Hasil untuk "Mineral industries. Metal trade"

Elspeth K. H. Lee, Aaron Werlen, Caroline Dorn

The potential presence of a magma surface below a thick atmosphere primarily composed of hydrogen in some sub-Neptune exoplanets suggests a strong link between the interior composition and atmosphere through chemical coupling of volatile and refractory species. In this study, we aim to model the possibility for mineral cloud formation in the atmosphere of sub-Neptunes from outgassing of refractory species at the magma surface. In our specific cases, we find that mineral clouds easily form near the magma-atmosphere boundary, but also higher in the atmosphere once vapour is mixed to the cooler atmospheric regions. We find that the vertical cloud structure depends on the mixing profile of the atmosphere, with stronger mixing allowing particles to remain lofted in the atmosphere, while weak to moderate mixing produces larger, more sedimented cloud particle profiles. We suggest that due to the strong thermal feedback from cloud opacity, clouds may play an important role in the overall structure of the interior-surface-atmosphere coupled system in sub-Neptunes, as well as affect their observed spectral properties, especially at near-infrared wavelengths.

Thomas Pöllabauer, Michael Gasser, Tristan Wirth et al.

6D object pose estimation suffers from reduced accuracy when applied to metallic objects. We set out to improve the state-of-the-art by addressing challenges such as reflections and specular highlights in industrial applications. Our novel BOP-compatible dataset, featuring a diverse set of metallic objects (cans, household, and industrial items) under various lighting and background conditions, provides additional geometric and visual cues. We demonstrate that these cues can be effectively leveraged to enhance overall performance. To illustrate the usefulness of the additional features, we improve upon the GDRNPP algorithm by introducing an additional keypoint prediction and material estimator head in order to improve spatial scene understanding. Evaluations on the new dataset show improved accuracy for metallic objects, supporting the hypothesis that additional geometric and visual cues can improve learning.

Chinh Nguyen Duy, Jong-Hwan Ko

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess the economic implications of Vietnamese Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets towards emission reduction. Design/Methodology/Approach - We devised four scenarios corresponding to economy-wide emission reduction targets and sector targets specified in the most up to date NDC of Vietnam and the NDC technical report. The scenarios were then simulated in a CGE framework to reveal how important economic indicators and welfare change relative to baseline scenarios in 2030. The capital-energy substitution elasticities of 24 Vietnamese sectors were also estimated using a nested CES production function and used for model calibration. Findings - The results indicate that the coal mining sector undergoes a significant decline in output in response to the imposition of emission reduction schemes. Outputs of sectors with high capital-energy substitution elasticities such as non-metallic mineral, metal, and agriculture are more resilient to mild restriction policies compared with sectors with low elasticities. Imposing a moderate economy-wide restriction might lead to slight improvements in GDP and welfare. Under aggressive emission policies, the CGE model predicts major trade shifts in key export sectors, including electronics, electrical equipment, and machinery, and losses in allocative efficiency due to reduced input tax revenue. Research Implications - We recommend excluding the coal mining sector from NDC, providing short-term tax cuts or cost subsidies for exporting industries under aggressive sector-specific emission policies, and imposing a carbon tax on sectors insensitive to emission restrictions to offset the loss in tax revenue.

Tracy Patricia Nindry Abigail Rolnmuch, Yuhana Astuti

The realization of FDI and DDI from January to December 2022 reached Rp1,207.2 trillion. The largest FDI investment realization by sector was led by the Basic Metal, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery, and Equipment Industry sector, followed by the Mining sector and the Electricity, Gas, and Water sector. The uneven amount of FDI investment realization in each industry and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia are the main issues addressed in this study. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the entry of FDI into industries in Indonesia and measure the extent of these factors' influence on the entry of FDI. In this study, classical assumption tests and hypothesis tests are conducted to investigate whether the research model is robust enough to provide strategic options nationally. Moreover, this study uses the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The results show that the electricity factor does not influence FDI inflows in the three industries. The Human Development Index (HDI) factor has a significant negative effect on FDI in the Mining Industry and a significant positive effect on FDI in the Basic Metal, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery, and Equipment Industries. However, HDI does not influence FDI in the Electricity, Gas, and Water Industries in Indonesia.

Qiuping Li, Sanmang Wu, Shantong Li

With the accelerated expansion of global value chains (GVCs), China occupies an increasingly important position in the global production division system, which has important impacts for its economy and environment. Comprehensively measuring the economic benefits and emissions costs of China's participation in GVCs, and striving to achieve a mutually beneficial state of GVC upgrade and low-carbon economic development, are critical issues for China. This study applies the accounting framework of value-added trade and embodied CO2 emission trade to measure the potential CO2 emissions cost of China's value-added gains through traditional trade, simple GVC, and complex GVC from 2000 to 2014. The findings are fourfold. (1) Compared with traditional trade, GVC-related activities require higher carbon emissions costs to obtain value added, which exacerbates China's economic-environmental imbalance. (2) Electricity, Metals, and Non-metallic mineral industries are the primary sectors of embodied CO2 emissions exports, and they bear heavy emissions pressure while obtaining limited value added. (3) China's embodied CO2 trade and value-added trade with developing countries through GVCs are rising, whereas the trade with developed countries reveals a downward trend. (4) The characteristics of China's industrial paths under different trade routes vary considerably. CO2 emissions in the industrial path of GVC-related activities are more hidden, and comprehensive management must be carried out throughout the entire industrial chain from production to consumption. This study proposes policy recommendations for the coordinated development of economic and environmental relations, such as reducing the carbon intensity of key industries, strengthening trade cooperation with emerging economies, and enhancing China's position in GVCs.

Danial Ramin, Stefano Spinelli, Alessandro Brusaferri

The increasing challenges to the grid stability posed by the penetration of renewable energy resources urge a more active role for demand response programs as viable alternatives to a further expansion of peak power generators. This work presents a methodology to exploit the demand flexibility of energy-intensive industries under Demand-Side Management programs in the energy and reserve markets. To this end, we propose a novel scheduling model for a multi-stage multi-line process, which incorporates both the critical manufacturing constraints and the technical requirements imposed by the market. Using mixed integer programming approach, two optimization problems are formulated to sequentially minimize the cost in a day-ahead energy market and maximize the reserve provision when participating in the ancillary market. The effectiveness of day-ahead scheduling model has been verified for the case of a real metal casting plant in the Nordic market, where a significant reduction of energy cost is obtained. Furthermore, the reserve provision is shown to be a potential tool for capitalizing on the reserve market as a secondary revenue stream.

P. Colomban, Burcu Kırmızı, Gulsu Simsek Franci

Minerals able to colour in blue (and green in combination with yellow pigments) are limited in number and geologically. After presenting a short history of the use of cobalt as a colouring agent of glass, glaze and enamel in the Western/Mediterranean, Islamic and Asian worlds since Antiquity, we will present the different forms (dissolved ions, natural and synthetic crystalline phases/pigments) of cobalt and associated elements regarding primary (transition metals) and secondary geological deposits (transition metals and/or arsenic, bismuth, silver). Attempts to identify the origin of cobalt have been made by many authors considering the associated elements but without considering the important modifications due to different processing of the raw materials (extraction/purification/formulation). We review the information available in the ancient reports and present literature on the use of cobalt, its extraction and production from the ores, the different geological sources and their relationship with associated elements (transition metals, bismuth, arsenic, and silver) and with technological/aesthetic requirements. (Partial) substitution of cobalt with lapis lazuli is also addressed. The relative application of non-invasive mobile Raman and pXRF analytical instruments, to detect mineral phases and elements associated with/replacing cobalt is addressed, with emphasis on Mamluk, Ottoman, Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese productions. The efficiency of Ni-Zn-As diagram proposed by Gratuze et al. as a classification tool is confirmed but additionally, CoO-Fe2O3−MnO and CoO-NiO-Cr2O3 diagrams are also found as very efficient tools in this research. The relationship between the compositional data obtained from the artefacts and historical questions on the origin and date of their production are discussed in order to obtain a global historical view. The need of a better knowledge of (ancient) deposits of cobalt ores and the evolution of cobalt ore processing with time and place is obvious.

K. Miller, K. Brigden, D. Santillo et al.

The extraction of minerals from the seabed of the deep oceans is of increasing interest to investors, mining companies and some coastal states. To date, no commercial-scale deep seabed mining has taken place but there is considerable pressure for minerals mining to become an economic reality, including to supply the projected demand for metals to support a global transition to renewable energy. At the same time, the full environmental impacts of deep seabed mining are difficult to predict but are expected to be highly damaging, both within, and perhaps well beyond, the areas mined. Here, we reflect on the considerable uncertainties that exist in relation to deep seabed mining. In particular, we provide a perspective on: (1) arguments that deep seabed mining is needed to supply minerals for the green energy revolution, using the electric vehicle battery industry as an illustration; (2) risks to biodiversity, ecosystem function and related ecosystem services; and (3) the lack of equitable benefit sharing to the global community now and for future generations. We explore the justification for a global moratorium on deep seabed mining to ensure protection of marine ecosystems, the need to focus on baseline research, and how improved governance of targeted marine regions could be key to the preservation and conservation of the ocean biome.

C. Belviso

Soil pollution is an increasingly urgent problem for the global environment. Soil can be contaminated with potential toxic metals from many anthropogenic activities, besides fossil fuel combustion and crude oil production, ranging from industry to mining and agriculture. Many technologies have been analysed to solve this type of environmental pollution and methods involving the use of minerals (e.g., clay minerals, zeolites, and natural silica adsorbents) are widely described in the literature. This article provides a summary of studies concerning the use of zeolites in soil remediation. A considerable number of these experiments were conducted using natural zeolites, while fewer concerned the utilization of synthetic zeolites. The mechanism controlling the successful application of these minerals was analysed through referring to global data published on this topic over the last few decades. This review also briefly discusses the limitations on zeolite applications and the drawbacks of the approaches analysed.

Mayank Kejriwal, Yuesheng Luo

In recent decades, trade between nations has constituted an important component of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with official estimates showing that it likely accounted for a quarter of total global production. While evidence of association already exists in macro-economic data between trade volume and GDP growth, there is considerably less work on whether, at the level of individual granular sectors (such as vehicles or minerals), associations exist between the complexity of trading networks and global GDP. In this paper, we explore this question by using publicly available data from the Atlas of Economic Complexity project to rigorously construct global trade networks between nations across multiple sectors, and studying the correlation between network-theoretic measures computed on these networks (such as average clustering coefficient and density) and global GDP. We find that there is indeed significant association between trade networks' complexity and global GDP across almost every sector, and that network metrics also correlate with business cycle phenomena such as the Great Recession of 2007-2008. Our results show that trade volume alone cannot explain global GDP growth, and that network science may prove to be a valuable empirical avenue for studying complexity in macro-economic phenomena such as trade.

S. Northey, G. Mudd, T. Werner et al.

Kosuke Toda, Naomi Kuze, Toshimitsu Ushio

To maintain blockchain-based services with ensuring its security, it is an important issue how to decide a mining reward so that the number of miners participating in the mining increases. We propose a dynamical model of decision-making for miners using an evolutionary game approach and analyze the stability of equilibrium points of the proposed model. The proposed model is described by the 1st-order differential equation. So, it is simple but its theoretical analysis gives an insight into the characteristics of the decision-making. Through the analysis of the equilibrium points, we show the transcritical bifurcations and hysteresis phenomena of the equilibrium points. We also design a controller that determines the mining reward based on the number of participating miners to stabilize the state that all miners participate in the mining. Numerical simulation shows that there is a trade-off in the choice of the design parameters.

Lucie Riu, François Poulet, Jean-Pierre Bibring et al.

A radiative transfer model was used to reproduce several millions of OMEGA (Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité) spectra representative of igneous terrains of Mars. This task provided the modal composition and grain sizes at a planetary scale. The lithology can be summarized in five mineral maps at km-scale. We found that the low albedo equatorial regions of the Martian surface (from 60°S to 30°N) are globally dominated by plagioclase with average abundance ~50 vol% and pyroxenes with total averaged abundance close to 40 vol%. An evolution of the LCP/(LCP+HCP) ratio is observed with time at the global scale, suggesting an evolution of the degree of partial melting throughout the Martian eras. Olivine and Martian dust are minor components of the modelled terrains. The olivine distribution is quite different from the other minerals because it is found on localized areas with abundance reaching 20 vol%. A statistical approach, to classify the pixels of the abundances maps, using k-means clustering, highlighted seven distinct mineral assemblages on the surface. This classification illustrates that diverse mineralogical units are found in the Noachian and Hesperian terrains, which suggests the presence of various and complex magmatic processes at a global scale during the two oldest eras. The chemical composition was derived from the modal composition maps. The OMEGA-derived chemical composition is quite consistent with several distinctive geochemical characteristics previously considered as fingerprints of the Martian surface. A major discrepancy is in regards to the Fe content that is significantly smaller than soil and rock analyses from GRS and in situ measurements. The discrepancy could be partly explained by the assumptions used for the spectral modelling or could also indicate surface alteration rinds.

Dinh C. Nguyen, Ming Ding, Pubudu N. Pathirana et al.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) offers promising opportunities to transform the operation of industrial systems and becomes a key enabler for future industries. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely utilized for realizing intelligent IIoT applications where AI techniques require centralized data collection and processing. However, this is not always feasible in realistic scenarios due to the high scalability of modern IIoT networks and growing industrial data confidentiality. Federated Learning (FL), as an emerging collaborative AI approach, is particularly attractive for intelligent IIoT networks by coordinating multiple IIoT devices and machines to perform AI training at the network edge while helping protect user privacy. In this article, we provide a detailed overview and discussions of the emerging applications of FL in key IIoT services and applications. A case study is also provided to demonstrate the feasibility of FL in IIoT. Finally, we highlight a range of interesting open research topics that need to be addressed for the full realization of FL-IIoT in industries.

A. Mateus, L. Martins

Boqiang Lin, Mengmeng Xu

The South-South trade has witnessed a rapid development over the years, but its impacts on the participating countries remain unknown. Taking Sino-Russian trade as evidence, a multiregional input-output model is adopted and three types of non-carbon pollutant are chosen to investigate whether China has become the "pollution heaven" in South-South trade. After investigating the industry structure distribution and trade flows of embodied pollution during 2000-2014, the driving factors of the changes in embodied pollutant are further explored by Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA). The results showed that China has gradually lost the win-win situation of trade surplus and pollution reduction. Since the year 2007, China has totally become a net exporter of embodied pollutions, and has become to bear the environmental costs in the trade with Russia. The expansion of exports to Russia is the main cause of increasing embodied pollutant emission in China, and the progress of emissions reduction technology effect is not sufficient to offset the increase in embodied pollutant emissions. From the sectoral aspect, we find that the exports of textiles, leather, chemical, machinery and electronics are the main causes of pollution outflows. Meanwhile, imports of mineral, transport, metals, coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel to a certain extent eased the pressure of pollution reduction in China.

P. Crowson

This purely descriptive note discusses various aspects of world trade in minerals. It is not aimed at specialist mineral economists who may extract any detailed trade figures they require from the United Nations’ Comtrade database. Rather it is directed to all those who might use readily available aggregate data on minerals trade for broad analyses of the minerals industry. It starts from the most commonly quoted estimates of minerals trade before looking at some of the issues surrounding those measures and highlighting some of the pitfalls involved. It then examines both the product composition and geographical origins of minerals trade and how it has developed over the past half century. The concluding sections turn to a discussion of the merits and demerits of various measures of mineral dependence.

Yuichi Ito, Masahiro Ikoma

Recent exoplanet statistics indicate that photo-evaporation has a great impact on the mass and bulk composition of close-in low-mass planets. While there are many studies addressing photo-evaporation of hydrogen-rich or water-rich atmospheres, no detailed investigation regarding rocky vapor atmospheres (or mineral atmospheres) has been conducted. Here, we develop a new 1-D hydrodynamic model of the UV-irradiated mineral atmosphere composed of Na, Mg, O, Si, their ions and electrons, includin molecular diffusion, thermal conduction, photo-/thermo-chemistry, X--ray and UV heating, and radiative line cooling (i.e., the effects of the optical thickness and non-LTE). The focus of this paper is on describing our methodology but presents some new findings. Our hydrodynamic simulations demonstrate that almost all of the incident X-ray and UV energy from the host-star is converted into and lost by the radiative emission of the coolant gas species such as Na, Mg, Mg$^+$, Si$^{2+}$, Na$^{3+}$ and Si$^{3+}$. For an Earth-size planet orbiting 0.02~AU around a young solar-type star, we find that the X-ray and UV heating efficiency is as small as $1 \times 10^{-3}$, which corresponds to 0.3~$\Mearth$/Gyr of the mass loss rate simply integrated over all the directions. Because of such efficient cooling, the photo-evaporation of the mineral atmosphere on hot rocky exoplanets with masses of $1\Mearth$ is not massive enough to exert a great influence on the planetary mass and bulk composition. This suggests that close-in high-density exoplanets with sizes larger than the Earth radius survive in the high-UV environments.

Siyu Huang, Wensha Gou, Hongbo Cai et al.

In contrast to the rapid integration of the world economy, many regional trade agreements (RTAs) have also emerged since the early 1990s. This seeming contradiction has encouraged scholars and policy makers to explore the true effects of RTAs, including both regional and global trade relationships. This paper defines synthesized trade resistance and decomposes it into natural and artificial factors. Here, we separate the influence of geographical distance, economic volume, overall increases in transportation and labor costs and use the expectation maximization algorithm to optimize the parameters and quantify the trade purity indicator, which describes the true global trade environment and relationships among countries. This indicates that although global and most regional trade relations gradually deteriorated during the period 2007-2017, RTAs generate trade relations among members, especially contributing to the relative prosperity of EU and NAFTA countries. In addition, we apply the network to reflect the purity of the trade relations among countries. The effects of RTAs can be analyzed by comparing typical trade unions and trade communities, which are presented using an empirical network structure. This analysis shows that the community structure is quite consistent with some trade unions, and the representative RTAs constitute the core structure of international trade network. However, the role of trade unions has weakened, and multilateral trade liberalization has accelerated in the past decade. This means that more countries have recently tended to expand their trading partners outside of these unions rather than limit their trading activities to RTAs.

Go Yamamoto, Aron Laszka, Fuhito Kojima

We model and analyze blockchain miners who seek to maximize the compound return of their mining businesses. The analysis of the optimal strategies finds a new equilibrium point among the miners and the mining pools, which predicts the market share of each miner or mining pool. The cost of mining determines the share of each miner or mining pool at equilibrium. We conclude that neither miners nor mining pools who seek to maximize their compound return will have a financial incentive to occupy more than 50% of the hash rate if the cost of mining is at the same level for all. However, if there is an outstandingly cost-efficient miner, then the market share of this miner may exceed 50% in the equilibrium, which can threaten the viability of the entire ecosystem.