsomeness, is revealed by the author Jean Mauclère through a few perspectives: on the one hand, it is the beauty of nature, folk and professional art (architectural exteriors and interiors, fine arts, music), the physical type of Lithuanian men and women. This identity, as Mauclère suggests, reveals itself in the contexts of local history, traditions and culture. Although the author seeks to remain objective in his description of his new aesthetic experience in Lithuania, he remains a representative of his own French culture and its traditions nonetheless. On the other hand, he underlines the otherness of the novelty of his experience.

Paula van Wissem

On the History of Absolute Failure: Criticism of Religion in the Essays of Josef Šafařík The article presents the thought of Czech dissident and essayist Josef Šafařík (1907–1992). A characteristic feature of Šafařík’s texts is deep criticism of culture. The sharpness of this criticism is directed against technocratic civilization, although it is not only a criticism of widely understood modernity. Šafařík sees the source of mankind’s existential crisis in religion, which legitimized technological progress and eventually led to the loss of the metaphysical aspect of humanity. Although this view is not isolated in (post)modern philosophy, Šafařík expressed it in a rather radical way: not so much to undermine the very foundations of European culture but to provoke in the reader a profound reinterpretation of established truths. In spite of the insightful criticism of religion, Šafařík’s texts are permeated by the metaphysical dimension, but the relation between human beings and transcendence is in this case reversed. According to Šafařík, the transcendental horizon is present only in the essence of man, not in the outer absolute, regardless of whether it is an absolute understood as an Idea, God, or Progress. The article presents analogies in the thought of Josef Šafařík, Jan Patočka and Jean-Francois Lyotard.   O historii absolutnej klęski – krytyka religii w eseistycznej twórczości Josefa Šafaříka Artykuł przedstawia negatywną ocenę religii wyrażoną w eseistycznych tekstach czeskiego dysydenta i eseisty – Josefa Šafaříka (1907–1992). Charakterystyczną cechą tekstów Šafaříka jest głęboka krytyka kultury, która choć jest wycelowana przede wszystkim w technokratyczną cywilizację, nie jest wyłącznie oceną szeroko rozumianej nowoczesności. Josef Šafařík upatruje źródła egzystencjalnego kryzysu człowieka w ukształtowaniu kultury europejskiej poprzez religię, która legitymizując postęp techniczny, stała się przyczyną utraty przez człowieka zrozumienia dla tego, co metafizyczne. Według J. Šafaříka to właśnie religia wytworzyła dyktat finalizmu prowadzącego do dehumanizacji osoby ludzkiej. Choć pogląd ten nie jest w (po)nowoczesnej filozofii odosobniony, u autora dzieła Cestou k poslednímu zostaje wyrażony w prowokujący sposób – nie tyle po to, by podważyć same fundamenty kultury europejskiej, ile po to, by skłonić odbiorcę do dogłębnej reinterpretacji ustalonych prawd. Mimo surowej krytyki religii, jej kulturowej i społecznej roli, w tekstach Šafaříka cały czas obecny jest wymiar metafizyczny. Autor dokonuje jednak przeorientowania układu człowiek – metafizyka. Według niego horyzont transcendentalny obecny jest jedynie w istocie człowieka, nie w zewnętrznym absolucie, niezależnie od tego, czy jest to absolut rozumiany jako Idea, Bóg czy Postęp. W artykule ukazane są paralele pomiędzy myślą Josefa Šafaříka oraz Jana Patočki i Jeana-Francois Lyotarda.

A. Chivarzina

The article considers the colour terms present in the New Testament in the Macedonian and Albanian languages. The characteristic features of the translation are determined by both the cultural unity and the lexical systems of the Balkan languages under consideration. Among the few contexts using colour terms, most are translated equally. This can be explained by both objective reasons (natural colour of objects) and general connotations attributed to the main colours of the spectrum. The attention of this study is focused primarily on the places in the text where different translation decisions have been made. However, it is impossible not to mention the most characteristic general features of colour term use in the New Testament in the Macedonian and Albanian languages. The study indicates the thoroughness of the work done by translators, who, considering the peculiarities of the colour term vocabulary of their language, sought to maximize the use of the lexical system in order to extremely accurately and easily convey the meaning of the original text. The connotations of the colour terms found in the text are mostly the same in the cultures and target languages under discussion. However, there are cases of using different lexemes in the same context in different places in the book. The similarities and differences in translations into Macedonian and Albanian help to understand how similar Balkan cultures see the New Testament and what they highlight as the most significant.

Nicole Nau, K. Kozhanov, L. Lindström et al.

This paper is the first empirical study of the construction  (and) V (“he took and left” = ‘he left suddenly, unexpectedly’) in contemporary Latvian and Lithuanian, carried out on a large sample of corpus data. The results obtained for Baltic are compared with Slavic (Polish, Russian) and Finnic (Estonian, Finnish) data from comparable corpora. It is argued that out of all the languages under consideration, in Baltic the construction is the most frequent and the most fixed in its form, while at the same time being able to appear in various inflectional forms and in various functions. Other languages differ in how they deviate from the Baltic type. It is also shown that its semantics is largely context-dependent, being sensitive to the semantics of the inflectional form, subject and type of the lexical verb.