Hasil untuk "Medicine"

J. Jameson, D. Longo

N. Schork

Shao Li, Bo Zhang

J. Nolan, J. Soar, A. Cariou et al.

Chaomei Chen, Zhigang Hu, Shengbo Liu et al.

A. Sadeh

B. Nelson, Ioannis K. Kaliakatsos, J. Abbott

H. Hatcher, R. Planalp, J. Cho et al.

J. Clarke

Course of the fibres of taste.?With regard to the vexed question as to the course of the taste-fibres, Morriston Davies, in a very valuable paper on the " Functions of the Trigeminal Nerve," based partly on experimental evidence, and partly on the material afforded by fifty cases in which the Gasserian ganglion had been removed,1 brings forward the following evidence. The difference of opinion is chiefly as to the connection between the

E. Freidson

L. Pescatello, B. Franklin, R. Fagard et al.

H. Brown, Robin Presco

R. Stafford

E. Ashley

A. Welz, A. Emberger-Klein, K. Menrad

BackgroundThe use of herbal medicine, as one element of complementary and alternative medicine, is increasing worldwide. Little is known about the reasons for and factors associated with its use. This study derives insights for the use of herbal medicine in Germany regarding the usage aims, role played by the type of illness, reasons for preferred usage and sources of information.MethodsUsing a qualitative methodological approach, six focus groups (n = 46) were conducted. Two groups with young, middle-aged and elderly participants, respectively. After audiotaping and verbatim transcription, the data were analysed with a qualitative content analysis.ResultsWe found that treating illnesses was the most frequently discussed aim for using herbal medicine over all age groups. Preventing illnesses and promoting health were less frequently mentioned overall, but were important for elderly people. Discussions on herbal medicine were associated with either mild/moderate diseases or using herbal medicine as a starting treatment before applying conventional medicine. In this context, participants emphasized the limits of herbal medicine for severe illnesses. Dissatisfaction with conventional treatment, past good experiences, positive aspects associated with herbal medicine, as well as family traditions were the most commonly-mentioned reasons why herbal medicine was preferred as treatment. Concerning information sources, independent reading and family traditions were found to be equally or even more important than consulting medicinal experts.ConclusionsAlthough herbal medicine is used mostly for treating mild to moderate illnesses and participants were aware of its limits, the combination of self-medication, non-expert consultation and missing risk awareness of herbal medicine is potentially harmful. This is particularly relevant for elderly users as, even though they appeared to be more aware of health-related issues, they generally use more medicine compared to younger ones. In light of our finding that dissatisfaction with conventional medicine was the most important reason for a preferred use of herbal medicine, government bodies, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies need to be aware of this problem and should aim to establish a certain level of awareness among users concerning this issue.

K. França, T. Lotti

Kevin Dzobo, N. E. Thomford, D. A. Senthebane et al.

Humans and animals lose tissues and organs due to congenital defects, trauma, and diseases. The human body has a low regenerative potential as opposed to the urodele amphibians commonly referred to as salamanders. Globally, millions of people would benefit immensely if tissues and organs can be replaced on demand. Traditionally, transplantation of intact tissues and organs has been the bedrock to replace damaged and diseased parts of the body. The sole reliance on transplantation has created a waiting list of people requiring donated tissues and organs, and generally, supply cannot meet the demand. The total cost to society in terms of caring for patients with failing organs and debilitating diseases is enormous. Scientists and clinicians, motivated by the need to develop safe and reliable sources of tissues and organs, have been improving therapies and technologies that can regenerate tissues and in some cases create new tissues altogether. Tissue engineering and/or regenerative medicine are fields of life science employing both engineering and biological principles to create new tissues and organs and to promote the regeneration of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and have a huge impact on three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. 3D bioprinting holds great promise for artificial tissue and organ bioprinting, thereby revolutionizing the field of regenerative medicine. This review discusses how recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering can improve 3D bioprinting and vice versa. Several challenges must be overcome in the application of 3D bioprinting before this disruptive technology is widely used to create organotypic constructs for regenerative medicine.

Jigang Wang, Y. Wong, F. Liao

Kyosuke Nagura, Satoko Watanabe, Taro Watanabe et al.

IntroductionOveractive bladder (OAB) drugs are widely prescribed, yet the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after treatment initiation remains poorly characterized.MethodsWe evaluated reports of AF associated with OAB medications using two spontaneous reporting systems (SRSs): the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database and the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). We screened eight agents and assessed signals using three disproportionality metrics: the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN). For drugs showing signals in both databases, we conducted stratified analyses by sex, age, and number of concomitant medications, and evaluated time-to-onset (TTO) using Weibull modeling.ResultsConsistent AF signals were identified for solifenacin succinate and mirabegron, whereas other agents did not meet the prespecified criteria. Solifenacin met the criteria in women and older adults in both JADER and FAERS. Mirabegron met the criteria across multiple strata in both datasets, indicating cross-stratum reproducibility. TTO was right‐skewed, with most reports occurring within one year of initiation. Exploratory Weibull modeling, based on limited numbers of date‐complete reports, suggested a wear-out pattern for solifenacin in JADER and an early pattern in FAERS, while mirabegron showed a random pattern in JADER and an early pattern in FAERS. These failure‐type patterns should therefore be interpreted cautiously.DiscussionThese findings are hypothesis-generating, given the limitations of SRSs, such as underreporting, missing dates, and unknown exposure—and they reflect reporting patterns rather than causal risk. They outline strata and early treatment periods that may warrant clinical attention and help prioritize pharmacovigilance and targeted hypothesis‐driven evaluation in routine OAB care.

Lin Ang, Eunhye Song, H. Lee et al.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a worldwide outbreak of respiratory illness. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and adverse events of herbal medicines for the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: Twelve databases were searched through 12 May 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs assessing the effects of herbal medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 were eligible. The study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used for the assessment of the risk of bias in all included RCTs. Mean differences (MDs), risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and the effect sizes of the studies were pooled. Results: Seven RCTs with a total of 855 patients were included. All included trials compared the combined therapy of herbal medicine with Western medicine to Western medicine alone. The combined therapy significantly improved the total effective rate (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.34, p < 0.001), cough symptom disappearance rate (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.89, p = 0.005), and sputum production symptom disappearance rate (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.50, p = 0.004). Beneficial effects of the combined therapy were also seen in TCM syndrome score of cough (MD −1.18, 95% CI −1.34 to −1.03, p < 0.001), fever (MD −0.62, 95% CI −0.79 to −0.45, p < 0.001), dry and sore throat (MD −0.83, 95% CI −1.45 to −0.20, p = 0.009), and fatigue (MD −0.60, 95% CI −1.04 to −0.17, p = 0.007). The overall risk of bias of the included studies was unclear. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Significant effects of the combined therapy of herbal medicine with Western medicine were found, and revealed the potential role of herbal medicine in treating COVID-19. More high-quality RCTs are needed to further validate the effectiveness and adverse events of herbal medicine in the treatment of COVID-19.