Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Christopher J. Berry

J. Sigwart, M. Schleuning, A. Brandt et al.

Collections’ digitisation is a priority in many natural history collections, and publicly available datasets are expanding rapidly. The potential value of collections remains largely untapped even in modern research, because the vast scope of collections dwarfs current efforts at data mobilisation. Collections are continually expanding, and there are an estimated 3 billion undigitised specimen records worldwide. In this review, we use a simple model to illustrate that current efforts at global digitisation will not succeed until the late 21st century at the earliest, unless new technologies are harnessed and commitments by funding bodies and society are made. As we advance toward specimen digitisation, an equally important consideration is that the majority of these digital records only represent a fraction of the information potentially available from the collection objects. The term “collectomics” was coined in discussions within the Senckenberg institution as a phrase for digital frameworks that embrace all current and future data and knowledge derived from specimens. This expands on the concept of museomics, which was originally defined to focus on molecular data generated from museum specimens. Rooted in the concept of the extended specimen, collectomics encompasses metadata, images, traits, DNA, and further data extracted in the future with yet unknown applications, all of which are connected to environmental data and other historical contextual information. Thus, a view of digitisation under the collectomics concept is not limited to natural history collections but directly integrates evolutionary, ecosystem and social sciences, including the human contributions of collectors, donors, and researchers in the past and future. A “collectomics” view envisions seamless integration of multidimensional specimen-based data, with interoperability among historical, artistic, ethnographic, and natural history collections, to generate knowledge that is needed to tackle global challenges.

María Gajate Bajo

Estefanía Cabello

Book review

Adrian C. Brock

Acknowledgments Introduction Adrian C. Brock1 Constructing Subjectivity in Unexpected Places Johann Louw2 Transatlantic Migration of the Disciplines of the Mind: Examination of the Reception of Wundt's and Freud's Theories in Argentina Cecilia Taiana3 From Tradition through Colonialism to Globalization: Re?ections on the History of Psychology in India Anand C. Paranjpe4 History of Psychology in Turkey as a Sign of Diverse Modernization and Global Psychologization Aydan Gulerce5 Origins of Scienti?c Psychology in China,1899-1949 Geoffrey Blowers6 Behavior Analysis in an International Context Ruben Ardila7 Internationalizing the History of U.S. Developmental Psychology John D. Hogan and Thomas P. Vaccaro8 Psychology and Liberal Democracy: A Spurious Connection? Adrian C. Brock9 Double Rei?cation: The Process of Universalizing Psychology in the Three Worlds Fathali M. Moghaddam and Naomi Lee10 Psychology in the Eurocentric Order of the Social Sciences: Colonial Constitution, Cultural Imperialist Expansion, Postcolonial Critique Irmingard Staeuble11 Universalism and Indigenization in the History of Modern Psychology Kurt DanzigerPostscriptAdrian C. BrockContributors Index

Fernanda Olival

Este artículo analiza en la larga duración (1536-1773) los orígenes sociales de los familiares del Santo Oficio portugués con el objetivo de conocer si las familiaturas fueron ocupadas mayoritariamente por personas procedentes de los grupos intermedios. Para ello, se estudia a quienes procuraban el cargo de familiar y los mecanismos utilizados por el Santo Oficio para moldear esta búsqueda en determinadas coyunturas, afinando los criterios para su obtención. Se presta atención tanto a los datos prosopográficos, obtenidos de las pruebas de limpieza de sangre, como a los de la correspondencia entre el Consejo General y los tribunales de distrito.

R. Rodger, S. Rau

Abstract A new opportunity, and a new challenge, presents itself to urban historians. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of historical urban space and spatial relationships, the contributors to this Special Issue deploy new techniques of spatial analysis using mapping tools to explore the density, frequency and proximity of various features of towns and cities. The contributors focus on case-studies at various urban scales – from major commercial centres (New York, Rome, Paris and London) – to smaller towns in the urban hierarchy. They also range across the tenth to the twentieth centuries and so challenge a common assumption that mapping the town is essentially an approach best suited to the modern period. Individually and collectively, the authors demonstrate how the urban morphology of the city developed and how durable that spatial patterning can be.

Merve Kardelen Bilir, Fatih Artvinli

This article offers a brief history and the evolution of mental health policy in Turkey. It aims to analyse how mental health policies were transformed and why certain policies were introduced at specific times. The modern history of mental health policy is divided into three periods: the institutionalization of psychiatry and hospital-based mental health services; the introduction of community-based mental healthcare services; and lastly, the policy of deinstitutionalization after the 1980s. These periods have been categorized in a way that basically coincides with Turkey’s modern political history.

A. Balch

This chapter first charts the short history from the early anti-trafficking strategy put in place by the Labour government in 2007 through the changes and reorganisations of the subsequent 10 years, including the launch of the modern slavery strategy in 2015 under then Home Secretary May. While focusing on the impacts felt by workers in the UK, it also takes into account the position adopted by the UK in relation to international frameworks. The second section then focuses on the importance and potential impact of the creation of the most recent governance and enforcement structures — for example, the Director of Labour Market Enforcement and the evolution of the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA). As of May 2017, the GLA was rebranded as the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority and has new powers to investigate serious exploitation across the whole UK labour market. The third section asks how we can best assess and evaluate the effectiveness of the modern slavery agenda.

Leos Müller

Early modern shipping under neutral flags was an activity that required many capacities, combining practices from three different fields: commerce and shipping, diplomacy, and international law. This complexity of neutral shipping is the reason why traditional diplomatic history paid limited attention to it, despite the fact that shipping and prize cases consumed much of the attention and time of diplomats of neutral nations. The neutral agents had to be able to understand, communicate and move between all three fields. This article studies seizures of Swedish neutral vessels by British privateers and the Royal Navy between 1770 and 1800, including the years of the War of American Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. It provides examples of how exchanges between different field actors—e.g. shipmasters, ship-owners, merchants, agents, lawyers, naval officers and diplomats—were communicated and understood from the perspective of Sweden’s representatives in London.

Rodrigo Olay Valdés

Review

R. Hartmann, J. Lennon, Daniel P. Reynolds et al.

ABSTRACT It may be categorically unpleasant to visit cemeteries, crash sites, and death camps, but tourists queue up to see such places. Scholars have been attempting to explain this fascination with the macabre and morbid since the mid-1990s. Early analyses of dark tourism highlighted the modern and postmodern motivations underlying this novel form of travel. As a result, much of the subsequent work on this phenomenon has concentrated on contemporary visits to modern sites such as Auschwitz or Chernobyl. Yet, it is undeniable that ancient trips to the Roman Colosseum and medieval pilgrimages to locations of martyrdom had dark undertones, as many have noted. This round table discussion draws together five scholars to consider how a variety of forces have fuelled dark tourism in the past.

Sophia Rosenfeld

Abstract:A cultural approach to the study of the French Revolution took off in the 1980s as a result of the coincidence of new intellectual and political currents with celebrations of the Revolution's bicentennial. By the turn of the new century, both the study of cultural phenomena (theatre, art and architecture, fashion, etc.) before, during, and after 1789 and an approach to social and political upheaval that stressed symbolism and the production of meaning had thoroughly remade mainstream understandings of this vital period in modern history. But a backlash was already underway. This article explores, first, the emergence and flourishing of the so-called cultural turn in French revolutionary studies between the 1980s and the present, including recent work on the study of race and gender, emotion, experience, violence, and conspiracy thinking. It then investigates the equally recent critiques that this approach has generated, especially among those interested in rethinking economic questions from a post-or modified Marxist perspective and/or decentering France in conceptions of modernity. The author hypothesizes that contemporary challenges to democracy in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere around the globe should, and will, lead to new questions both about what happened in France at the close of the eighteenth century and about how we should write about this moment of upheaval going forward.

Silvia Maria Fávero Arend, Luiz Felipe Falcão

Editorial

Mercedes López Cantera, Sabrina Asquini

Presentación del dossier

Revista Revista

M. Sahlins

J. Sheehan

Lucilene REGINALDO

<p>In the eighteenth century, confraternities such as that of Our Lady of the Rosary and those dedicated to the black saints Benedict, Iphigenia and Elesban – to mention only the most popular devotions – were common in different areas of the Atlantic World. They were especially popular among people of color, both enslaved and free. In this paper I argue that the popularity of these sodalities should not be understood solely as the result of Catholic expansion. Rather, Africans and their descendents assumed an active role in this process, as important agents in propagating and popularizing the devotions and black confraternities. In order to understand this process I examine the history of black confraternities and devotions in two parts of the Portuguese Atlantic world: the kingdom of Portugal and the territories it conquered in Angola.</p>

Michelangela Di Giacomo