Hasil untuk "Language and Literature"

M. Collins

This article describes three statistical models for natural language parsing. The models extend methods from probabilistic context-free grammars to lexicalized grammars, leading to approaches in which a parse tree is represented as the sequence of decisions corresponding to a head-centered, top-down derivation of the tree. Independence assumptions then lead to parameters that encode the X-bar schema, subcategorization, ordering of complements, placement of adjuncts, bigram lexical dependencies, wh-movement, and preferences for close attachment. All of these preferences are expressed by probabilities conditioned on lexical heads. The models are evaluated on the Penn Wall Street Journal Treebank, showing that their accuracy is competitive with other models in the literature. To gain a better understanding of the models, we also give results on different constituent types, as well as a breakdown of precision/recall results in recovering various types of dependencies. We analyze various characteristics of the models through experiments on parsing accuracy, by collecting frequencies of various structures in the treebank, and through linguistically motivated examples. Finally, we compare the models to others that have been applied to parsing the treebank, aiming to give some explanation of the difference in performance of the various models.

Ann Cutler, Delphine Dahan, Wilma van Donselaar

L. Vygotsky

N. Pérez

Kumaravadivelu's book on language teaching aims to illustrate "the pattern that connects the various elements of learning, teaching, and teacher education" in language teaching (p. xiii). As can be deduced from the title, the major theme of the book cites the emergence of a postmethod condition in the literature on teaching second/foreign languages. This emerging postmethod state has been commented on by other writers such as Brown (2002), Richards (2001) and Adamson (2004). However, Kumaravadivelu has what I perceive to be a very personalized vision of language teaching and the "postmethod" state of English language teaching. He illustrates this by first grounding the reader in the concepts of language, language acquisition, and language teaching, as well as a comprehensive discussion of methodology in language teaching.

Aaron H. Anglin, J. Short, Will Drover et al.

Abstract We extend the entrepreneurship literature to include positive psychological capital — an individual or organization's level of psychological resources consisting of hope, optimism, resilience, and confidence — as a salient signal in crowdfunding. We draw from the costless signaling literature to argue that positive psychological capital language usage enhances crowdfunding performance. We examine 1726 crowdfunding campaigns from Kickstarter, finding that entrepreneurs conveying positive psychological capital experience superior fundraising performance. Human capital moderates this relationship while social capital does not, suggesting that costly signals may, at times, enhance the influence of costless signals. Post hoc analyses suggest findings generalize across crowdfunding types, but not to IPOs.

Amy E. Pace, Rufan Luo, K. Hirsh-Pasek et al.

Matthew C. Swain, J. Cole

Hsiu-Ting Hung, Jie-Chi Yang, Gwo-jen Hwang et al.

Abstract The continuing attention to the educational value of digital games highlights the need for more focused literature reviews in order to identify critical gaps and opportunities in domain-specific areas. The current study thus set out to provide a scoping overview of empirical evidence on the use and impacts of digital games in language education from 2007 to 2016, as a means to advance the emerging research on digital game-based language learning (DGBLL). A total of 50 selected studies were systematically analyzed, revealing the following findings: (1) Most of the selected DGBLL studies adopted mixed methods to examine the educational use of digital games; (2) Immersive games, notably massively multiplayer online role-playing games, were the most common genre in the current DGBLL literature; (3) Most of the games for language learning were custom-built by DGBLL researchers; (4) Personal computers were the most common platforms for playing games to support language learning; (5) Most of the DGBLL studies adopted games to facilitate the learning of English as a second or foreign language; (6) Most of the research on DGBLL investigated learners with mixed levels of language proficiency; (7) University students were the most frequently selected samples in the existing DGBLL literature; and (8) The majority of DGBLL studies featured positive outcomes in regard to student learning, with the most frequently reported ones being related to affective or psychological states, closely followed by language acquisition. Taken as a whole, these findings reflect the diverse nature of this field and suggest the overall feasibility of using digital games for promoting the language and literacy learning of both native and non-native speakers in various aspects. Several promising but under-researched areas were also identified in this review, along with discussions on their implications for future investigations.

Eva Gómez Fernández

La Rueda del Tiempo es una ficción serializada producida por Prime Video que, aunque retoma el tradicional monomito propio de la fantasía épica, sitúa en un lugar central a las mujeres y, más concretamente, al uso que estas hacen del poder. Este artículo tiene por objeto examinar los tipos de estructuras sociales que se representan en la serie: la matriarcal, la matrilineal, la patriarcal y aquella que esclaviza a las mujeres. Se analizarán seis tipos de feminidad que se plasman a lo largo de la narrativa: comunitaria, espiritual, hembrista, revolucionaria, sacerdotal y tradicional. El trabajo adopta una metodología propia de los estudios culturales, a partir de la visualización y exégesis de los episodios que conforman esta producción audiovisual. Las conclusiones alcanzadas ponen de manifiesto que esta saga no sólo reinventa el arquetipo de la feminidad en el género fantástico, sino que también explora el conflicto de clases.

Victoria Russell

Foreign language classroom anxiety is a construct that has been investigated since the 1980s, yet few studies have examined language anxiety in the context of the online learning environment. In this literature review, the following guiding questions were examined: (a) What is foreign language classroom anxiety? (b) What are the research findings on language anxiety among online learners? (c) What can instructors do to help alleviate their online students' perceived levels of language anxiety? In addition to an exploration of the guiding questions, the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale, which was developed by Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986), is described in detail as well as how language educators can use it as a tool in their own classrooms to measure their students' perceived language anxiety levels. The pedagogical implications include recommended techniques and interventions for helping online language learners feel less isolated, less anxious, and more connected to their teacher and to their peers. Given the large number of students who are currently engaged in online or remote language learning due to COVID‐19, it is important to consider how affective factors, such as anxiety, can impede learning outcomes. Furthermore, language educators and their students were required to transition rapidly to the online environment without sufficient time or preparation for it, which is an additional cause of stress for both students and instructors alike. The article concludes with suggestions for future research on online language anxiety.

Nuria Haristiani

In facing industry revolution 4.0, utilizing advanced information and computer technology in educational environment is crucial. One of the advanced computation technologies that can be used for learning, especially language learning, is chatbot. Chatbot is a computer program based on artificial intelligence that can carry out conversations through audio or text. This study intends to find out and analyze the types of artificial intelligence in the form of chatbots and the possibility of their use as language learning medium. The data in this study obtained from literature review on chatbot researches, and from observation results on chatbot-based language learning medium developed by the author. The results indicated that chatbots have a high potential to be used as a language learning medium, both as tutor in practicing language, and as independent learning medium. Moreover, research results revealed that language learners are interested in using chatbots because they can be used anytime and anywhere, and they are more confident in learning languages using chatbots than when dealing directly with human tutors.

Tommaso Caselli, Valerio Basile, Jelena Mitrović et al.

H. Rose, Jim McKinley, Nicola Galloway

Abstract The rise of English as a global language has led scholars to call for a paradigm shift in the field of English language teaching (ELT) to match the new sociolinguistic landscape of the twenty-first century. In recent years a considerable amount of classroom-based research and language teacher education (LTE) research has emerged to investigate these proposals in practice. This paper outlines key proposals for change in language teaching from the related fields of World Englishes (WE), English as a lingua franca (ELF), English as an international language (EIL), and Global Englishes, and critically reviews the growing body of pedagogical research conducted within these domains. Adopting the methodology of a systematic review, 58 empirical articles published between 2010 and 2020 were shortlisted, of which 38 were given an in-depth critical review and contextualized within a wider body of literature. Synthesis of classroom research suggests a current lack of longitudinal designs, an underuse of direct measures to explore the effects of classroom interventions, and under-representation of contexts outside of university language classrooms. Synthesis of teacher education research suggests future studies need to adopt more robust methodological designs which measure the effects of Global Englishes content on teacher beliefs and pedagogical practices both before and throughout the programme, and after teachers return to the classroom.

ياسمين دخيل بخيت اللهيبي

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز البيئة الاجتماعية في منجز الببغاء الشعري، وهو من شعراء العصر العباسي الثاني الذي زخر بعدد من الفنون والعلوم؛ التي أثَّرت بشكل إيجابي في نتاجهم الشعري واتجاهاتهم الفنية. وقد حفل نتاجه الشعري بعدد من الأغراض الشعرية المتنوعة. وجاء البحث في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، اشتمل التمهيد على التعريف بالشاعر، ونبذة موجزة عن علاقة المجتمع بالأدب، وتناول المبحث الأول: صورة العلاقات الاجتماعية، كصورة الأمراء، والمرأة، والأصدقاء، والمبحث الثاني: صورة القيم الاجتماعية، كصورة الزهد، والشجاعة، والعفو، أما المبحث الثالث: فقد تناول صورة المظاهر الاجتماعية، كالصورة الحضارية، والترف الاجتماعي. وقد اهتمت الدراسة بتحليل النصوص المختارة تحليلًا اجتماعيا فنيا يوضح أن الأدب لا يعكس الواقع فقط، بل يغيره، ويعيد تشكيله بطريقة تُلفت النظر إلى الشكل والأسلوب في اللغة والتعبير. وقد توصلت إلى عدد من النتائج، جاء من أهمها: أن الشاعر قد امتلك قدرة فنية على تصوير الأشياء ونقلها، وتجسيد المحسوسات آنذاك إلى صورة ناطقة حية، بالإضافة إلى أن الشاعر قد جعل القارئ يعيش أجواء المجتمع العباسي، من خلال تصوير العلاقات والقيم والمظاهر الاجتماعية، بشكل لافت من حيث الأسلوب واللغة والسمات الفنية والبنى النصية.

C. Hammer, E. Hoff, Yuuko Uchikoshi et al.

Naaima Boudad, R. Faizi, R. Thami et al.

Abstract Within the last couple of years, Sentiment Analysis in Arabic has gained a considerable interest from the research community. In this respect, the objective of this paper is to provide a review of the major works that have dealt with this research area in this language. A thorough investigation of the available literature revealed that the works were mainly concentrated on dealing with specific Sentiment Analysis tasks. To this end, they used three different approaches, namely supervised, unsupervised and hybrid. The results that these studies achieved are interesting but divergent. This divergence is relatively due to the type of approach opted for, the task that is being analysed as well as to the specificities and intricacies of the Arabic variety understudy.

Shunichi Ishihara, Sonia Kulkarni, Michael Carne et al.

It has been argued in forensic science that the empirical validation of a forensic inference system or methodology should be performed by replicating the conditions of the case under investigation and using data relevant to the case. This study demonstrates that the above requirement for validation is also critical in forensic text comparison (FTC); otherwise, the trier-of-fact may be misled for their final decision. Two sets of simulated experiments are performed: one fulfilling the above validation requirement and the other overlooking it, using mismatch in topics as a case study. Likelihood ratios (LRs) are calculated via a Dirichlet-multinomial model, followed by logistic-regression calibration. The derived LRs are assessed by means of the log-likelihood-ratio cost, and they are visualized using Tippett plots. Following the experimental results, this paper also attempts to describe some of the essential research required in FTC by highlighting some central issues and challenges unique to textual evidence. Any deliberations on these issues and challenges will contribute to making a scientifically defensible and demonstrably reliable FTC available.

Rebecca Sutherland, D. Trembath, Jacqueline Roberts

R. Rashad, Federico Califano, A. Schaft et al.

The port-Hamiltonian (pH) theory for distributed parameter systems has developed greatly in the past two decades. The theory has been successfully extended from finite-dimensional to infinite-dimensional systems through a lot of research efforts. This article collects the different research studies carried out for distributed pH systems. We classify over a hundred and fifty studies based on different research focuses ranging from modeling, discretization, control and theoretical foundations. This literature review highlights the wide applicability of the pH systems theory to complex systems with multi-physical domains using the same tools and language. We also supplement this article with a bibliographical database including all papers reviewed in this paper classified in their respective groups.

Marianna Montanaro

La finalità del presente articolo è ricostruire lo stato dell’arte riguardo l’autonomia degli studenti nell’apprendimento delle lingue straniere (LS). L’autonomia è un concetto complesso e ampiamente studiato a partire dagli anni Settanta del Ventesimo secolo. È centrale nelle argomentazioni pedagogiche e glottodidattiche e la riflessione intorno all’autonomia è ancora oggi urgente e contingente in quanto è presupposto per il lifelong learning e per l’innovazione pedagogica e didattica. Si presenta dunque lo stato dell’arte sull’autonomia dagli anni Settanta al primo decennio degli anni duemila, le principali definizioni elaborate dagli studiosi, i modelli di autonomia e le strategie per misurarla, nonché le variabili che influenzano su di essa. Si conclude con l’esposizione dei principali lavori in merito al ruolo del docente nell’ambiente di apprendimento autonomo e con riflessioni intorno alle lacune nello stato dell’arte, nonché nuove prospettive di ricerca.   Autonomy in foreign language learning: a literature review   The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the state of the art regarding the autonomy of students in learning foreign languages (LS). Autonomy is a complex concept that has been extensively studied since the 1970s. It is central to pedagogical and language teaching arguments and the reflection around autonomy is still urgent and contingent today as it is a prerequisite for lifelong learning and for pedagogical and didactic innovation. We therefore present the state of the art on autonomy from the 1970s to the first decade of the 2000s, the main definitions elaborated by scholars, the models of autonomy and the strategies to measure it, as well as the variables that influence it and new perspectives of research.