Hasil untuk "Science"

S. Lou, S. Lou, S. Lou et al.

<p>We used the CAM5 model to examine how different particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation approaches affect the spatial distribution of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Three approaches were evaluated: NOA (no effect of OA coatings state on BaP), shielded (viscous OA coatings shield BaP from oxidation under cool and dry conditions) and ROI-T (viscous OA coatings slow BaP oxidation in response to temperature and humidity). Results show that BaP concentrations vary seasonally, influenced by emissions, deposition, transport and degradation approach, all of which are influenced by meteorological conditions. All simulations predict higher population-weighted global average (PWGA) fresh BaP concentrations during December–January–February (DJF) compared to June–July–August (JJA), due to increased emissions from household activities and reduced removal processes during colder months. The shielded and ROI-T approaches, which account for OA coatings, result in 2–6 times higher BaP concentrations in DJF compared to NOA. The shielded simulation predicts the highest PWGA fresh BaP concentration (1.3 <span class="inline-formula">ng m⁻³</span>), with 90 % of BaP protected from oxidation. In contrast, the ROI-T approach forecasts lower concentrations in middle to low latitudes, as it assumes less effective OA coatings under warmer, more humid conditions. Evaluations against observed BaP concentrations show the shielded approach performs best, with a normalized mean bias (NMB) within <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 20 %. The combined incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for both fresh and oxidized PAHs is similar across simulations, emphasizing the importance of considering both forms in health risk assessments. This study highlights the critical role of accurate degradation approaches in PAH modeling.</p>

Alexander Krauss

Abstract Our mind makes doing science and creating knowledge about the world possible. It allows for vision needed to make observations, memory to recall what we observe, language to express what we observe, and reason to solve problems and develop scientific methods. We have evolved these methodological abilities of the mind over time and use them to be able to study, experiment and acquire knowledge of the world. Our mind shapes how we get by and make sense of our natural and social environment, on the one hand. On the other, we face cognitive and sensory constraints imposed by nature and evolution, and also constraints on the methods and instruments we develop using our mind. They set the scope within which we are able to do science and create knowledge about the world. Many phenomena in the world—given our cognitive and perceptual limitations—fall below or lay beyond the directly observable conditions in which our mind and senses have evolved (from atoms, magnetic fields and gravitation to the speed of light and planetary systems). The further we move away from these conditions—from the surface of the earth, from our ecological niche, from our particular context—we generally require greater abstraction of the phenomena we study. Because our mind makes reasoning and creating knowledge possible, we can best understand our mind’s abilities by studying how they have evolved to enable us to reason and create knowledge the way we do.

Armin D. Tavakkoli, BA, Megan A. Clark, BE, Alireza Kheirollah, PhD et al.

Purpose: Ultra High Dose-Rate (UHDR) radiation has been reported to spare normal tissue, compared with Conventional Dose-Rate (CDR) radiation. However, important work remains to be done to improve the reproducibility of the FLASH effect. A better understanding of the biologic factors that modulate the FLASH effect may shed light on the mechanism of FLASH sparing. Here, we evaluated whether sex and/or the use of 100% oxygen as a carrier gas during irradiation contribute to the variability of the FLASH effect. Methods and Materials: C57BL/6 mice (24 male, 24 female) were anesthetized using isoflurane mixed with either room air or 100% oxygen. Subsequently, the mice received 27 Gy of either 9 MeV electron UHDR or CDR to a 1.6 cm2 diameter area of the right leg skin using the Mobetron linear accelerator. The primary postradiation endpoint was time to full thickness skin ulceration. In a separate cohort of mice (4 male, 4 female), skin oxygenation was measured using PdG4 Oxyphor under identical anesthesia conditions. Results: Neither supplemental oxygen nor sex affected time to ulceration in CDR irradiated mice. In the UHDR group, skin damage occured earlier in male and female mice that received 100% oxygen compared room air and female mice ulcerated sooner than male mice. However, there was no significant difference in time to ulceration between male and female UHDR mice that received room air. Oxygen measurements showed that tissue oxygenation was significantly higher when using 100% oxygen as the anesthesia carrier gas than when using room air, and female mice showed higher levels of tissue oxygenation than male mice under 100% oxygen. Conclusions: The skin FLASH sparing effect is significantly reduced when using oxygen during anesthesia rather than room air. FLASH sparing was also reduced in female mice compared to male mice. Both tissue oxygenation and sex are likely sources of variability in UHDR studies. These results suggest an oxygen-based mechanism for FLASH, as well as a key role for sex in the FLASH skin sparing effect.

Nicole Bertges, Sachiyo Shearman, Satomi Imai et al.

Understanding the motivations and barriers populations face in respiratory protection during a pandemic is key to effective primary prevention. The goal of this study was to identify the impact of various motivational factors on individual choice of masks or respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey study included a sample of 619 participants between the ages of 18 to 75 years old and English speaking, who were asked about factors that affected their choice of masks or respirators between the months of April 2020 and May 2021. Participants showed a positive association between choice of respirator and being male, perceived comfort and trust in respirators, importance of personalization, and trust in information from family or friends. In addition, positive associations were found between income, education, and the amount of trust in CDC, WHO, and local/state health departments. Results indicate the need for increased education on attributes of each mask or respirator, review of respirator fit, research into specific areas of discomfort, and outreach efforts to vulnerable populations.

Mohammad Mustafizur Rahman, Rashed Abdullah, Arif Ahammad et al.

This paper accentuates the study of LLC resonant converter by a comparative analysis of the properties of LLC resonant and pulse width modulation direct current-direct current converters. Lately, LLC resonant converters have become more appealing and desirable in many applications than other pulse width modulation converters (e.g., Buck, Boost, Cuk) for their soft-switching techniques like zero voltage switching, zero current switching as well as low electromagnetic interference. This paper presents an analysis of efficiency variation, output voltage’s ripple, and various transient performances like percentage overshoot, and the settling time with the variation of load current in a comparative way between LLC resonant converter’s buck, boost operation, and conventional pulse width modulation converter’s buck, boost operation. Feedback proportional-integral-derivative duty cycle controller is used in all converter topologies for some specific analysis. A fixed input voltage of 100 V is selected for simulation and an output voltage of 24 V for buck operation and 120 V for boost operation are chosen. For simulation purposes, MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used.

J. de Curtò, I. de Zarzà, Juan-Carlos Cano et al.

This paper presents a novel approach to enhancing the security and reliability of drone communications through the integration of Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG) in Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) systems. We propose a multi-drone framework that leverages QRNG technology to generate truly random frequency hopping sequences, significantly improving resistance against jamming and interception attempts. Our method introduces a concurrent access protocol for multiple drones to share a QRNG device efficiently, incorporating robust error handling and a shared memory system for random number distribution. The implementation includes secure communication protocols, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality through encryption and Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) verification. We demonstrate the system’s effectiveness through comprehensive simulations and statistical analyses, including spectral density, frequency distribution, and autocorrelation studies of the generated frequency sequences. The results show a significant enhancement in the unpredictability and uniformity of frequency distributions compared to traditional pseudo-random number generator-based approaches. Specifically, the frequency distributions of the drones exhibited a relatively uniform spread across the available spectrum, with minimal discernible patterns in the frequency sequences, indicating high unpredictability. Autocorrelation analyses revealed a sharp peak at zero lag and linear decrease to zero values for other lags, confirming a general absence of periodicity or predictability in the sequences, which enhances resistance to predictive attacks. Spectral analysis confirmed a relatively flat power spectral density across frequencies, characteristic of truly random sequences, thereby minimizing vulnerabilities to spectral-based jamming. Statistical tests, including Chi-squared and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, further confirm the unpredictability of the frequency sequences generated by QRNG, supporting enhanced security measures against predictive attacks. While some short-term correlations were observed, suggesting areas for improvement in QRNG technology, the overall findings confirm the potential of QRNG-based FHSS systems in significantly improving the security and reliability of drone communications. This work contributes to the growing field of quantum-enhanced wireless communications, offering substantial advancements in security and reliability for drone operations. The proposed system has potential applications in military, emergency response, and secure commercial drone operations, where enhanced communication security is paramount.

Xing Liu, Zhi Dong, Shangkun Shen et al.

Tungsten (W), as a promising plasma-facing material for fusion nuclear reactors, exhibits ductility reduction. Introducing high-density coherent nano-dispersoids into the W matrix is a highly efficient strategy to break the tradeoff of the strength–ductility performance. In this work, we performed helium (He) ion irradiation on coherent oxide-dispersoids strengthened (ODS) W to investigate the effect of coherent nanoparticle interfaces on the behavior of He bubbles. The results show that the diameter and density of He bubbles in ODS W are close to that in W at low dose of He ion irradiation. The radiation-induced hardening increment of ODS W, being 25% lower than that of pure W, suggests the involvement of the coherent interface in weakening He ion irradiation-induced hardening and emphasizes the potential of coherent nano-dispersoids in enhancing the radiation resistance of W-based materials.

FENG Zhong-ju, WANG Si-qi, WANG Xi-qing et al.

High-fill culverts placed in valley topography have a complex earth pressure distribution law due to their locations around culverts in various valley topography conditions. In order to investigate the influence of valley topography on the earth pressure around the culvert of high-fill arch culverts, an interaction model of "topography-culvert-fill" was established by using centrifugal model test and numerical simulation method. Additionally, the distribution laws of earth pressure around the arch culverts and earth pressure concentration coefficient Ks at the top of the culvert under different valley widths B and valley slopes α were analyzed and were compared with the latest Chinese culvert design code. Furthermore, the mechanism of earth pressure formation of high-fill arch culverts under valley topography was presented. The research findings are as follows: (1) The influence of the valley width B on the earth pressure concentration coefficient Ks at the top of the culvert is significant, and the increment of the earth pressure concentration coefficient Ks at the top of the culvert is larger when B is 4D−6D（D is the clear span of arch culvert）. (2) When B is less than 4D, the topography would play the role of load reduction to the culvert. (3) With valley slopes ranging from 45° to 60°, the earth pressure at the tops and Ks would be affected dramatically. (4) When fill height is 20 m with α >70°, Ks≤1; and when 40 m fill height with α >50°, Ks≤1. (5) The Ks recommended by the latest Chinese culvert design code differs to some extent from those by centrifugal model test and numerical simulation. In the case of α =45° with a small B value, the earth pressure concentration coefficient Ks at the top of a culvert of the code is more conservative. (6) Ks of high-fill arch culvert in valley is related to the formation of arch top compaction area and isobaric surface. The arch top compaction area can cause the earth pressure concentration on the top of the arch culvert, and cause the vertical earth pressure of the soil around the compaction area to be arched. At a certain depth approaching the surface of the fill, the arch distribution gradually transits to the horizontal distribution, thus forming an isobaric surface. The upper load of the isobaric surface will be dispersed on the valley slope, so the unloading effect of the valley topography can be exerted.

Xin Zhao, Lei Cai, Xiaohua Ji et al.

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a kind of cement-based material with ultra-high strength, high toughness and excellent durability. However, the tensile strain capacity of UHPC is often below 0.5%, and the mode of single crack failure is the main failure pattern, which limits the development of UHPC. In order to overcome the weakness of the relatively low strain capacity of UHPC, five types of polyethylene (PE) fibers with different geometrical and mechanical parameters (length, diameter and elastic modulus) were added into the matrix, and the corresponding mechanical behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed that the high fiber length and fiber diameter of PE fibers are a benefit for the compressive strength and tensile strength of UHPC. The increase of the fiber diameter and elastic modulus remarkably attributed to the increase in the tensile strain capacity of UHPC. With the increase of the fiber diameter and elastic modulus, the overall energy absorption capacity G and the energy absorption capacity of the substrate prior to the softening section ga of UHPC were both enhanced. The diameter of PE fiber was the main factor affecting the energy consumption of UHPC. Among the five types of PE fiber, PF fiber (PF fiber is PF type polyethylene fiber; Fiber length: 15 mm; Fiber diameter: 27 μm; Elastic Modulus: 117 GPa) is the optimal fiber to increase the tensile mechanical behavior of UHPC.

В. П. Горбулін

Стаття містить спогади автора про участь Б.Є. Патона у створенні бойових ракет у КБ «Південне» (нині — Державне підприємство «КБ «Південне» ім. М.К. Янгеля») під керуванням М.К. Янгеля та в перших проєктах С.П. Корольова щодо пілотованих космічних кораблів і багаторазових космічних станцій. Розкрито сутність технічних проблем, успішно розв’язаних фахівцями інститутів української Академії під керівництвом та за особистої участі Б.Є. Патона. Відзначено, що найбільш відчутно співпраця М.К. Янгеля і Б.Є. Патона проявилася під час створення ракети другого покоління — Р-36, поява якої змінила стратегічну ситуацію у світі. Адже саме науковці Інституту електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона розробили метод забезпечення її герметичності — контактно-стикове зварювання оплавленням. Б.Є. Патон співпрацював і з ОКБ-1, і з КБ «Південне», зробивши внесок у створення найпотужнішої у світі рідинної ракети четвертого покоління Р-36М2. У виготовленні та експлуатації всіх чотирьох поколінь бойових ракет, крім Інституту електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона, брали участь десятки інших установ української Академії. Розкрито внесок Б.Є. Патона у зміцнення оборонної промисловості України після гібридної російсько-української війни на сході України — започаткування цільової науково-технічної програми «Дослідження і розробки з проблем підвищення обороноздатності і безпеки держави», яка забезпечила розширення співпраці НАН України з Міністерством оборони України, Генеральним штабом Збройних сил України та підприємствами оборонно-промислового комплексу, що сприяло її виконанню.

Waricha Janjindamai, Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Supaporn Disneevate et al.

Objective: It remains unclear if changes in neonatal care have resulted in better outcomes for extremely preterm infants (EPTs). This study was to evaluate neonatal mortality and morbidity in EPTs. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of EPTs at a gestational age (GA) ≤28 weeks, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2004 and December 2018. The study was divided into 2 periods, from 2004-2010 and 2011-2018. The likelihood ratio test in Multiple Cox regression models were used to determine adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for differences in mortality among the two periods. Results: A total of 188 EPTs were enrolled. The overall median (interquartile range), GA and birth weight of the enrolled infants were 26 (25, 27) weeks and 780 (667, 875) g, respectively. The mortality rate was 66/188 (35.1%). The mortality rate between 2004-2010 and 2011-2018 decreased from 44.6% to 32.8%, but was not statistically significant (p-value=0.170). Multiple Cox regression analysis of mortality rate demonstrated statistical significance with infants of 23-24 and 25-26 weeks GA VS 27-28 weeks GA [aHR 3.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.95, 7.58), p-value<0.010] and [aHR 1.92, 95% CI (1.09, 3.35), p-value<0.010], respectively. Pregnancy complications [aHR 2.24, 95% CI (0.96, 5.24), p-value=0.040)] and EPTs intubated VS early CPAP at birth [aHR 2.41, 95% CI (1.36, 4.25), p-value<0.010] were statistically significant. Conclusion: The mortality rate of EPTs decreased with advancing GA. Prenatal care of pregnancy complications and improving care practices might reduce the mortality rate.

Keisuke Hitachi, Masahiko Honda, Kunihiro Tsuchida

Skeletal muscle is a pivotal organ in humans that maintains locomotion and homeostasis. Muscle atrophy caused by sarcopenia and cachexia, which results in reduced muscle mass and impaired skeletal muscle function, is a serious health condition that decreases life longevity in humans. Recent studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms by which long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate skeletal muscle mass and function through transcriptional regulation, fiber-type switching, and skeletal muscle cell proliferation. In addition, lncRNAs function as natural inhibitors of microRNAs and induce muscle hypertrophy or atrophy. Intriguingly, muscle atrophy modifies the expression of thousands of lncRNAs. Therefore, although their exact functions have not yet been fully elucidated, various novel lncRNAs associated with muscle atrophy have been identified. Here, we comprehensively review recent knowledge on the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, we discuss the issues and possibilities of targeting lncRNAs as a treatment for skeletal muscle atrophy and muscle wasting disorders in humans.

Marta Alonso-Hearn, Gerard Badia-Bringué, Maria Canive

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease or paratuberculosis (PTB), with important animal health and economic implications. There are no therapeutic strategies to control this disease, and vaccination with inactivated vaccines is limited in many countries because it can interfere with the intradermal test used for bovine tuberculosis detection. Thus, infected animals either get culled after a positive ELISA or fecal PCR result or die due to clinical disease. In this study, we review recent studies aimed to discover genetic markers which could help to identify and select cattle less susceptible and more resilient to PTB. In recent years, the genotyping and subsequent imputation to whole-genome sequence (WGS) has allowed the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), quantitative trait loci (QTL), and candidate genes in the Bos taurus genome associated with susceptibility to MAP infection. In most of these genome-wide association studies (GWAS), phenotypes were based on ante-mortem test results including serum ELISA, milk ELISA, and detection of MAP by fecal PCR and bacteriological culture. Cattle infected with MAP display lesions with distinct severity but the associations between host genetics and PTB-associated pathology had not been explored until very recently. On the contrary, the understanding of the mechanisms and genetic loci influencing pathogen resistance, and disease tolerance in asymptomatic individuals is currently very limited. The identification of long-time asymptomatic cattle that is able to resist the infection and/or tolerate the disease without having their health and milk production compromised is important for disease control and breeding purposes.

Ю. О. Храмов, М. Д. Станкова

Стаття присвячена популяризації наукової спадщини видатного фізико-хіміка Дж. Кістяківського, маловідомого в Україні автора наукових праць і розробок з фізики вибуху, зокрема кінетики реакцій у газовій фазі, структури поліатомних молекул, термохімії органічних сполук, одержання нових вибухових речовин та першої атомної бомби. Метою статті є відтворення наукової, технічної, організаційної та громадської діяльності вченого, оскільки про життєвий шлях і наукову спадщину Дж. Кістяківського в Україні написано дуже мало. Джерельну базу дослідження складають наукові публікації з фізики вибуху, праці зарубіжних колег, які були учасниками проєктів, пов’язаних зі створенням американської атомної бомби, фотохімією, кінетикою та механізмами реакції. Методологічну основу дослідження склали принципи історизму, об’єктивності та достовірності; загальнонаукові, міждисциплінарні та спеціально-історичні методи: аналіз, синтез, класифікація, проблемно-хронологічний, порівняльно-історичний. У статті розглянуто наукові дослідження й науково-технічні розробки вченого, які стосувалися фізики вибуху та вибухових речовин і створення атомної бомби, показано основ ні його роботи у галузі фотохімії. Описано життєвий і творчий шлях науковця та його внесок у перемовини між США та СРСР з питань ядерного роззброєння. Коротко висвітлено історію розробки атомної бомби і методи її виготовлення та одержання високочистих матеріалів. Обґрунтовано, що історичний портрет Дж. Кістяківського, його значний внесок у світову науку і техніку висвітлено недостатньо.

Wenbo Liu, Qiong Huang, Xinjian Chen et al.

Abstract Functional encryption (FE) is a novel paradigm for encryption scheme which allows tremendous flexibility in accessing encrypted information. In FE, a user can learn specific function of encrypted messages by restricted functional key and reveal nothing else about the messages. Inner product encryption (IPE) is a special type of functional encryption where the decryption algorithm, given a ciphertext related to a vector x and a secret key related to a vector y, computes the inner product x·y. In this paper, we construct an efficient private-key functional encryption (FE) for inner product with simulation-based security, which is much stronger than indistinguishability-based security, under the External Decisional Linear assumption in the standard model. Compared with the existing schemes, our construction is faster in encryption and decryption, and the master secret key, secret keys and ciphertexts are shorter.

Risan Putra Anggara, Purnawarman Musa, Sri Lestari et al.

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) has stopped all aspects of human life, including the world of education. The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Indonesia has stopped face-to-face teaching and learning activities in schools, replacing them with online methods. Work from Home (WFH) is an adaptation of activities as applied online methods to anticipate learning activities during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Learning based on digital transformation technology utilizes network technology entirely online. The application of e-learning technology in the teaching and learning process is a choice for various educational institutions. The use of technology can maximize students 'learning time efficiency and increase students' concentration. Learning with the Virtual Reality (VR) method directs students to discoveries, motivates, encourages, and provides more curiosity for students in learning. Besides VR, Augmented Reality (AR) is a learning method for students to interact with virtual objects and real objects. The author proposes e-learning based learning in Natural Sciences (IPA) subjects in grade 3 in Elementary Schools. The research proposal develops lessons using a virtual approach from real events and provides phenomena of natural occurrences. Science lessons in Elementary Schools increase the curiosity of students scientifically. This method will help students develop the ability to ask questions and find answers to natural phenomena. The research stages carried out in application development are analysis, design, implementation, and application testing. The test results by adding e-learning to traditional learning methods impacted students' understanding of the material with an increased level of understanding by 24%.

Xinyu Zhang, Shumin Wang, Ting Li et al.

ABSTRACT Beneficial symbiotic bacteria have positive effects on some insects’ (such as mosquitoes, cockroaches, and flies) biological activities. However, the effects of a lack of one specific symbiotic bacterium on the life activities of some insects and their natural gut microbiota composition remain unclear. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically target and kill bacteria and have the potential to shape gut bacterial communities. In previous work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa that naturally colonized the intestines of housefly larvae was shown to be essential to protect housefly larvae from entomopathogenic fungal infections, leading us to test whether a deficiency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in housefly larvae that was specifically caused using bacteriophages could remold the composition of the intestinal bacteria and affect the development of housefly larvae. Our research revealed that the phage, with a titer of 108 PFU/ml, can remove 90% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the gut. A single feeding of low-dose phage had no effect on the health of housefly larvae. However, the health of housefly larvae was affected by treatment with phage every 24 h. Additionally, treating housefly larvae with bacteriophages every 24 h led to bacterial composition changes in the gut. Collectively, the results revealed that deficiency in one symbiotic gut bacteria mediated by precise targeting using bacteriophages indirectly influences the intestinal microbial composition of housefly larvae and has negative effects on the development of the host insect. Our results indicated the important role of symbiotic gut bacteria in shaping the normal gut microbiota composition in insects. IMPORTANCE The well-balanced gut microbiota ensures appropriate development of the host insect, such as mosquitoes, cockroaches, and flies. Various intestinal symbiotic bacteria have different influences on the host gut community structure and thus exert different effects on host health. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the contributions of one specific bacterial symbiont to the gut microbiota community structure and insect health. Bacteriophages that target certain bacteria are effective tools that can be used to analyze gut bacterial symbionts. However, experimental evidence for phage efficacy in regulating insect intestinal bacteria has been little reported. In this study, we used phages as precision tools to regulate a bacterial community and analyzed the influence on host health after certain bacteria were inhibited by bacteriophage. The ability of phages to target intestinal-specific bacteria in housefly larvae and reduce the levels of target bacteria makes them an effective tool for studying the function of gut bacteria.

Taylor Stewart, Benjamin E Wolfe, Stephen M Fuchs

Across eukaryotes, homopolymeric repeats of amino acids are enriched in regulatory proteins such as transcription factors and chromatin remodelers. These domains play important roles in signaling, binding, prion formation, and functional phase separation. Azf1p is a prion-forming yeast transcription factor that contains two homorepeat domains, a polyglutamine and a polyasparagine domain. In this work, we report a new phenotype for Azf1p and identify a large set of genes that are regulated by Azf1p during growth in glucose. We show that the polyasparagine (polyN) domain plays a subtle role in transcription but is dispensable for Azf1p localization and prion formation. Genes upregulated upon deletion of the polyN domain are enriched in functions related to carbon metabolism and storage. This domain may therefore be a useful target for engineering yeast strains for fermentation applications and small molecule production. We also report that both the polyasparagine and polyglutamine domains vary in length across strains of S. cerevisiae and propose a model for how this variation may impact protein function.

С. М. Шкарлет, В. В. Микитенко

У статті визначено й обґрунтовано доцільність забезпечення сталого господарювання та можливість створення в межах національної соціально-економічної та природно-господарської системи ламінарного руху чотирьох процесів, базових для сталого розвитку. Його візуалізовано у форматі плоского шару (що відтворює функціонування у шестивимірному метапросторі). У цьому форматі подано впорядкований рух квартету конститутивно-ключових для сталого розвитку процесів, що мають економічну, соцієтальну, виробничу та природно-ресурсну природу. Наголошено, що кожен із чотирьох процесів рухається шарами, паралельними до напрямку руху динамічної системи, за визначеним і обґрунтованим кутом її розвитку, всі складові інститути й елементи динамічної системи повинні одночасно мати та генерувати якості, що властиві різним видам стійкості чотирьох різноприродних процесів (економічних, соцієтальних, виробничих, природно-ресурсних), класифікованих залежно від характеру їх виникнення. Авторами розроблено та обґрунтовано комплекс ключових завдань задля досягнення сталого господарювання в межах динамічної системи. Він передбачає, по-перше, впорядкування руху чотирьох процесів, які є конститутивно-ключовими для сталого розвитку, в такий спосіб, щоб їх рух відбувався шарами, паралельними до напрямку розвитку динамічної системи; по-друге, необхідність недопущення перемішування руху цих процесів між сусідніми шарами. Також визнано нагальним забезпечення: паралельного руху всіх чотирьох процесів з усередненою швидкістю; усталеної швидкості руху процесів, за якої окремі місцеві збурення згасатимуть при залученні додаткового обсягу ресурсів чи активізації певного виду діяльності (в тому числі науково-технологічної); руху кожного конкретного потоку процесу з власним критичним значенням узагальненого інтегрального показника сталого господарювання, за аналогією з характерологічним критерієм — числом Рейнольдса — задля визначення конкретних умов, за яких ламінарний потік певного процесу стає стійким і забезпечує достатній рівень безпеки національній соціально-економічній системі або ж територіальному природно-господарському утворенню.

Nagorniak K. M.

The paper presents findings of a survey into values of different generations conducted by Academy DTEK jointly with hh.ua|grc During two months of 2019 we polled 2,182 visitors of the Ukrainian Job portal hh.ua|grc (both job seekers and employers), followers of the survey organizers’ pages in social networks (Facebook and Telegram) aged between 15 and 72. The purpose of the study was to find out the central values of young people and older generations of Ukraine. To study the values of generations, the author used Shalom Schwartz’s method of ten fundamental individual values. The method was applied to three different generations. The findings of the poll enabled us to answer questions regarding values and job values of generations X, Y, and Z. What are the similarities and differences of generations, what motivates them at work, and which supervisor is more comfortable for them to work with. The outcome of this survey is a data-oriented database for Ukrainian businesses and the state and public sectors. As the survey shows, the youth upholds values related to individualistic preferences and openness to change: young people strive for new ideas, adventures, and risks and want to be creative and go their own way. The older generation holds values associated with the preservation of traditions and customs, conformity (following rules and norms), and security. Representatives of different generations need different things from their potential supervisors. For instance, Generation Z feels it is essential to be able to ask their supervisor any questions they like, even if they may sound “ridiculous”, and be treated as equals by their supervisor. For Generation Y, their supervisor must discuss professional development issues with them: their goals and expectations concerning career advancement. For Generation X, the supervisor must trust them and build a climate of mutual support and collaboration in the team.