Il presente articolo si propone di analizzare la caratterizzazione essenzialmente negativa che la rete subisce nella letteratura contemporanea. Nella prima parte si discute la tendenza a ignorare Internet e i suoi effetti sulla società. Nella seconda parte ci si concentra su due romanzi, The Circle e No One Is Talking About This, che invece mettono Internet al centro delle propri storie, per criticarlo.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric
Il presente saggio si propone di analizzare stilisticamente e tematicamente le opere di Francesco Pecoraro, prestando particolare attenzione ai romanzi La vita in tempo di pace e Lo stradone. Mediante una close reading comparativa volta a porre in dialogo reciproco i due romanzi e i racconti raccolti nel volume Camere e stanze, l’obiettivo principale è quello, da un lato, di indagare i processi formali e compositivi mediante cui Pecoraro rielabora il genere del romanzo-saggio e lo declina secondo peculiari risoluzioni inventive; dall’altro, di illuminare le risorse espressive e le operazioni narrative attraverso cui la soggettività dei suoi personaggi entra in tensione dialettica con la realtà e lo spazio urbano circostanti.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric
The author of the paper analyzed the models of refutational and probative argumentation in an outstanding piece of Kyivan Rus’ literature of the 11th century — “The Sermon on Law and Grace” by metropolitan Hilarion of Kyiv. Although certain aspects of the work have already been properly analyzed, the formal rhetorical principles of polemical argumentation in “The Sermon on Law and Grace” remain little studied. The construction of the argument itself and compositional regularities of its structural organization still need due consideration. Throughout the entire reflection, moving from one topic to another, the author of “The Sermon…” maintains the same principle of literary presentation — dialectical oratio. This model is based on a special dialectical reasoning rooted in the principle of antinomies and originated in ancient judicial rhetoric. In “The Sermon on Law and Grace”, the dialectical oratio is built according to the ‘refutation + proof’ scheme. That is, the author initially refutes something and then proves something. Τhis rhetorical tendency is used throughout the work. Hilarion constantly tries to expose and devalue something characterized as outdated, related to Old Testament, Jewish or pagan, and glorify the new, evangelical, and Christian. However, denying one thing and affirming the other do not exhaust the author’s goal. Such dialectical unity of the negative and the affirmative in characterization of one object not only goes back to the traditions of ancient judicial rhetoric but also reflects the Eastern Christian theological tradition. Something similar can be seen in the treatises by Dionysius the Areopagite. In the works “On Mystical Theology”, “On Divine Names”, and “On the Heavenly Hierarchy”, Dionysius the Areopagite derives a complex antinomic system of symbolic designations of the Divine Essence, qualifying a part of them as apophatic (dissimilar) and the other part as kataphatic (similar). Perhaps, the reasoning model of refutatio + probatio in ancient rhetoric, the apophatic-cataphatic principle of determining the names of God in the “Corpus Areopagiticum”, and refutational-probative argumentation in “The Sermon on Law and Grace” are formal links of a general rhetorical oratory chain. However, this issue requires a more thorough study based on a wide range of literary material, including ancient, biblical, medieval, etc.
In this paper, we propose an attack method to block scrambled face images, particularly Encryption-then-Compression (EtC) applied images by utilizing the existing powerful StyleGAN encoder and decoder for the first time. Instead of reconstructing identical images as plain ones from encrypted images, we focus on recovering styles that can reveal identifiable information from the encrypted images. The proposed method trains an encoder by using plain and encrypted image pairs with a particular training strategy. While state-of-the-art attack methods cannot recover any perceptual information from EtC images, the proposed method discloses personally identifiable information such as hair color, skin color, eyeglasses, gender, etc. Experiments were carried out on the CelebA dataset, and results show that reconstructed images have some perceptual similarities compared to plain images.
La cultura fascista è spesso associata con un’attitudine anti-modernista. In realtà, come questo articolo intende dimostrare, tematiche moderniste attraversano costantemente la cultura di estrema destra in Italia come in Francia e in Germania. Diversamente dal libro ormai canonico di Roger Griffin (Modernism and Fascism, 2007), questo articolo non analizza il mito della ‘rigenerazione’ etnico-nazionale (mito che, sostengo, è presente anche nelle prospettive anti-moderniste), ma focalizza in particolare sulla glorificazione culturale dell’industria e della tecnica, e poi sulla riconciliazione dell’arte con lo scenario industriale. Attraverso un’ampia ricognizione del milieu culturale francese, tedesco e italiano, l’articolo presenta al lettore una prima mappatura concernente la complessa relazione fra modernismo e cultura fascista.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric
Anticipation is an energy that can enliven or evacuate a moment. It tells us to look forward to what is to come, but it can also keep us from sitting with the specificity of the present, moving us too hastily from the significance of what is right in front of us. As scholars of performance history, we are trained to look for the most meaningful change over time, the specialness of specific moments. The authors in this issue document and interpret the past in order to weave skillful bridges toward the present, sometimes illuminating, without falling into teleological framings, the ways that artists and critics of the past anticipated some of the most pressing concerns of contemporary times. Rebecca Kastleman opens this issue with a study that uplifts Zora Neale Hurston’s foresight as both a performance theorist and a leader in university-based theatre practice. Building upon the work of other Hurston scholars, she identifies the ways that Hurston’s creative practice, particularly after the termination of Charlotte Osgood Mason’s patronage, worked expansively to uplift the artistry of Black life across media and social spaces. Kastleman adds to the movement to recognize Hurston as part of the genealogy of American performance theory, providing a foundation for our understanding of precisely how relationships between participants and audiences constitute performance events. Hurston’s deployment of her anthropological training shed light on the interpersonal, institutional, and communal dimensions of social relationships, developing a framework that extends toward the ways in which subsequent articulations of performance theory evolved a scalar model of representational efficacy in the construction of social meaning. In addition, her work within university settings provided spaces where she could both refine her personal craft as a writer and theorist, and also contribute to a vision of what arts curricula at the collegiate level could and should include. In the first half of the twentieth century, Hurston was advocating for the well-rounded course offerings that many of us continue to implore our campus leaders to fund! Bradley Rogers offers a biographical contribution that highlights the signal influence of Otto Harbach upon what we now appreciate as “integrated” musical theatre. Harbach entered the field at a time when musical comedy was a disaggregated assortment of musical numbers and narrative, with no deep sense of connection between the two that would maintain an audience’s connection to the story’s emotional through line. Instead, Harbach leveraged his extensive training in (and subsequent employment as an instructor of) elocution and oratory to advance a more holistic approach to the musical, deploying songs to advance rather than interrupt the narrative, and did so quite early in the twentieth century, years before the theatrical works that are most commonly celebrated as achieving this formal synthesis. Rogers’s essay reasserts Harbach’s place in this developmental narrative, and pays particular attention to the historical context of his work—a contemporaneous
This book is divided into two parts, "Argumentation in Critical Discourse Analysis" and "Questions and Doubts about Visual Argumantation", each part containing two chapters. In the first chapter, "Topoi in Critical Discourse Analysis", I am concerned with how topoi are used (and misused) in the Discourse-Historical Approach. The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA), pioneered by Ruth Wodak (see Wodak, de Cillia, Reisigl, Liebhart 1999; Wodak, van Dijk 2000; Wodak, Chilton 2005; Wodak, Meyer 2006; Wodak 2009), is one of the major branches of critical discourse analysis (CDA). In its own (programmatic) view, it embraces at least three interconnected aspects (Wodak 2006: 65): 1. 'Text or discourse immanent critique' aims at discovering internal or discourse-internal structures. 2. The 'socio-diagnostic critique' is concerned with the demystifying exposure of the possibly persuasive or 'manipulative' character of discursive practices. 3. Prognostic critique contributes to the transformation and improvement of communication. CDA, in Wodak's view, is not concerned with evaluating what is 'right' or 'wrong'. CDA ... should try to make choices at each point in the research itself, and should make these choices transparent.1 It should also justify theoretically why certain interpretations of discursive events seem more valid than others. One of the methodical ways for critical discourse analysts to minimize the risk of being biased is to follow the principle of triangulation. Thus, one of the most salient distinguishing features of the DHA is its endeavour to work with different approaches, multi-methodically and on the basis of a variety of empirical data as well as background information. (Wodak ibid.) One of the approaches DHA is using in its principle of triangulation is argumentation theory, more specifically the theory of topoi. In the first chapter, I am concerned with the following questions: how and in what way are topoi and, consequentially, argumentation theory, used in DHA as one of the most influential schools of CDA? Other approaches (e.g., Fairclough (1995, 2000, 2003) or van Leeuwen (2004, 2008; van Leeuwen, Kress 2006)) do not use topoi at all. Does such a use actually minimize the risk of being biased, and, consequentially, does such a use of topoi in fact implement the principle of triangulation? Judging from the works we analysed in the first chapter, there are no rules or criteria how to use topoi or how to detect topoi in the discourse/text; the only methodological precept seems to be, »anything goes«! If so, why does CDA need triangulation? And what happened to the principle stipulating that CDA »should try to make choices at each point in the research itself, and should make these choices transparent? « We have seen identical and similar bundles of topoi for different purposes or occasions; we have seen different bundles of topoi for identical and similar purposes or occasions; we have seen different bundles of topoi for different occasion; and we have seen pretty exotic bundles of topoi for pretty particular and singular purposes. Which leads us to a key question: can anything be or become a topos within DHA? And, consequentially, what actually, i.e., historically, is a topos? If a topos is supposed to connect an argument with a conclusion, as all the relevant DHA publications claim, one would expect that at least a minimal reconstruction would follow, namely, what is the argument in the quoted fragment? What is the conclusion in the quoted fragment? How is the detected topos connecting the two, and what is the argumentative analysis of the quoted fragment? Unfortunately, all these elements are missing; the definition and the quoted fragment are all that there is of the supposed argumentative analysis. And this is the basic pattern of functioning for most of the DHA works. At the beginning, there would be a list of topoi and a short description foreach of them: first, a conditional paraphrase of a particular topos would be given, followed by a short discourse fragment (usually from the media) illustrating this conditional paraphrase (in Discourse and Discrimination, pp. 75-80), but without any explicit reconstruction of possible arguments, conclusions, or topoi connecting the two in the chosen fragment. After this short "theoretical" introduction, different topoi would just be referred to by names throughout the book, as if everything has already been explained in these few introductory pages. It is quite surprising that none of the quoted DHA works even mention the origins of topoi, their extensive treatment in many works and the main authors of these works, namely Aristotle and Cicero. Even the definition, borrowed from Kienpointner (mostly on a copy-paste basis), does not stem from their work either: it is a hybrid product, with strong input from Stephen Toulmin's work The Uses of Argument, published in 1958. All this is even more surprising because today it is almost a commonplace that for Aristotle a topos is a place to look for arguments (which is true), a heading or department where a number of rhetoric arguments can be easily found (which is true as well), and that those arguments are ready for use – which is a rather big misunderstanding. According to Aristotle, topoi are supposed to be of two kinds: general or common topoi, appropriate for use everywhere and anywhere, regardless of situation, and specific topoi, in their applicability limited mostly to the three genres of oratory (judicial, deliberative, and epideictic). With the Romans, topoi became loci, and Cicero literally defines them as “the home of all proofs” (De or. 2.166.2), “pigeonholes in which arguments are stored” (Part. Or. 5.7-10), or simply “storehouses of arguments” (Part. Or. 109.5-6). Also, their number was reduced from 300 in Topics or 29 in Rhetoric to up to 19 (depending on how we count them). Although Cicero's list correlates pretty much, though not completely, with Aristotle's list from the Rhetoric B 23, there is a difference in use: Cicero's list is considered to be a list of concepts that may trigger an associative process rather than a collection of implicit rules and precepts reducible to rules, as the topoi in Aristotle's Topics are. In other words, Cicero's loci mostly function as subject matter indicators and loci communes. Which brings us a bit closer to how topoi might be used in DHA. In the works analysed in the first chapter, the authors never construct or reconstruct arguments from the discourse fragments they analyse – despite the fact that they are repeatedly defining topoi as warrants connecting arguments with conclusions; they just hint at them with short glosses. And since there is no reconstruction of arguments from concrete discourse fragments under analysis, hinting at certain topoi, referring to them or simply just mentioning them, can only serve the purpose of »putting the audience in a favourable frame of mind. « »Favourable frame of mind« in our case – the use of topoi in DHA – would mean directing a reader's attention to a »commonly known or discussed« topic, without explicitly phrasing or reconstructing possible arguments and conclusions. Thus, the reader can never really know what exactly the author had in mind and what exactly he/she wanted to say (in terms of (possible) arguments and (possible) conclusions). In Traité de l'argumentation – La nouvelle rhétorique, published in 1958 by Ch. Perelman and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca, topoi are characterised by their extreme generality, which makes them usable in every situation. It is the degeneration of rhetoric and the lack of interest for the study of places that has led to these unexpected consequences where »oratory developments«, as Perelman ironically calls them, against fortune, sensuality, laziness, etc., which school exercises were repeating ad nauseam, became qualified as commonplaces (loci, topoi), despite their extremely particular character. By commonplace- es, Perelman claims, we more and more understand what Giambattista Vico called »oratory places«, in order to distinguish them from the places treated in Aristotle's Topics. Nowadays, commonplaces are characterised by banality which does not exclude extreme specificity and particularity. These places are nothing more than Aristotelian commonplaces applied to particular subjects, concludes Perelman. And this is exactly what seems to be happening to the DHA approach to topoi as well. Even more, the works quoted in the first part of the articlegive the impression that DHA is not using the Aristotelian or Ciceronian topoi, but the so-called »literary topoi«, conceptualized by Ernst Robert Curtius in his Europaeische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter (1990: 62- 105, English translation). What is a literary topos? In a nutshell, oral histories passed down from pre-historic societies contain literary aspects, characters, or settings which appear again and again in stories from ancient civilisations, religious texts, art, and even more modern stories. These recurrent and repetitive motifs or leitmotifs would be then labelled literary topoi. The same year that Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca published their New Rhetoric, Stephen Toulmin published his Uses of Argument, probably the most detailed study of how topoi work. Actually, he does not use the terms topos or topoi, but the somewhat judicial term “warrant”. The reason for that seems obvious: he is trying to cover different “fields of argument”, and not all fields of argument, according to him, use topoi as their argumentative principles or bases of their argumentation. According to Toulmin (1958/1995: 94-107), if we have an utterance of the form, “If D then C” – where D stands for data or evidence, and C for claim or conclusion – such a warrant would act as a bridge and authorize the step from D to C. But warrant may have a limited applicability, so Toulmin introduces qualifiers Q, indicating the strength conferred by the warrant,
The work “On Education” (De tradendis disciplinis) by the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives (1492/3–1540) is considered from the perspective of the use of ancient literature during the in-itial period of child school training (from 7 to 15 years). Vives’ appreciation of the Latin language, a positive attitude towards teaching Greek at school, and the influence of ancient languages on modern European languages — Italian, Spanish, and French are discussed. The article draws attention to some features in teaching the Latin language that are not characteristic of the hu-manists who preceded Vives and also wrote about school. They are as follows: using the native language as an instrument for mastering Latin at the initial stage of learning, and using modern literature - writers, grammarians, humanists, which helps to learn ancient languages in the subsequent period. These features can be explained by Vives’ epoch when national states were being estab-lished, national languages were strengthening, and pedagogical thinking was developing. The article also examines the issue brought up by Vives himself about the attitude to pagan literature and to some, in Vives’ opinion, morally questionable poets. With all the inconsistency of Vives and the low persuasiveness of his self-censorship, the solution to this problem comes down to se-lecting such authors the study of whose works will protect school students from vices. The article shows that both Latin and Greek literature (works on oratory, poetry, comedy, history, my-thology, etc.) are widely used in teaching. Ancient writings not only form and enrich the language, but also provide versatile knowledge, mainly of humanitarian kind, help to bring up an ed-ucated and cultured person. This is supported by a large survey of over 100 ancient authors, modern writers, scientists, humanists, early medieval writers, “church fathers”, publishers, translators, and commentators provided at the very end of Vives' discussion on education, with brief characteristics of many of them.
Radially symmetric wavelets possessing multiresolution framework are found to be useful in different fields like Pattern recognition, Computed Tomography (CT) etc. The compactly supported wavelets are known to be useful for localized operations in applications such as reconstruction, enhancement etc. In this work we introduce a novel way of designing compactly supported radial wavelets in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)$ from a 1D Daubechies wavelets and obtain a reconstruction formula possessing multiresolution framework. Further, we demonstrate the usefulness of our radial wavelets in Tomography.
L’interpretatio nominis è da sempre tra gli interessi di Italo Calvino: spie sono i diversi pseudonimi che lo scrittore adottò per sé nel corso degli anni, le indagini ermeneutiche da lui condotte attorno al suo nome, ma soprattutto i ragionamenti riguardanti l’argomento. All'interno del potenziale onomastico offerto dal romanzo Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore, non sfugge a chi legge l’accumulo di nomi propri che identificano i personaggi: tra questi sono stati scelti a campione alcuni nomi-spia. Nel romanzo Calvino intrattiene un dialogo anche con la metaonomastica, in consonanza con l’orientamento metanarrativo sviluppato nel romanzo. Lungo la narrazione, infatti, si incontrano diverse considerazioni sull’importanza della nominatio. Calvino pare dirci che tutto ruota attorno al nome proprio perché è attraverso di esso che si viene riconosciuti. È quindi facile concludere che le indagini onomastiche possono indicare un’altra modalità per addentrarsi in questo romanzo.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric
L’obiettivo del mio intervento è quello di presentare il particolare caso di L’Acacia di Claude Simon. Questo testo, infatti, presenta uno statuto problematico dovuto anche alla difficoltà di interpretare la natura del personaggio principale. L’Acacia fa parte dei testi della maturità di Claude Simon, è pubblicata nel 1989 e riprende in larghissima parte i temi e le convenzioni delle opere simoniane precedenti. Simon, infatti, fonda tutti i suoi testi su di un particolare mélange di elementi romanzeschi e vicende autobiografiche, che ricorrono da un’opera all’altra e che si mescolano tra loro su numerosi livelli. La presenza di numerosi elementi appartenenti alla storia personale o familiare dell’autore conferisce a questo romanzo un aspetto autobiografico, tuttavia parlare di un’autobiografia in terza persona appare paradossale poiché il genere autobiografico suppone una certa complementarietà tra il discorso scritto sulla pagina e un’identità assunta al di sotto di una designazione specifica di un io.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric
The article is focused on the research of actual theoretical, regulatory and practical aspects of the attorney’s professional profile. It has been noted that an important step in choosing an attorney’s profession is to study the attorney’s professional profile as a comprehensive characteristic of advocacy with the description of specific features of this profession. The main scientific approaches to defining the concept of “professional profile” have been analyzed. It has been stated that the term of “professional profile” is understood as a detailed characteristic of the profession consisting of specific requirements for the person, who intends to be engaged in it in the future, necessary for the effective professional activity of an attorney. The emphasis has been placed on the fact that there is currently no universal definition of “professional profile”. Based on the analysis of the legal literature and provisions of the current legislation, the author has comprehensively studied the structural elements of the attorney’s professional profile, enshrined in the current legislation, taking into account the existing national standards of advocacy. The author has emphasized on the lack of legal enshrinement of such qualities of an attorney as justice, depth of thinking (ability to penetrate into the essence of facts) and breadth of mind (ability to cover a wide range of issues), adherence to principles, presence of own opinion and ability to defend it, memory, critical thinking, imagination, strength of will, independence, persistence, determination, categoricalness, persuasiveness, knowledge of the client’s psyche, anticipation of his possible reactions, oratory skills, accuracy, etc. It has been concluded that the compliance with the selected structural elements (standards) of the attorney’s professional profile will create a fundamental basis for sustainable development of the legal profession of Ukraine, to introduce effective conditions for a free and competitive environment at the legal market, and to bring Ukrainian laws closer to European legislation.
arifataee2@gmail.com ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 20 June 2020 Final Accepted: 24 July 2020 Published: August 2020 In this article, you will read a brief definition of the commentator, who’s Tafsir has been one of the most popular Persian language Tafsirs in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, the Indian subcontinent, and even Turkey for many years.This Tafsir has been published more than ten times only in Bombay, Calcutta, Lucknow, and other Indian cities and in various publications. According to some sources, this was the first Tafsirs published in Persian, and its author has traveled to India.The commentator of that Tafsir, (Wa'ez Kashefi Heravi), was one of the great Sufis and one of the friends and devotees of Maulana Abdul Rahman Jami Heravi, the famous poet and popular Sufi.As you will read in this article, According to a strong friendship between them, Wa'ez Kashefi gets married to Moulana Jami's daughter according to one opinion, and according to another opinion, gets married to his sister.Among the merits of the author of this Tafsir was that he was not only excelled in religious sciences but also he has been skilled and knowledgeable in modern sciences such as astronomy, magic, numbers, oratory, Persian, and Arabic literature, etc. In this article, you will read that Wa'ez Kashefi has written many books, even which his compilations list is more than 40. In short, the respected reader in this article gets acquainted with three things: with an important Tafsir book of the ninth and tenth centuries AH, with the author of this book, and with his interpretation method. Copy Right, IJAR, 2020, All rights reserved.