Hasil untuk "Religious ethics"

Martina De Sanctis, Gianluca Filippone, Paola Inverardi et al.

This paper addresses the challenge of operationalizing ethics in autonomous systems through runtime enforcement. It first conceptualizes the system's ethical space and outlines a structured ethics assurance process. Building on this foundation, it introduces an enforcement subsystem that operationalizes ethical rules, specifically social, legal, ethical, empathetic, and cultural (SLEEC) requirements, through the Abstract State Machine (ASM) formalism. The enforcement subsystem is built on the MAPE-K control-loop architecture for monitoring and controlling the system's ethical behavior, and it relies on an ASM-based runtime model of the ethical rules to enforce. This enables the dynamic evaluation, adaptation, and enforcement of ethical behavior within a runtime formal model. The overall approach, named SLEEC@run.time, is demonstrated on an assistive robot scenario, showcasing how both the robot's behavior and the governing ethical rules can dynamically adapt to contextual changes. By leveraging a flexible runtime model, SLEEC@run.time accommodates changes such as the addition or removal of SLEEC rules, ensuring a robust and evolvable approach to ethical assurance in autonomous systems. The evaluation of SLEEC@run.time shows that it effectively ensures the system's adherence to ethical principles with negligible execution time overhead.

Simon Kolker, Louise A. Dennis, Ramon Fraga Pereira et al.

Machine Ethics decisions should consider the implications of uncertainty over decisions. Decisions should be made over sequences of actions to reach preferable outcomes long term. The evaluation of outcomes, however, may invoke one or more moral theories, which might have conflicting judgements. Each theory will require differing representations of the ethical situation. For example, Utilitarianism measures numerical values, Deontology analyses duties, and Virtue Ethics emphasises moral character. While balancing potentially conflicting moral considerations, decisions may need to be made, for example, to achieve morally neutral goals with minimal costs. In this paper, we formalise the problem as a Multi-Moral Markov Decision Process and a Multi-Moral Stochastic Shortest Path Problem. We develop a heuristic algorithm based on Multi-Objective AO*, utilising Sven-Ove Hansson's Hypothetical Retrospection procedure for ethical reasoning under uncertainty. Our approach is validated by a case study from Machine Ethics literature: the problem of whether to steal insulin for someone who needs it.

Jacqueline Rowe, Edward Gow-Smith, Mark Hepple

We introduce a new dataset for machine translation of Guinea-Bissau Creole (Kiriol), comprising around 40 thousand parallel sentences to English and Portuguese. This dataset is made up of predominantly religious data (from the Bible and texts from the Jehovah's Witnesses), but also a small amount of general domain data (from a dictionary). This mirrors the typical resource availability of many low resource languages. We train a number of transformer-based models to investigate how to improve domain transfer from religious data to a more general domain. We find that adding even 300 sentences from the target domain when training substantially improves the translation performance, highlighting the importance and need for data collection for low-resource languages, even on a small-scale. We additionally find that Portuguese-to-Kiriol translation models perform better on average than other source and target language pairs, and investigate how this relates to the morphological complexity of the languages involved and the degree of lexical overlap between creoles and lexifiers. Overall, we hope our work will stimulate research into Kiriol and into how machine translation might better support creole languages in general.

Benjamin J. Carroll, Jianlong Zhou, Paul F. Burke et al.

As AI systems increasingly permeate everyday life, designers and developers face mounting pressure to balance innovation with ethical design choices. To date, the operationalisation of AI ethics has predominantly depended on frameworks that prescribe which ethical principles should be embedded within AI systems. However, the extent to which users value these principles remains largely unexplored in the existing literature. In a discrete choice experiment conducted in four countries, we quantify user preferences for 11 ethical principles. Our findings indicate that, while users generally prioritise privacy, justice & fairness, and transparency, their preferences exhibit significant variation based on culture and application context. Latent class analysis further revealed four distinct user cohorts, the largest of which is ethically disengaged and defers to regulatory oversight. Our findings offer (1) empirical evidence of uneven user prioritisation of AI ethics principles, (2) actionable guidance for operationalising ethics tailored to culture and context, (3) support for the development of robust regulatory mechanisms, and (4) a foundation for advancing a user-centred approach to AI ethics, motivated independently from abstract moral theory.

Jianlong Zhou, Fang Chen

Despite the much proliferation of AI ethical principles in recent years, there is a challenge of assuring AI ethics with current AI ethics frameworks in real-world applications. While system safety has emerged as a distinct discipline for a long time, originated from safety concerns in early aircraft manufacturing. The safety assurance is now an indispensable component in safety critical domains. Motivated by the assurance approaches for safety-critical systems such as aviation, this paper introduces the concept of AI ethics assurance cases into the AI ethics assurance. Three pillars of user requirements, evidence, and validation are proposed as key components and integrated into AI ethics assurance cases for a new approach of user requirements-oriented AI ethics assurance. The user requirements-oriented AI ethics assurance case is set up based on three pillars and hazard analysis methods used in the safety assurance of safety-critical systems. This paper also proposes a platform named Ethical-Lens (E-LENS) to implement the user requirements-oriented AI ethics assurance approach. The proposed user requirements-based E-LENS platform is then applied to assure AI ethics of an AI-driven human resource shortlisting system as a case study to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Roman Kossak

This is a critical response to some arguments and general recommendations presented in a discussion paper Four Levels of Ethical Engagement [EiM Discussion Paper 1/2018 University of Cambridge Ethics in Mathematics Project, https://www.ethics-in-mathematics.com/assets/dp/18 1.pdf] by Maurice Chiodo and Piers Bursill-Hall. Much in their article is based on certain observations about characteristic psychological traits of mathematicians and their patterns of behavior that I find to be in stark contrast to my own observations. I argue against their assumptions and conclusions using examples.

Kazi Abrab Hossain, Jannatul Somiya Mahmud, Maria Hossain Tuli et al.

While recent developments in large language models have improved bias detection and classification, sensitive subjects like religion still present challenges because even minor errors can result in severe misunderstandings. In particular, multilingual models often misrepresent religions and have difficulties being accurate in religious contexts. To address this, we introduce BRAND: Bilingual Religious Accountable Norm Dataset, which focuses on the four main religions of South Asia: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam, containing over 2,400 entries, and we used three different types of prompts in both English and Bengali. Our results indicate that models perform better in English than in Bengali and consistently display bias toward Islam, even when answering religion-neutral questions. These findings highlight persistent bias in multilingual models when similar questions are asked in different languages. We further connect our findings to the broader issues in HCI regarding religion and spirituality.

Jukka Ruohonen, Jani Koskinen, Søren Harnow Klausen et al.

Context: Dark patterns are user interface or other software designs that deceive or manipulate users to do things they would not otherwise do. Even though dark patterns have been under active research for a long time, including particularly in computer science but recently also in other fields such as law, systematic applied ethical assessments have generally received only a little attention. Objective: The present work evaluates ethical concerns in dark patterns and their research in software engineering and closely associated disciplines. The evaluation is extended to cover not only dark patterns themselves but also the research ethics and applied ethics involved in studying, developing, and deploying them. Method: A scenario analysis is used to evaluate six theoretical dark pattern scenarios. The ethical evaluation is carried out by focusing on the three main branches of normative ethics; utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. In terms of deontology, the evaluation is framed and restricted to the laws enacted in the European Union. Results: The evaluation results indicate that dark patterns are not universally morally bad. That said, numerous ethical issues with practical relevance are demonstrated and elaborated. Some of these may have societal consequences. Conclusion: Dark patterns are ethically problematic but not always. Therefore, ethical assessments are necessary. The two main theoretical concepts behind dark patterns, deception and manipulation, lead to various issues also in research ethics. It can be recommended that dark patterns should be evaluated on case-by-case basis, considering all of the three main branches of normative ethics in an evaluation. Analogous points apply to legal evaluations, especially when considering that the real or perceived harms caused by dark patterns cover both material and non-material harms to natural persons.

Mahamodul Hasan Mahadi, Md. Nasif Safwan, Souhardo Rahman et al.

Developing AI systems capable of nuanced ethical reasoning is critical as they increasingly influence human decisions, yet existing models often rely on superficial correlations rather than principled moral understanding. This paper introduces Ethic-BERT, a BERT-based model for ethical content classification across four domains: Commonsense, Justice, Virtue, and Deontology. Leveraging the ETHICS dataset, our approach integrates robust preprocessing to address vocabulary sparsity and contextual ambiguities, alongside advanced fine-tuning strategies like full model unfreezing, gradient accumulation, and adaptive learning rate scheduling. To evaluate robustness, we employ an adversarially filtered "Hard Test" split, isolating complex ethical dilemmas. Experimental results demonstrate Ethic-BERT's superiority over baseline models, achieving 82.32% average accuracy on the standard test, with notable improvements in Justice and Virtue. In addition, the proposed Ethic-BERT attains 15.28% average accuracy improvement in the HardTest. These findings contribute to performance improvement and reliable decision-making using bias-aware preprocessing and proposed enhanced AI model.

Mark S. Cladis

What does it mean for a culture to include, or exclude, ancestors as active members? How do Indigenous cultures and traditions cast light on the role of ancestors? Those are the central questions in this article. It begins by offering a general account of the role of ancestors in Indigenous cultures and traditions. These general comments contextualize specific engagement with the work of the novelist and essayist Leslie Marmon Silko (a Laguna Pueblo author) and also with the philosopher Kyle Whyte (a Potawatomi author). Having acquired from Silko and Whyte a sense for the active, intergenerational role played by ancestors in Indigenous cultures, the article then addresses the place of ancestors in Euro-American cultures and traditions, noting that due to particular forms of Christianity and secularism, Euro-American scholars and popular culture more generally tend to discount the role of ancestors. Yet, the work of Silko and others lend sight to see traces of ancestors in Euro-American cultures. Finally, the article returns to the question: What difference might it make to include or exclude ancestors in Euro-American communities and democracy? The approach in this article is transdisciplinary, drawing from the fields of religious studies (specifically its subfield, philosophy of religion and ethics), Indigenous studies, anthropology, political theory, and literary criticism.

Prisilia Maya Safa, Moh. Nor Ichwan, Auwal Salisu

In response to the global challenges of rising intolerance and the politicization of religion, this study explores the hermeneutics of religious freedom in Islam through a comparative analysis of Tafsir al-Manar and Fazlur Rahman’s double movement methodology. Employing a qualitative comparative design grounded in philosophical hermeneutics, the research analyzes primary texts of Tafsir al-Manar and Rahman’s key works, supported by recent secondary literature. The findings indicate that al-Manar adopts a rational-contextualist approach that prioritizes communal protection against colonial-era religious coercion, whereas Rahman articulates universal ethical principles centered on freedom of conscience, resonating with contemporary human rights discourse. This study proposes an integrative hermeneutical model that synthesizes historical consciousness with universal ethics, enabling QS. Al-Baqarah (2:256) is to be interpreted both as a safeguard against forced conversion and as a timeless affirmation of religious freedom. The proposed model offers practical implications for policy development, particularly in the areas of religious freedom advocacy, interfaith dialogue, and inclusive Islamic educational curricula. This research contributes to Qur'anic hermeneutics by bridging traditional exegesis and modern ethical concerns, offering a framework that is both contextually grounded and normatively responsive to pluralistic Muslim societies.

Edwinsa Auzan Hashfi, Arif Hartono

This study aims to test and analyze the impact of legal consequences on the intention to pirate digital products by integrating the legal consequence approach, ethics, and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to understand the practice of pirating digital products better. This study was conducted in Indonesia without being limited to a specific geographical area. The objects of research used are websites and platforms (such as Bolasiar.com, IndXXI, Spotify, Netflix, Video, Telegram, and the like). The population in this study is Indonesian people with various religious backgrounds who access websites or platforms from multiple sources to obtain digital products without a valid license. The data for this study are primary data from an online survey of 204 respondents. In practice, this study employs a convenience sampling technique administered to respondents via Google Forms, resulting in valid and reliable measurements. The type of SEM analysis used in this research is Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that perceived likelihood of punishment, self-efficacy, and subjective norms have a positive influence on attitudes toward digital product piracy, whereas fear of legal consequences, attitudes toward piracy, and facilitating conditions do not have a significant effect on attitudes toward digital product piracy.

Rumeysa Demir, Metin Demir

Background/purpose. This study aims to reveal in detail the extent to which the variables in The Primary and Secondary Education Institutions Scholarship Examination (PSEISE) predict the success of students on the scholarship exam with the help of artificial neural networks (ANN). In addition, in light of the findings obtained as a result of the research, it aims to contribute to improving the quality and content of PSEISE and to revising the variables in student selection. Materials/methods. A descriptive-relational screening model and purposive sampling method were used in the study. The study group of the research included students who were studying in a provincial centre in the Aegean Region of Turkey in the 2023-2024 academic year and who took the PSEISE at the 5th-grade level. In the study, the prediction level of these students’ 4th and 5th grade written exam scores (independent variable) of Turkish, Mathematics, Science, Social Sciences, Religious Culture, and Ethics courses (independent variable) and their PSEISE achievement status (dependent variable) were determined through MATLAB 2023a program classification interface and optimised to achieve the best result. Results. This process, carried out with a 5-fold cross-validation method, concluded that the ANN model with sigmoid activation function, forward cascaded back propagation, and double layer (230 neurons in the first layer and 2 neurons in the second layer) has the highest performance and an accuracy rate of 91.7%. Conclusion. The correct classification of unsuccessful students with high performance shows that the model effectively predicts these students. However, the lower accuracy rates obtained in predicting successful students indicate that additional variables (taking private lessons and courses, etc.) should be examined to improve the performance of the ANN model for this group.

M Mahmudulhassan, Muhammad Abuzar, Saif Uddin Ahmed Khondoker et al.

This study investigates the concept of labour dignity in Islamic ethical teachings, focusing on how foundational Islamic texts conceptualize the rights and responsibilities of workers and employers. While numerous studies address Islamic economic principles or general labour rights, few have examined labour dignity specifically through an ethical lens that integrates both classical sources and contemporary applications. This research aims to fill that gap by systematically analyzing how Islamic principles—drawn from the Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic jurisprudence—can inform modern work ethics and labour practices. The study adopts a qualitative content analysis approach, using targeted keywords such as Islamic labour ethics, the dignity of work in Islam, and social justice in Islamic thought to review relevant primary and secondary literature. The findings indicate that Islam upholds labour dignity through core values such as fair compensation, mutual respect, social responsibility, and anti-exploitation norms. Workers are regarded not merely as economic agents but as participants in spiritual and communal growth, while employers are ethically obligated to ensure just treatment. The study contributes to Islamic labour ethics scholarship by bridging religious doctrines with contemporary socio-economic discourse, offering theoretical insight and practical recommendations for promoting equity and justice in diverse labour environments.

Di Kevin Gao, Andrew Haverly, Sudip Mittal et al.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics is a nascent yet critical research field. Recent developments in generative AI and foundational models necessitate a renewed look at the problem of AI Ethics. In this study, we perform a bibliometric analysis of AI Ethics literature for the last 20 years based on keyword search. Our study reveals a three-phase development in AI Ethics, namely an incubation phase, making AI human-like machines phase, and making AI human-centric machines phase. We conjecture that the next phase of AI ethics is likely to focus on making AI more machine-like as AI matches or surpasses humans intellectually, a term we coin as "machine-like human".

Irina Spiegel

This article presents a critique of ethics in the context of artificial intelligence (AI). It argues for the need to question established patterns of thought and traditional authorities, including core concepts such as autonomy, morality, and ethics. These concepts are increasingly inadequate to deal with the complexities introduced by emerging AI and autonomous agents. This critique has several key components: clarifying conceptual ambiguities, honestly addressing epistemic issues, and thoroughly exploring fundamental normative problems. The ultimate goal is to reevaluate and possibly redefine some traditional ethical concepts to better address the challenges posed by AI.

Sugandi Sugandi, Sulhani Sulhani

A financial report audited by public accountants carries significant responsibility as the basis for decision-making for stakeholders and serves as a symbol of the reliability of financial information for an entity. However, several cases of ethics and regulatory violations have occurred in some prominent KAP in Indonesia. This phenomenon underscores the importance of enforcing ethical codes for the public accounting profession. This research aims to analyze the ethical code of the public accounting profession based on the perspective of Islamic teachings contained in Al-Hadiths. Employing a qualitative descriptive method and an interpretative approach, data were gathered from various sources, including hadiths, scholarly journals, and existing codes of ethics for public accountants. The findings depict that Islamic ethics emphasize good behavior in daily interactions, grounded in principles such as justice, ihsan, honesty, responsibility, and diligence. These principles serve as guidelines for public accountants to perform their duties with integrity, responsibility, high levels of honesty, and ensuring the accuracy of financial information in line with Islamic principles. Furthermore, the code of ethics for public accountants in the Islamic perspective emphasizes principles of integrity, objectivity, competence, professional care, confidentiality, and professional behavior. The implications of this research underscore the importance of understanding and applying Islamic ethical principles in accounting practices to achieve professionalism aligned with religious teachings. Thus, this research is expected to provide valuable contributions to enriching understanding of the relationship between Islamic ethics and accounting practices and promoting the adoption of practices in harmony with the moral values of the hadiths.

Seyed Abdosaleh Jafari, Behin Araminia, Nafiseh Tavasoli et al.

In the Holy Quran, a strong emphasis has been placed on the dignity of human beings. There are two verses in the Quran that discuss the differences between humans and other creatures. In this article, we have tried to interpret these two verses using free selection of virtues and goodness as the criterion for human dignity that was obtained in our previous research. In the verse of trust, unlike other creatures, man accepts a trust that informs us about his cruelty and ignorance.  However, if we consider this trust as freedom of choice, it can also imply injustice and ignorance alongside justice and wisdom for humans. In the verse of succession, angels tell God that human as vicegerent on earth leads to corruption and bloodshed. God does not deny this, but reminds the angels of the existence of pure ones. If we consider freely choosing goodness the differentiating factor between humans and other creatures the angels accurately refer to the possibility of creating corruption and bloodshed. However, they did not see the value of voluntary goodness compared to their own compulsory goodness.Therefore, by considering freely choosing goodness as the criterion for human dignity, these two verses can be easily interpreted.

Marten H. L. Kaas, Zoe Porter, Ernest Lim et al.

The deployment and use of AI systems should be both safe and broadly ethically acceptable. The principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern is one proposal in the AI ethics landscape that seeks to support and achieve that aim. The purpose of this argument pattern or framework is to structure reasoning about, and to communicate and foster confidence in, the ethical acceptability of uses of specific real-world AI systems in complex socio-technical contexts. This paper presents the interim findings of a case study applying this ethics assurance framework to the use of Dora, an AI-based telemedicine system, to assess its viability and usefulness as an approach. The case study process to date has revealed some of the positive ethical impacts of the Dora platform, as well as unexpected insights and areas to prioritise for evaluation, such as risks to the frontline clinician, particularly in respect of clinician autonomy. The ethics assurance argument pattern offers a practical framework not just for identifying issues to be addressed, but also to start to construct solutions in the form of adjustments to the distribution of benefits, risks and constraints on human autonomy that could reduce ethical disparities across affected stakeholders. Though many challenges remain, this research represents a step in the direction towards the development and use of safe and ethically acceptable AI systems and, ideally, a shift towards more comprehensive and inclusive evaluations of AI systems in general.

Usman Jafar, Husnul Khatimah S, Tahani Asri Maulidah

The type of research used is qualitative research (Field Research) with a juridical and shar'i approach. Sources of data obtained directly from research subjects in the field by means of interviews and secondary data obtained from official documents of the Institute for the Assessment of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics of the Indonesian Ulema Council (LPPOM MUI), South Sulawesi Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI South Sulawesi), scientific journals and articles relevant to this study, the data analysis used is qualitative analysis. The research results show that The MUI concept in handling food and beverage products that are not labeled halal, that is, socialize regularly and MUI has the authority to determine product halalness through halal fatwa meetings. Forms of legal protection for consumers for food and beverage products that do not have a Halal Label, as stated in the Law - Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning guarantees for halal products, as well as giving warning letters, sanctions/fines to business actors who do not follow halal procedures. The perspective of Siyāsah Shar'iyah regarding food in Islam has been explained in general in the Qur'an and al-Sunnah, in the form of recommendations for eating what is lawful and good (tayyib) and prohibiting eating what is unlawful.