Hasil untuk "Miscellaneous systems and treatments"

Pyung-Wha Kim, Boram Lee, Yujin Choi

Objectives: This study investigated how Korean medicine doctors treat schizophrenia spectrum disorders to assess current practices, identify high-frequency interventions, and evaluate clinical field utilization, aiming to develop evidence-based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline. Methods : A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in December 2024 among doctors affiliated with the Association of Korean Medicine. Korean medicine doctors who had treated schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients within the past six months were included. The survey assessed treatment goals, patient characteristics, treatment modalities, and assessment methods. Results : A total of 324 Korean medicine doctors were included in the final analysis. The most frequently reported treatment objective was management of co-existing symptoms (81.8%), followed by complementary treatment for positive/negative symptoms (44.4%) and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects (29.0%). Patients in the chronic (55.2%) and recovery disease phases (50.6%) were more likely to be treated with Korean medicine than patients with acute exacerbation. Herbal medicine (92.9%) and acupuncture (79.6%) were the primary interventions. The most frequently prescribed herbal formulas were Ondam-tang (61.7%), Shihogayonggolmoryo-tang (57.4%), and Ukgan-san (54.9%). GV20 (82.4%), EX-HN1 (58.0%), and HT7 (44.1%) were the most used acupuncture points. The primary co-existing symptoms managed were insomnia (77.2%), depression (76.2%), and agitation/excitement (64.2%). Weight gain (69.8%), dyspepsia (59.3%), and constipation (55.9%) were the most frequently addressed antipsychotic-induced side effects. Conclusion : This nationwide survey provides foundational data for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The findings revealed that Korean medicine treatment serves a complementary role to conventional antipsychotic medications, primarily focusing on co-existing symptoms and side effect management.

Dipak Chetry, Acharya Balkrishna, Shirley Telles

Background: Previous research has suggested that volitional yoga breathing (VYB) facilitates auditory information processing, whereas control nonvolitional breathing has opposite effects. Objective: This study investigated auditory middle latency responses (AMLR) in (i) three VYB which vary breath rate differently (i.e., bellows yoga breathing, high-frequency yoga breathing, and bumblebee yoga breathing), and (ii) two control conditions (i.e., breath awareness and quiet rest). Methods: Fifty healthy participants aged between 18 and 35 years (M:F, 1:1) participated in this study, with assessment in five random order sessions (each 28 min) over 5 consecutive days. AMLR and respiration were assessed before, during, and after each session. Results: During the three VYB sessions, there were significant decreases in peak latencies (repeated-measures analysis of variance and preduring post hoc tests). In contrast, during breath awareness, the peak latencies of the Pa and Nb waves increased with no change in latencies during quiet rest. Discussion: The changes in peak latencies suggest VYB facilitated auditory transmission at thalamic and primary auditory cortex levels (based on the neural generators of AMLR components). In contrast, breath awareness was associated with prolonged transmission at primary auditory cortex levels (from Pa and Nb latency changes). Peak amplitude changes suggest neuronal recruitment increased during VYB but not during controls. Hence, irrespective of changes in breathing, VYB enhances sensory transmission, whereas nonvolitional breathing may inhibit it. Conclusion: These changes may contribute to the beneficial effects of VYB in cognition and perception, with possible applications in various activities and occupations requiring optimal auditory sensory functioning. Limitations include a focus on experienced practitioners and the examination of short-term effects alone.

Şenol Yıldız, Nurdan Kırımlıoğlu

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of obesity on autonomy, principle of respect for autonomy (PRA) and quality of life (QOL), in other words, whether obese patients and non-obese individuals differ in terms of autonomy, PRA and QOL. Materyal Methods: The data were collected from Nutrition and Diet polyclinics in public institutions and organizations in Eskisehir /Türkiye. 708 volunteers participated in the study, of which 354 were from the case group and 354 from the control group. A survey including questions about sociodemographic characteristics, autonomy and PRA, as well as Obesity and Weight Loss Quality of Life Scale (OWLQOL) were administered to the participants. In the evaluation of the data, descriptive analyzes were made, Kruskal Wallis H, Mann Whitney U, chi-square independence tests were used.Results: A statistically significant difference was found between obesity and OWLQOL score in favor of the control group (p

Anoop Kiran, Nora Ayanian, Kenneth Breuer

Flying multiple quadrotors in close proximity presents a significant challenge due to complex aerodynamic interactions, particularly downwash effects that are known to destabilize vehicles and degrade performance. Traditionally, multi-quadrotor systems rely on conservative strategies, such as collision avoidance zones around the robot volume, to circumvent this effect. This restricts their capabilities by requiring a large volume for the operation of a multi-quadrotor system, limiting their applicability in dense environments. This work provides a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of the downwash effect, with a focus on characterizing, analyzing, and understanding forces, moments, and velocities in both single and multi-quadrotor configurations. We use measurements of forces and torques to characterize vehicle interactions, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) to quantify the spatial features of the downwash wake for a single quadrotor and an interacting pair of quadrotors. This data can be used to inform physics-based strategies for coordination, leverage downwash for optimized formations, expand the envelope of operation, and improve the robustness of multi-quadrotor control.

Jéssyca Costa de Freitas, Brenda Ai Refosco Takagi, Victor Nascimento Fontanive

Objetivo: Avaliar o indicador de saúde bucal – proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico – em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) do município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo transversal descritivo que utilizou dados secundários de acesso públicos. Foram avaliados dados do Programa Previne Brasil, relativos ao indicador de proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico realizado, em uma USF vinculada à Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Porto Alegre (SMS-PMPA) pela contratualizada Associação Hospitalar Vila Nova, localizada na coordenadoria Sul de Porto Alegre, no período de 2022 e 2023. Os dados foram extraídos pela plataforma do sistema de informação em saúde para a Atenção Básica (SISAB), painel de indicadores da plataforma e-gestor AB. A análise dos dados foi realizada pela estatística descritiva. Resultados: A USF estudada apresentou valores acima da meta pactuada pelo Ministério da Saúde em 2022, atingindo 89,6% e em 2023, 99,1% de cobertura. O município de Porto Alegre obteve 52% em 2022, e em 2023, 71%; o estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresentou 46% em 2022 e 59% em 2023, já o Brasil alcançou 49,7% em 2022 e 60% em 2023. Conclusão: A equipe de Saúde Bucal da USF atingiu resultados superiores aos do município de Porto Alegre, do estado do RS e do Brasil, sendo seu desempenho classificado como ótimo. Os resultados avaliados demonstram um impacto importante da vinculação do desempenho neste indicador ao financiamento do Ministério da Saúde, possibilitando uma melhoria do acesso à atenção odontológica durante o pré-natal.

Jeremy Y. Ng, Holger Cramer, Myeong Soo Lee et al.

The convergence of traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) with artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising frontier in healthcare. TCIM is a patient-centric approach that combines conventional medicine with complementary therapies, emphasizing holistic well-being. AI can revolutionize healthcare through data-driven decision-making and personalized treatment plans. This article explores how AI technologies can complement and enhance TCIM, aligning with the shared objectives of researchers from both fields in improving patient outcomes, enhancing care quality, and promoting holistic wellness. This integration of TCIM and AI introduces exciting opportunities but also noteworthy challenges. AI may augment TCIM by assisting in early disease detection, providing personalized treatment plans, predicting health trends, and enhancing patient engagement. Challenges at the intersection of AI and TCIM include data privacy and security, regulatory complexities, maintaining the human touch in patient-provider relationships, and mitigating bias in AI algorithms. Patients' trust, informed consent, and legal accountability are all essential considerations. Future directions in AI-enhanced TCIM include advanced personalized medicine, understanding the efficacy of herbal remedies, and studying patient-provider interactions. Research on bias mitigation, patient acceptance, and trust in AI-driven TCIM healthcare is crucial. In this article, we outlined that the merging of TCIM and AI holds great promise in enhancing healthcare delivery, personalizing treatment plans, preventive care, and patient engagement. Addressing challenges and fostering collaboration between AI experts, TCIM practitioners, and policymakers, however, is vital to harnessing the full potential of this integration.

Yonghan Li, Chenyu Wu, Taoran Wu et al.

In this paper, we investigate the problem of verifying the finite-time safety of continuous-time perturbed deterministic systems represented by ordinary differential equations in the presence of measurable disturbances. Given a finite-time horizon, if the system is safe, it, starting from a compact initial set, will remain within an open and bounded safe region throughout the specified time horizon, regardless of the disturbances. The main contribution of this work is a converse theorem: we prove that a continuously differentiable, time-dependent barrier certificate exists if and only if the system is safe over the finite-time horizon. The existence problem is explored by finding a continuously differentiable approximation of a unique Lipschitz viscosity solution to a Hamilton-Jacobi equation.

Ahmad Bin Afzal, Nabil Mohammed, Shehab Ahmed et al.

Climate change has led to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, posing significant challenges for power distribution systems. In response, this work presents a planning approach in order to enhance the resilience of distribution systems against climatic hazards. The framework systematically addresses uncertainties during extreme events, including weather variability and line damage. Key strategies include line hardening, backup diesel generators, and sectionalizers to strengthen resilience. We model spatio-temporal dynamics and costs through a hybrid model integrating stochastic processes with deterministic elements. A two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear approach is developed to optimize resilience investments against load loss, generator operations, and repairs. Case studies on the IEEE 15-bus benchmark system and a realistic distribution grid model in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia demonstrate enhanced system robustness as well as cost efficiency of 10% and 15%, respectively.

Wei Liang, Li Le, Cun Yaling et al.

Mountain bike (MTB) racing is a highly intensive physical activity and requires a high degree of technical ability to perform at the elite athlete level, which might compromise mental well-being, increasing symptoms of anxiety and depression through overtraining, injury, and burnout. Yoga Pranayama is the key to bringing about psychosomatic integration and harmony. This study aimed to explore the effects of yoga pranayama practices (YPP) on elite mountain bikers' burnout. This is a single-arm pilot study. Twenty-seven subjects practiced 30 sessions of YPP seven times a week for 1 month. The outcomes measured were blood biochemical parameters accompanied by complete blood count and athlete burnout score. Cubital vein blood test and burnout questionnaire were conducted at baseline and after 1 month. Test results showed a significant decrease in cortisol (CO) (P = 0.001) and urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) and an increase in testosterone: CO ratio (P = 0.001). This study indicates that YPP might improve burnout in elite mountain bikers.

Evellyn Alves Schautz, Rogério Dias Renovato

No decorrer da formação acadêmica e profissional, questões envolvendo a administração de medicamentos merecem atenção diferenciada pela importância e pelos riscos que são gerados. Para a administração de medicamentos em pacientes com sonda enteral, o profissional enfermeiro deve analisar o risco de alteração do princípio ativo do fármaco, o risco de obstrução da sonda e se a velocidade de absorção do fármaco é alterada ou não pela presença da dieta enteral. O objetivo desse artigo foi relatar a experiência do desenvolvimento de curso de educação a distância (EaD), oriundo de um projeto de extensão universitária sobre administração de medicamentos por sondas enterais, aplicando a Teoria Sistêmica Ecológica Cibernética de Enfermagem (TSECE), de Rosalda Paim. O processo formativo do curso contemplou marcos teóricos e conceituais de práticas educativas em saúde e tecnologias educacionais em saúde. O curso ofereceu 30 vagas e teve duração de 45 dias. Foi organizado em quatro módulos de caráter sequencial, incluindo materiais didáticos e audiovisuais, sendo ofertado para uma turma composta por enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem. Inscreveram-se 12 participantes, três enfermeiros e nove estudantes de enfermagem. Dos 12 participantes, sete concluíram o curso e cinco evadiram. Aspectos positivos da experiência com o curso EaD foram relatados pelos participantes, como a facilidade de manejo na plataforma Moodle e a disponibilização dos materiais didáticos (manual e materiais bibliográficos complementares) que puderam ser utilizados no campo de trabalho. Sugeriram aprofundar mais o conteúdo de referencial teórico nos vídeos disponibilizados. Cursos na modalidade EaD, que possibilitem o acesso a materiais que facilitem a apropriação de conteúdos e a aprendizagem nos espaços de trabalho, são potentes para o aprimoramento técnico-cientifico para profissionais e estudantes de enfermagem. Estudos complementares são necessários, buscando compreender os motivos de abandono do curso.

Qin Yang, Ramviyas Parasuraman

Underlying relationships among Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) in hazardous scenarios can be represented as Game-theoretic models. This paper proposes a new hierarchical network-based model called Game-theoretic Utility Tree (GUT), which decomposes high-level strategies into executable low-level actions for cooperative MAS decisions. It combines with a new payoff measure based on agent needs for real-time strategy games. We present an Explore game domain, where we measure the performance of MAS achieving tasks from the perspective of balancing the success probability and system costs. We evaluate the GUT approach against state-of-the-art methods that greedily rely on rewards of the composite actions. Conclusive results on extensive numerical simulations indicate that GUT can organize more complex relationships among MAS cooperation, helping the group achieve challenging tasks with lower costs and higher winning rates. Furthermore, we demonstrated the applicability of the GUT using the simulator-hardware testbed - Robotarium. The performances verified the effectiveness of the GUT in the real robot application and validated that the GUT could effectively organize MAS cooperation strategies, helping the group with fewer advantages achieve higher performance.

Ishan Chawla, Manu Sharma

Diabetic foot ulcers termed as DFUs or commonly known as diabetic injuries have become the significant reasons for mortality in patients who are suffering from diabetes. Curcumin, a polyphenol is the main curcuminoid present in turmeric (belonging to ginger family Zingiberaceae). It is largely utilized as a dietary, nutritional, herbal supplement, cosmetics element, shading specialist and coloring agent. Curcumin has intense calming, hostile, anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticancer properties and features making it a commendable possibility for wound healing and other fiery sicknesses. It has been utilized worldwide in miscellaneous forms for manifold health benefits and has gathered noteworthy consideration in the beyond couple of time in treating diabetes and its complexities. Notwithstanding, not many examinations are accessible comparable to curcumin as a diabetic injury mending specialist with the fundamental components still in obscurity. Consequently, this paper examines the potential purposes of this potent natural compound curcumin for the treatment of DFUs with the comparing systems at various points of diabetic injury recuperating. The present audit likewise sums up the different in vitro and in vivo investigations laid out/provided details pertaining to curcumin in treating DFUs. It  provide a concise summary of the plethora of research regarding role of curcumin.

Eloisa da Silveira Azambuja Simao, Karen Christina Rodrigues dos Santos, Cynthia Fontella Sant Anna et al.

Este trabalho trata do relato de experiência do Fórum Regional de Educação Permanente em Saúde que é realizado anualmente pela 7ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde através da Comissão de Integração Ensino-Serviço (CIES) constituída pelas representações dos diferentes serviços de saúde e instituições de ensino. A proposição do fórum justifica-se pela carência de eventos dessa natureza na região e pela necessidade de uma ação que potencialize o compartilhamento de experiências na rede de saúde. Em novembro de 2021 ocorreu a 7ª edição do Fórum, totalmente virtual com metodologias adaptadas para este formato. Para garantir participação do público-alvo, o evento foi planejado a partir da consulta aos representantes da CIES. Pela manhã, após abertura e apresentação do histórico dos fóruns, foram debatidos os temas: Política Estadual de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde e PICS no cuidado de trabalhadores da saúde e da educação na sindemia de Covid-19, bem como os municípios relataram suas experiências dentro dessa temática. No turno da tarde, os gestores municipais falaram sobre os desafios enfrentados durante a pandemia e os servidores apresentaram seus relatos referentes ao enfrentamento da Covid-19. Ao longo do dia foram registrados 95 acessos ao evento, evidenciando a participação de todos os municípios que compõem a Regional. Mesmo virtual, o Fórum permanece como um dos principais eventos de saúde da região, integrando profissionais, estudantes, gestores e comunidade difundindo as ações de saúde que são realizadas e fortalecendo a rede de saúde. Palavras-chave: Educação em Saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde. Saúde Pública.

Ilya Kiselev, Chang Gao, Shih-Chii Liu

Including local automatic gain control (AGC) circuitry into a silicon cochlea design has been challenging because of transistor mismatch and model complexity. To address this, we present an alternative system-level algorithm that implements channel-specific AGC in a silicon spiking cochlea by measuring the output spike activity of individual channels. The bandpass filter gain of a channel is adapted dynamically to the input amplitude so that the average output spike rate stays within a defined range. Because this AGC mechanism only needs counting and adding operations, it can be implemented at low hardware cost in a future design. We evaluate the impact of the local AGC algorithm on a classification task where the input signal varies over 32 dB input range. Two classifier types receiving cochlea spike features were tested on a speech versus noise classification task. The logistic regression classifier achieves an average of 6% improvement and 40.8% relative improvement in accuracy when the AGC is enabled. The deep neural network classifier shows a similar improvement for the AGC case and achieves a higher mean accuracy of 96% compared to the best accuracy of 91% from the logistic regression classifier.

Junyao Hou, Siyuan Liu, Xiang Yin et al.

In this paper, we consider the problem of verifying pre-opacity for discrete-time control systems. Pre-opacity is an important information-flow security property that secures the intention of a system to execute some secret behaviors in the future. Existing works on pre-opacity only consider non-metric discrete systems, where it is assumed that intruders can distinguish different output behaviors precisely. However, for continuous-space control systems whose output sets are equipped with metrics (which is the case for most real-world applications), it is too restrictive to assume precise measurements from outside observers. In this paper, we first introduce a concept of approximate pre-opacity by capturing the security level of control systems with respect to the measurement precision of the intruder. Based on this new notion of pre-opacity, we propose a verification approach for continuous-space control systems by leveraging abstraction-based techniques. In particular, a new concept of approximate pre-opacity preserving simulation relation is introduced to characterize the distance between two systems in terms of preserving pre-opacity. This new system relation allows us to verify pre-opacity of complex continuous-space control systems using their finite abstractions. We also present a method to construct pre-opacity preserving finite abstractions for a class of discrete-time control systems under certain stability assumptions.

B. Dhamija, D. Batheja, B. Balain

Objective The primary intention of this review being to produce an updated systematic review of the literature on published outcomes of decompressive surgery for metastatic spinal disease including metastatic spinal cord compression, using techniques of MIS and open decompressive surgery. Methods The authors conducted database searches of OVID MEDLINE and EMBASE identifying those studies that reported clinical outcomes, surgical techniques used along with associated complications when decompressive surgery was employed for metastatic spinal tumors. Both retrospective and prospective studies were analysed. Articles were assessed to ensure the required inclusion criteria was met. Articles were then categorised and tabulated based on the following reported outcomes: predictors of survival, predictors of ambulation or motor function, surgical technique, neurological function, and miscellaneous outcomes. Results 2654 citations were retrieved from databases, of these 31 met the inclusion criteria. 5 studies were prospective, the remaining 26 were retrospective. Publication years ranged from 2000 to 2020. Study size ranged from 30 to 914 patients. The most common primary tumors identified were lungs, breast, prostate and renal cancers. One study ( Lo and Yang, 2017)13 reported that in those patients with motor deficit, survival was significantly improved when surgery was performed within 7 days of the development of motor deficit compared to situations when surgery was carried out 7 days after onset. This was the only study that showed that the timing of surgery plays a significant role w.r.t. survival following the onset of spinal cord compression symptoms. Four articles identified that a pre-operative intact motor function and or ambulatory status conferred a higher likelihood of a better post-operative outcome, not just in relation to survival but also in relation to post-operative ambulation as well as a greater tendency towards suitability for adjuvant treatment. Even for the same scoring system e.g. tokuhashi and its effectiveness in predicting survival, results from different studies varied in their outcome. The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) being the most commonly used tool to assess functional impairment, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status being used in two studies. 23 studies identified an improvement in neurological function following surgery. The most common functional scale used to assess neurological outcome was the Frankel scale, 3 studies used the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale for this purpose. Wound problems including infection and dehiscence appeared to be the most commonly reported surgical complication. (25 studies). The most commonly used surgical technique involved a posterior approach with decompression, with or without stabilisation. Less commonly employed techniques included percutaneous pedicle screw fixation associated with or without mini-decompression as well as anterior approaches involving corpectomy and instrumentation. 9 studies included in their data, the effect of radiation therapy in combination with surgery or as a comparison used as an alternative to surgery in spinal metastases. Conclusions We provide a systematic literature review on the outcomes of decompressive surgery for spinal metastases. We analyse survival data, motor function, neurological function, as well as the techniques of surgery used. Where appropriate complications of surgery are also highlighted. It is the authors' intention to provide the reader with a reference text where this information is ready to hand, allowing for the consideration of means and methods to improve and optimise the standard of care in patients undergoing surgical intervention for metastatic spinal disease.

Yusuf Kaya, Z. Yousefi, M. Akrami et al.

Marisa Flores de Quadros, Anelise Costa, Graziela Lenz Viegas et al.

A Ergologia é uma proposta multidisciplinar de análise do trabalho como atividade humana. É uma teoria que pode ser usada para a análise de cotidianos laborais com o objetivo de contribuir com a saúde dos trabalhadores. Este Boletim propõe-se a analisar o modo como os trabalhadores vivenciam o enfrentamento ao trabalho real imposto pela pandemia, trazendo uma reflexão a partir dos referenciais da ergologia. A pandemia da COVID-19 oferece uma nova e desafiadora rotina diária para os profissionais da saúde, que atuam diretamente ou indiretamente no atendimento à população. O Brasil, muito antes da chegada do SARS-CoV-2, já enfrentava impasses em seu sistema de saúde sobrecarregado. O Boletim apresenta relatos de experiências de profissionais da área da saúde, três enfermeiras e uma fisioterapeuta da linha de frente, no início dos primeiros movimentos de implementação das políticas de combate à COVID-19. São profissionais que atuam no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) - hospitais, unidade básica de saúde e vigilância em saúde de municípios do interior e da capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Pensar nos cenários enfrentados pelos trabalhadores da saúde compreende resgatar histórias singulares vividas, que efetivaram parceria em tempos de pandemia. Cotidianos de trabalho diferentes, porém, vivenciados em um mesmo cenário de perdas e de problemas em comum, com a incerteza em relação à segurança no trabalho e suas complexas repercussões. A pandemia evidencia a importância das pesquisas e dos pesquisadores e, mais do que nunca, a necessidade de que os trabalhadores sejam ouvidos e participem, colaborando, para juntos, tornar as atividades com menor risco possível e, consequentemente, manter a qualidade no cuidado à saúde e segurança das pessoas. Palavra-chave: Ergologia. Sistema Único de Saúde. COVID-19.

Seong Eun Jin, Hyeun-Kyoo Shin, Hyekyung Ha

Background: Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) is a safe and effective analgesic at therapeutic dosage. However, APAP overdose is a major cause of acute liver injury. Gamisoyo-san (GMSYS; Jiaweixiaoyao-san in Chinese, Kamishoyo-san in Japanese), a traditional herbal formula, is used to treat phlegm and cough in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of GMSYS against APAP-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo. Methods: We evaluated the effect of GMSYS on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by measuring cell viability in murine BNL CL.2 liver cells. Additionally, BALB/c mice were orally administered with GMSYS once daily for 7 days. Eighteen hours after the last administration, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 200 mg/kg APAP. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, hepatic antioxidants, and histological changes were examined. Results: Pretreatment with GMSYS attenuated the decrease in cell viability induced by APAP in BNL CL.2 cells. In mice, pre-administration with GMSYS alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing plasma ALT and AST activities and hepatic malondialdehyde, and by increasing the total glutathione (GSH)/reduced GSH ratio and the activities of several antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, GSH-S-transferase, and heme oxygenase-1. Conclusion: GMSYS has a protective effect against APAP-induced acute liver injury by decreasing plasma transaminases and increasing antioxidants. GMSYS may be an effective candidate for the prevention of acute liver injury.

Debasattam Pal, Shiva Shankar

A discrete multidimensional system is the set of solutions to a system of linear partial difference equations defined on the lattice $\Z^n$. This paper shows that it is determined by a unique coarsest sublattice, in the sense that the solutions of the system on this sublattice determine the solutions on $\Z^n$; it is therefore the correct domain of definition of the discrete system. In turn, the defining sublattice is determined by a Galois group of symmetries that leave invariant the equations defining the system. These results find application in understanding properties of the system such as controllability and autonomy, and in its order reduction.