Hasil untuk "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"

Zizhou Liu, Ziwei Gong, Lin Ai et al.

Psychological insights have long shaped pivotal NLP breakthroughs, from attention mechanisms to reinforcement learning and social modeling. As Large Language Models (LLMs) develop, there is a rising consensus that psychology is essential for capturing human-like cognition, behavior, and interaction. This paper reviews how psychological theories can inform and enhance stages of LLM development. Our review integrates insights from six subfields of psychology, including cognitive, developmental, behavioral, social, personality psychology, and psycholinguistics. With stage-wise analysis, we highlight current trends and gaps in how psychological theories are applied. By examining both cross-domain connections and points of tension, we aim to bridge disciplinary divides and promote more thoughtful integration of psychology into NLP research.

Raphaël Millière

Deep learning has enabled major advances across most areas of artificial intelligence research. This remarkable progress extends beyond mere engineering achievements and holds significant relevance for the philosophy of cognitive science. Deep neural networks have made significant strides in overcoming the limitations of older connectionist models that once occupied the centre stage of philosophical debates about cognition. This development is directly relevant to long-standing theoretical debates in the philosophy of cognitive science. Furthermore, ongoing methodological challenges related to the comparative evaluation of deep neural networks stand to benefit greatly from interdisciplinary collaboration with philosophy and cognitive science. The time is ripe for philosophers to explore foundational issues related to deep learning and cognition; this perspective paper surveys key areas where their contributions can be especially fruitful.

Jiahao Zhao, Jingwei Zhu, Minghuan Tan et al.

In this paper, we introduce a novel psychological benchmark, CPsyExam, constructed from questions sourced from Chinese language examinations. CPsyExam is designed to prioritize psychological knowledge and case analysis separately, recognizing the significance of applying psychological knowledge to real-world scenarios. From the pool of 22k questions, we utilize 4k to create the benchmark that offers balanced coverage of subjects and incorporates a diverse range of case analysis techniques.Furthermore, we evaluate a range of existing large language models~(LLMs), spanning from open-sourced to API-based models. Our experiments and analysis demonstrate that CPsyExam serves as an effective benchmark for enhancing the understanding of psychology within LLMs and enables the comparison of LLMs across various granularities.

Masomeh Mansouri, Mohammad Assadi Mehmandoost, Rahmatollah Farahzady

Imprisonment has been among the notable topics of thinkers and social reformers in different historical periods. After the emergence of Islam, this issue became one of the important and challenging issues of Quranic commentators, jurists and jurists in such a way that today we see various debates including agreement and opposition to this issue. Examining Quranic sources shows that because there is no clear prohibition of prison punishment in the Holy Quran, therefore Islamic governments have used this punishment as one of the most common punishments throughout history. In this research, which was carried out with the method of library study and descriptive-analytical approach, an attempt was made to investigate the issue of legitimacy of imprisonment from the perspective of the verses of the Holy Quran and traditions transmitted in Shia and Sunni hadith sources. The results of the research show that the legitimacy of imprisonment is accepted in terms of Islamic principles, but its examples and cases, especially in security and religious crimes, are disputed by different religions. This issue has created doubts about the illegitimacy of imprisonment in the minds of the public.

Michał J. Gajda

Philosophy of science attempts to describe all parts of the scientific process in a general way in order to facilitate the description, execution and improvements of this process. So far, all proposed philosophies have only covered existing processes and disciplines partially and imperfectly. In particular logical approaches have always received a lot of attention due to attempts to fundamentally address issues with the definition of science as a discipline with reductionist theories. We propose a new way to approach the problem from the perspective of computational complexity and argue why this approach may be better than previous propositions based on pure logic and mathematics.

Gustavo Assunção, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Paulo Menezes

Background: Exploration of the physical environment is an indispensable precursor to information acquisition and knowledge consolidation for living organisms. Yet, current artificial intelligence models lack these autonomy capabilities during training, hindering their adaptability. This work proposes a learning framework for artificial agents to obtain an intrinsic exploratory drive, based on epistemic and achievement emotions triggered during data observation. Methods: This study proposes a dual-module reinforcement framework, where data analysis scores dictate pride or surprise, in accordance with psychological studies on humans. A correlation between these states and exploration is then optimized for agents to meet their learning goals. Results: Causal relationships between states and exploration are demonstrated by the majority of agents. A 15.4\% mean increase is noted for surprise, with a 2.8\% mean decrease for pride. Resulting correlations of $ρ_{surprise}=0.461$ and $ρ_{pride}=-0.237$ are obtained, mirroring previously reported human behavior. Conclusions: These findings lead to the conclusion that bio-inspiration for AI development can be of great use. This can incur benefits typically found in living beings, such as autonomy. Further, it empirically shows how AI methodologies can corroborate human behavioral findings, showcasing major interdisciplinary importance. Ramifications are discussed.

Aliye ÇINAR KÖYSÜREN

Bu makale, ilkin Aristoteles’in pratik hikmet (phronesis) kavramı ile yine onun nefs teorisinin, aynı anlatının iki farklı yüzü olduğunu göstermeyi hedefler. Sonra modern düşünce anlatısının Varlık’tan dolayısıyla ontolojiden bilgi teorisine nasıl kaydığını takip etmeyi, Aristoteles’in nefs teorisi üzerinden okumayı dener. Aristoteles pratik hikmet (phronesis) kavramında, düşünce erdemiyle karakter erdemini; düşünsel olan ile dini veya mitsel olanı; idrak gücüyle motivasyon/hareket yetisini; ontolojiyle epistemolojiyi birleştirebilmiştir. Bu düşünce, ontolojinin içinde değerin kök saldığını, ahlak da varlığı büyüttüğü varsayımına dayanır. Dahası hareket gücünden bağımsız salt düşünce odaklı etiği veya doğal ahlakı da iptal eder. Değerler, sadece varlıkta görünür olur. Bu nedenle olmalı ki Paul Tillich “Varlık, değeri önceler, ancak değer varlığı tamamlar, demektedir. Varlık ve varoluşun katmanlı ve çok boyutluluğu anlamına gelir bu. Yine Tillich, “bilge olmak için iyi olmanın gereğine” işaret ederek, bilgi ve değeri birleştirir. Hareket motivasyonu sorunlu olan bir varoluş, düşünce erdemi bakımından da noksan kalacaktır. Bilme, salt düşünceye dönük değildir, aynı zamanda eylemseldir, çünkü o iyi olmayı gerektirir. Nitekim Grek düşüncesinde de “ahlâk ve bilişsellik ayrı değildir.” Esasında ahlak salt düşünsel değil eylem boyutu olduğu için ve irade etkin olacağından insan varoluşunun düşünce erdemi yanında, karakter erdemini de işin içine dâhil etmek ister.

Daniele Oriti

We scan Paul K. Feyerabend's work in philosophy of physics and of science more generally for insights that could be useful for the contemporary debate on the foundations of quantum mechanics. We take as our starting point what Feyerabend has actually written about quantum mechanics, but we extend our analysis to his general views on realism, objectivity, pluralism, and the relation between physics and philosophy, finding that these more general views could in fact offer many interesting insights for physicists and philosophers working on quantum foundations.

Mateus Mali

Abstract Feminism is one of social-moral thoughts that challenge the hegemony of patriarchy. Feminists begin their struggle with critique of male domination and ask for valorization of women’s way of thinking, feeling, and moral decisions. According to feminists, one of the communities that are insensitive of feminist issues is the Catholic Church because the church lives in a patriarchal system. Methodology used in this article is hermeneutic. In the light of Jesus’ way, moral theology tries to reflect the problem of feminism and the role of woman in the Church. The main focus of this article is the analysis of feminism in the Gospel and in moral theology. The goal of this writing is to push Catholic women to participate more in the ecclesial life and to correct the male languages of theology to be more feminine-sensitive. Abstrak Feminisme adalah salah satu pemikiran moral sosial yang menantang hegemoni patriarkal. Para penggerak perempuan menuntut penghargaan dari cara berpikir, berperasaan, dan mengambil keputusan moral dari para perempuan dan mengkritik dominasi laki-laki. Menurut penggerak feminisme, salah satu komunitas yang melanggengkan persoalan tentang perempuan adalah Gereja Katolik karena dia hidup dalam sistem patriarkal. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah hermeneutik. Dalam terang cara Yesus, teologi moral mencoba untuk merefleksikan persoalan perempuan dan peranannya di dalam Gereja. Fokus utama dari artikel ini adalah analisa tentang feminisme di dalam Injil dan dalam teologi moral. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah mendorong perempuan Katolik untuk lebih mengambil bagian dalam kehidupan menggereja dan untuk membetulkan bahasa teologi yang terlalu bersifat laki-laki menjadi bahasa teologi yang lebih bersifat perempuan.

Michael te Vrugt

A long and intense debate in philosophy is concerned with the question whether there can be haecceistic differences between possible worlds, that is, nonqualitative differences that only arise from different de re representations. According to haecceitism, it can give rise to a different situation if the positions of two qualitatively identical particles are exchanged, while according to anti-haecceitism, this is not the case. It has been suggested that classical statistical mechanics might provide evidence for one of these positions. However, most philosophers of physics argue that it does not. In this article, we show that order-preserving dynamics, a novel method from statistical mechanics developed for the description of nonergodic systems, changes this situation: It is intrinsically haecceistic and makes different experimental predictions than non-haecceistic alternatives. Thereby, it provides an empirical argument for the existence of modality de re.

Maria Tresita Paul V., N. Uma Devi

COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the roots of healthcare facilities worldwide, with the US being one of the most affected countries irrespective of being a superpower. Along with the current pandemic, COVID-19 can cause a secondary crisis of mental health pandemic if left unignored. Various studies from past epidemics, financial turmoil and pandemic, especially SARS and MERS, have shown a steep increase in mental and psychological issues like depression, low quality of life, self-harm and suicidal tendencies among general populations. The most venerable being the individuals infected and cured due to social discrimination. The government is taking steps to contain and prevent further infections of COVID-19. However, the mental and psychological wellbeing of people is still left ignored in developing countries like India. There is a significant gap in India concerning mental and psychological health still being stigmatized and considered 'non-existent'. This study's effort is to highlight the importance of mental and psychological health and to suggest interventions based on positive psychology literature. These interventions can support the wellbeing of people acting as a psychological first aid. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Pandemic, Mental wellbeing, Psychological Wellbeing, Positive Psychology Interventions. KEYWORDS - COVID-19, Coronavirus, Pandemic, Wellbeing, Positive Psychology, Interventions, PPI.

Tapas Nayak, Navonil Majumder, Pawan Goyal et al.

Recently, with the advances made in continuous representation of words (word embeddings) and deep neural architectures, many research works are published in the area of relation extraction and it is very difficult to keep track of so many papers. To help future research, we present a comprehensive review of the recently published research works in relation extraction. We mostly focus on relation extraction using deep neural networks which have achieved state-of-the-art performance on publicly available datasets. In this survey, we cover sentence-level relation extraction to document-level relation extraction, pipeline-based approaches to joint extraction approaches, annotated datasets to distantly supervised datasets along with few very recent research directions such as zero-shot or few-shot relation extraction, noise mitigation in distantly supervised datasets. Regarding neural architectures, we cover convolutional models, recurrent network models, attention network models, and graph convolutional models in this survey.

Tianmin Shu, Abhishek Bhandwaldar, Chuang Gan et al.

For machine agents to successfully interact with humans in real-world settings, they will need to develop an understanding of human mental life. Intuitive psychology, the ability to reason about hidden mental variables that drive observable actions, comes naturally to people: even pre-verbal infants can tell agents from objects, expecting agents to act efficiently to achieve goals given constraints. Despite recent interest in machine agents that reason about other agents, it is not clear if such agents learn or hold the core psychology principles that drive human reasoning. Inspired by cognitive development studies on intuitive psychology, we present a benchmark consisting of a large dataset of procedurally generated 3D animations, AGENT (Action, Goal, Efficiency, coNstraint, uTility), structured around four scenarios (goal preferences, action efficiency, unobserved constraints, and cost-reward trade-offs) that probe key concepts of core intuitive psychology. We validate AGENT with human-ratings, propose an evaluation protocol emphasizing generalization, and compare two strong baselines built on Bayesian inverse planning and a Theory of Mind neural network. Our results suggest that to pass the designed tests of core intuitive psychology at human levels, a model must acquire or have built-in representations of how agents plan, combining utility computations and core knowledge of objects and physics.

Elizabeth Pritchard

Casmini Casmini, Dwiga Aziz Himawan, Hanis Kusuma Wardhani

The application and understanding of good coping stress certainly becomes an important thing in the current period. This paper aims to describe the contextualization between coping stress in psychology with maqamat and ahwal in Sufism. Research data was extracted through library research obtained from primary sources in the form of articles and corroborated with coping stress books. Secondary sources are articles in journals that implement Sufi both in Sufi life and in practical implementation of Sufi therapy. The results of the study describe the contextualzation and relationship between maqamat and ahwal in Sufism with coping stress in psychology.

C. L. Carilli{1, 2}, N. Thyagarajan{1} et al.

We analyze data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array. This is the third in a series of papers on the closure phase delay-spectrum technique designed to detect the HI 21cm emission from cosmic reionization. We present the details of the data and models employed in the power spectral analysis, and discuss limitations to the process. We compare images and visibility spectra made with HERA data, to parallel quantities generated from sky models based on the GLEAM survey, incorporating the HERA telescope model. We find reasonable agreement between images made from HERA data, with those generated from the models, down to the confusion level. For the visibility spectra, there is broad agreement between model and data across the full band of $\sim 80$MHz. However, models with only GLEAM sources do not reproduce a roughly sinusoidal spectral structure at the tens of percent level seen in the observed visibility spectra on scales $\sim 10$ MHz on 29 m baselines. We find that this structure is likely due to diffuse Galactic emission, predominantly the Galactic plane, filling the far sidelobes of the antenna primary beam. We show that our current knowledge of the frequency dependence of the diffuse sky radio emission, and the primary beam at large zenith angles, is inadequate to provide an accurate reproduction of the diffuse structure in the models. We discuss implications due to this missing structure in the models, including calibration, and in the search for the HI 21cm signal, as well as possible mitigation techniques.

Özge Erduran-Tekin, Halil Eksi

The purpose of this study is to adapt the Scale for Spiritual Intelligence Scale developed by Kumar and Mehta (2011) into Turkish and to examine its reliability and validity. Data have been collected from four different study groups involving a total of 1,098 high school students (440 females and 658 males). In Turkey, the exploratory factor analysis of the Scale for Spiritual Intelligence’s original structure, which consists of six factors, only appears to have occurred in four cases. The goodness-of-fit statistics obtained as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed on one sample using this structure are X2 = 335.17, SD = 145 (X2 / SD = 2.33), RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.049, GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.90, AGFI = 0.91. Whether or not a statistically significant difference exists in the scores for the lower and upper 27th-percentile groups was examined in order to look at the discriminators of the scale; a statistically significant difference has been detected in favor of the upper segment. As a result of the criterion validity study, a significant positive correlation has been found between the Scale for Spiritual Intelligence and the Meaning in Life Scale (Demirbaş, 2010). According to the obtained linguistic equivalence results, the Turkish form of the scale is seen to be equivalent to the original English form. Cronbach’s alphas of internal consistency and reliability were calculated as .86 and .85 for both samples. Research results reveal the Turkish form of Scale for Spiritual Intelligence to be a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in scientific studies to be carried out in Turkey.

Ayşe Zişan Furat

Kitle iletişim araçları, ya da daha yaygın kullanımlarıyla medya ile din alanı arasındaki ilişki, 2000’li yıllardan itibaren Türk akademisinin temel araştırma konularından bir tanesi haline gelmiştir. Dinî amaçlarla medyanın kullanımı, medyanın formel dinî ortamlar dışında alternatif bir eğitimi alanı oluşturmasına yönelik tartışmalar, pek çok diğer başlığın yanı sıra, kısa süre içerisinde din eğitimi alanında yansımalarını bulmuştur. Bununla beraber, bu tartışmaların ele alındığı çalışmaların temel araştırma kaygıları veya araştırıcılarının akademik yönelimlerine ilişkin henüz sistematik bir çalışma yapılmamış bulunmaktadır. Medya ve din ilişkisine dair çalışmalardaki temel araştırma eğilimlerini incelemeyi hedefleyen bu çalışma, Türk din eğitimi literatüründe konunun ele alındığı çalışmalardaki temel araştırma soru(n)ları nelerdir?, sorusuna yanıt bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle yapılan analiz doğrultusunda ise medya algısı, medyanın etkisi ve medyanın kullanımı şeklinde tespit ettiği soru(n) alanlarını, üç ana başlıkta detaylı bir şekilde tartışmaktadır. Literatürde ilgili çalışmaların detaylarına dair kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunarak, ilerleyen yıllarda yapılacak din eğitimi araştırmalarında değerlendirilebilmesi gereken araştırma konularını ortaya koymayı ümit etmektedir.

F. Betül Aydın Varol

Günümüzde sıkça kullanılan ve görece yeni bir kavram olan İslamofobi, anlam olarak bir korkuya karşılık gelse de bu kavram temelde, Batı için tehdit oluşturan İslam’a dair antipatiyi/nefreti ifade etmektedir. İslamofobinin temelinde birçok neden yatmaktadır. Bunlar arasında teolojik, kültürel, ekonomik, politik gibi pek çok nedenin yanı sıra oryantalizm ile günümüzde Müslümanlarla doğrudan ilişkilendirilen terör bulunmaktadır. Batı Avrupa eksenli olan bu çalışmada Müslüman nüfusun en fazla olduğu Fransa, Almanya ve İngiltere basını seçilmiştir. Bu ülkelerin basınından sağ ve sol görüşü temsilen ikişer gazete seçilmiş, İslam ve Müslümanlarla ilgili haberlerde İslamofobinin nasıl inşa edildiği karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde ortaya konmuştur. Seçilen haberler, van Dijk’ın haber metinleri için geliştirdiği eleştirel söylem analizine göre çözümlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre, eğer Müslümanlar, herhangi bir olay veya kararın öznesi durumundaysa ya doğrudan negatif olarak temsil edilmekte ya da olumsuz argümanlarla ilişkilendirilerek dolaylı olarak negatif bir şekilde temsil edilmektedir. Fakat Müslümanlar bir olayın parçası, yani edilgen bir konumda ise Müslümanlar için genelde ya kurbanlaştırıcı dramatik bir söylem üretilmekte ya da onlar minimize edilmekte veya yok sayılmaktadır.