Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

D. Carpenter

Van De Nguyen, Van Dat Tran, Van Thong Ho et al.

Background/purpose. Entrepreneurship education plays a vital role in equipping vocational college students with the skills, mindset, and confidence necessary for self-employment, innovation, and adaptability in a dynamic labor market. In response to Vietnam’s national strategy to foster innovation and employment through entrepreneurship, this study examines the current state and management of entrepreneurship education in vocational colleges across the Mekong Delta region. Materials/methods. A quantitative survey design was employed to collect data from 250 managers and lecturers, along with 650 students across 11 vocational colleges in the Mekong Delta. The study systematically investigated key dimensions of entrepreneurship education, including perceptions, implementation practices, managerial functions, and influencing contextual factors. Results. Findings indicate that entrepreneurship education is highly valued and effectively implemented in terms of content and objectives. However, moderate ratings were observed for methods, forms of entrepreneurship education, and management practices, signaling areas for development. Additionally, institutional support, faculty preparedness, and students’ socioeconomic backgrounds were found to significantly influence educational outcomes. Conclusion. The study highlights the need for pedagogical innovation, faculty development, and context-specific strategies to enhance entrepreneurship education in vocational institutions. These findings offer evidence-based insights to support policy formulation, institutional planning, capacity building, continuous improvement, and university-industry-government cooperation in alignment with Vietnam’s vocational education reform objectives

D. M. Rogozin, A. A. Chentsova

The article is devoted to the study of perceptions of the labor market by employers and civil servants responsible for solving personnel problems in the region. Based on the reconstruction of the narrative within expert interviews conducted in 2024 in the Republic of Khakassia, three components of the conversation about the personnel shortage are identified: discrete present, continuous past, and active future. The discrete present describes the situation of personnel shortage, which is recognized by all informants; the continuous past reveals the complex of reasons that caused the shortage; the active future contains forecasts and sets of necessary actions to overcome it. It is concluded that one of the most urgent solutions is the normative consolidation of space for economic entities and government officials at the regional level to implement their actorship. Only by encouraging the initiative of regional actors in developing solutions to personnel problems, the criticality of incoming orders, autonomy in their implementation while maintaining responsibility does it become possible to take into account regional specifics and most effectively adapt general directives to local conditions. Interviews with regional employees reflect their agentic perception by federal officials, who often treat regional officials exclusively as executors — but not as equal colleagues capable and willing to use knowledge of the regional context to adjust unified directives coming from above. In reality, we observe a constant alternation of the modes of “agency” and “actorship” among the same leaders, and it is the proactive activity of regional officials in developing measures of state support for employers and personnel policy, adaptation, and nuanced orders depending on regional specifics that becomes the key to their success.

M. Ruggie, J. O’Connor, A. Orloff et al.

Paula Valim de Lima, Vera Maria Vidal Peroni, Daniela de Oliveira Pires

O artigo discute as relações entre público e privado na educação mobilizando categorias do pensamento materialista histórico-dialético que situam o debate como parte da totalidade da sociedade capitalista. Em torno de uma perspectiva solucionista, analisam-se as formas de atuação do privado que historicamente se propõe a salvar a educação pública. Desde as tradicionais formas analógicas de privatização até o atual processo de transformação digital da educação protagonizado por sujeitos privados, verifica-se a vinculação do conteúdo das propostas privadas ao projeto mais amplo do capital. Palavras-chave: Público-privado; Soluções educacionais; Capitalismo na era digital.

Олена Анатоліївна Малиновська, Любов Дмитрівна Яценко

The large-scale war forced millions of Ukrainians to leave their homes in search of safety. The mass displacement of the population led to an increase in the level of uncertainty and raised risks for both individuals and the whole of society. This article aims to assess the scale of internal migration in Ukraine during the war and to investigate the impact of this phenomenon on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the labor potential and the possibilities of its use. Our assessment of the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs), and our examination of the state of their adaptation and integration in the new territories of residence are based on administrative data about the registration of citizens as IDPs provided by social services as well as the surveys and research findings by international organizations and domestic sociological institutions. We present an overview of individual challenges and risks raised by the forced displacement of the population, and highlight the specific features of their manifestation. In particular, we single out an increase in the demographic burden, a decrease in the number of people of reproductive age, a reduction in the number of jobs, an increase in the burden on the budget, a drop in labor productivity, a loss or reduction in the income of a large part of the population, a limit of access to quality social services, as well as unemployment, deterioration of the quality of employment, increased social vulnerability, and weakening of social cohesion. Risks increase the probability of negative changes that lead to uncertainty, deterioration of the demographic situation, weakening of the stability of the economy, decline in the level and quality of life of the population, deepening of social inequality, growth of social tension, decline in the consumption capacity of the population, complete or partial loss of social ties and jobs. We offer recommendations regarding priorities and specific measures of the national state policy aimed at avoiding risks and minimizing their possible consequences. The implementation of this policy should be focused on establishing legal, economic, and institutional frameworks for easing tensions in the areas of material security and employment, improving the demographic situation as well as the quality and availability of social services, and improving living conditions.

Liudmyla Mazuka

The foreigners of Ukrainian origin (Ukrainian diaspora, autochthonous Ukrainians, Ukrainians with the status of a foreigner of Ukrainian origin, labor and educational migrants, and their family members) are an important demographic, intellectual, socio-cultural, and informational resource of the country. The tectonic shifts that have been taking place recently, especially after the start of Russia's war against Ukraine in 2014, lead to significant changes in the process of forming the composition and structure of the foreigners of Ukrainian origin, not only as an ethnic, but also as a national-civic phenomenon. Considering the fact that in the conditions of the full-scale attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine, millions of Ukrainians were forced to go abroad and integrate into the societies of the host countries, there is a threat of their assimilation, and thus the loss of Ukrainian national identity.The latest trends of a drastic increase in the number of refugees from Ukraine (here we are talking about millions of citizens and stateless persons) and the likely transition of some of them to the category of foreigners of Ukrainian origin require a serious rethinking of the ways and mechanisms of preserving their national identity. It is also important to take into account the correct approach in the combination of ethnic and national-civic in the process of improving state policy regarding foreigners of Ukrainian origin.A deep and systematic rethinking of the main approaches and tasks of interaction with the foreigners of Ukrainian origin and the development of an optimal balance between ethnic and national-civil in the process of preventing the assimilation of the foreigners of Ukrainian origin and preserving their stable connection with Ukraine is necessary.The article analyzes the main factors affecting the formation of Ukrainian identity and processes that can lead to assimilation, and also identifies the latest trends, problems and offers solutions to issues related to the preservation of the national identity of foreigners of Ukrainian origin.

Anatolii Tsynka, Serhii Illiash, Volodymyr Zelenovskyi

Introduction. This article considers the issue of modernization of the regulatory and technical base of the road sector in the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads (hereinafter — highways) on the basis of analysis of existing regulations, regulations, technical literature, which refers to the objects of regulation and, of course, taking into account the requirements dictated by today’s safety and environmental protection. The work concerns the basic building codes for the design and construction of roads, namely those innovations that have already been approved and are planned to be put into operation in the near future. Problem statement. Implementation of a common technical policy in road construction, ensuring their reliability and durability, increasing the efficiency of capital investments, implementing the provisions of Directive 2008/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Road Infrastructure Safety Management, harmonizing international and European standards, implementing scientific and technical standards achievements of science and advanced domestic and world experience in the practice of design and construction, saving material, labor, financial and energy resources, improving design solutions, construction quality, occupational safety and health, rational use of land, other natural resources and environmental protection, encourages the continuous improvement of state building codes, as fundamental documents for the design and construction of roads. Purpose. The main documents governing the requirements for the design and construction of roads, namely DBN B.2.3-4:2015 «Roads. Part I. Design. Part II. Construction», which were republished in 2015 and DBN B.2.3-5:2018 «Streets and roads of settlements», republished in 2018, taking into account the current traffic intensity, increased requirements for the load on pavement, safety requirements and environmental protection, as well as the development of regulatory and technical framework, developed appropriate changes and additions. In order to reveal and detail their essence, effectiveness and purposefulness, the relevant material developed in this article has been developed. Materials and methods. The presented work is based on analytical, practical and theoretical research related to standardization requirements for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads. Results. Amendments to the state building norms have been developed, which set requirements for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads, taking into account modern design requirements, the latest materials and technologies. Conclusions. The requirements set out in the developed amendments to the state building codes for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads are internal indicators. They are formed by complex analytical and practical calculations from many variables and unknowns, numerous public meetings and legal meetings, long-term coordination with central executive bodies, there are complex expert verification of the basic organization that implements scientific activities in construction and approval. Huge amounts of statistics and the best world and domestic experience were used to achieve the end result. Based on the results of the work performed, the most optimal requirements have been established, the main requirements that regulate the principles of design and construction of high-quality roads in Ukraine according to modern European standards.

Anindya Dessi Wulansari

A. V. Gizatullina

The article considers the social policy of the state in the field of labor relations of Russian mothers with preschool children and the main challenges faced by mothers in this area. The author of the research paper analyses such problems as female unemployment, occupational segregation, discrimination; issues associated with the functioning of a socially fair system for designed to protect working mothers, problems associated with combining family obligations and raising children with labor activity. The article is based on the results of the author’s sociological study of representatives of this category conducted by the author in the spring of 2020. The suggestions of respondents for solving the problems under consideration are outlined.

O. Nosova

The paper analyses the macroeconomic situation in the labor market and proposes measures to restore employment to the pre-COVID -19 level. The study of the basic concepts of state regulation methods of employment demonstrates that various forms of their application are used on the country’s macroeconomic level. In developing countries long-term COVID-19 related restrictive measures result in the dramatic decline of economic activity, contraction of production, unemployment rise, drop in labor productivity. The countries with high macroeconomic indicators have better social cohesion and reliable systems of social protection. This has consequences that are more reliable on the employment level compared to the developing countries. Assessment of various policy approaches of full lockdown measures for localization of disease dissemination, imposition of restrictions on the working life, introduction of new remote forms of work and education, force countries to define special policy, which depends on the national economic and financial potential. Health system development and adoption of stabilizing measures of the epidemic situation in the country form the basis to restore confidence and trust in the society. The article proposes a deep account of the challenges that the Ukrainian economy has faced and continues to face due to the COVID-19 pandemic effects, deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, including employment decline. The application of the “adaptive quarantine measures” in the regions demonstrates adequate consequences for business SME's development. The estimation results depict the tendencies of increasing unemployment, inflation, and a decreasing population’s ability to pay and lowering business activity in certain sectors of the economy. Numerous forms related to the support and professional development of the unemployed population are proposed.

Anastasiia Simakhova

A significant part of the state’s social policy is employment policy, which is one of the most important macroeconomic parameters. Employment affects the income of the population and general well-being. Poland’s positive experience in these matters is especially important for Ukraine, which as a result of the pandemic has found itself in a more difficult social situation than most European countries. In Poland, the issues of social policy models have been undertaken for many years by many researchers: Chojnacka, Gomułka, Frączak and Wygnański, Mendell et al. These authors focused on the issues of social transformation in Poland, social and employment policy, and financial aspects of Poland’s development. The aim of the article is to review the positive experience of employment policy in Poland with a recommendation for its application in Ukraine. The research methods used in the article are literature analysis (review of current research in the field of social policy with special emphasis on employment policy and Polish state statistics) and taxonomic methods used to determine the social development of Poland and changes in the labor market and the method of comparative analysis. The main features of the Polish social model are: stable economic development; low unemployment; increase in average wages; relatively small regional differences in the unemployment rate; labor market stability and its ability to adapt to new challenges. Poland is an attractive country for Ukrainian youth. The key to the economic development of Poland is the intensive development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Appropriate allowances and subsidies for foreign investments have been introduced in Poland, which solve the problem of unemployment and support Polish business thanks to technological innovations. The main problems of employment policy in Ukraine are: low wages; high unemployment; departure of young workers and highly qualified staff abroad in search of higher wages. The main Polish experience of social policy that can be used in Ukraine is: development of corporate social responsibility; entrepreneurial activation of the unemployed; creation of favorable working conditions for employees through cooperation of the public sector with business entities; consultations with Poland and other European countries on the development of the labor market in Ukraine. R

Hugo Cifuentes Lillo

Como en la mayoría de las naciones, la pensión es la principal prestación (renta sustitutiva) a la que acceden los adultos mayores, situación que en Chile se encuentra puesta a prueba, al menos, respecto a su suficiencia e integralidad que, en todo caso, alcanza a más del 85% las personas con 65 o más años. Actualmente Chile cuenta con un sistema de pensiones estructurado con base en tres pilares: uno solidario básico, otro contributivo complementado con prestaciones solidarias del primer pilar para un sector mayoritario de los adultos mayores con pensiones autofinanciadas y un tercer pilar voluntario que busca “mejorar o anticipar” las pensiones contributivas de cotizaciones obligatorias con ahorro individual o colectivo/empresarial.Este sistema tiene sus orígenes en la reforma estructural llevada a cabo entre los años 1978 - 1980, con su manifestación más específica en el Decreto Ley 3.500 de 1980, complementado medularmente en 2008 con la creación del “pilar solidario”. De forma adicional a las anteriores, existen prestaciones para los adultos mayores asociadas a descanso y recreación, así también se cuentan, las prestaciones relacionadas con salud y enfermedad adicionales a las generales. A todas ellas nos referimos de forma descriptiva y sintética. Todo el estudio se desarrolla en relación con los denominados cuatro factores claves de la Seguridad Social: personas cubiertas; prestaciones aseguradas y condiciones de acceso; financiamiento de estas y, mecanismos de administración y gestión, sin dejar de referirnos al rol del Estado en la gobernanza global del sistema.

V. Ivanova, A. Poltarykhin, A. Szromnik et al.

The theoretical foundations for the development of the digital economy and e-government are considered in this article. The main objectives of Russia's transition to the digital economy are listed. The relevance of the development of the digital government concept is considered. The indicators of the current level of state development in the framework of digitalization and the formation of e-government are analyzed. The main problems, the solution of which makes the implementation of the digital government project of the Russian Federation possible, are singled out. Digital economy development is associated not only with the progress of the information technology and innovation industry, but also with the improvement of the labor market, where new jobs, professions and personnel are created. In this regard, there is a rapid process of the foundation of society, where one job becomes low-paid, and new professions allow one to receive a personal income at the level of top managers of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Kratt Oleh, Kirnos Inna

The share of older people in population structure is constantly rising in developed countries. This leads to a decrease of working age population. Labor market situation of Eastern European countries is aggravated by labor force migration. An effective response to challenges of ageing is productive ageing policy aimed at attracting older workers to labor market. The countries with remarkable success in older workers’ employment are defined in the article. Research method – analysis of extreme values repeatability (5 leading countries and 5 outsider ones) of the statistical sample. An object of the study – is replenishment of human resources at the national labor market. Subject of the study is involving older workers to national labor market. There are three stages of the study. The first stage is ranking the countries according to the older workers’ capability to implement their professional qualities at the labor market on a global scale. Capability domain of Global Age Watch Index is chosen as a criterion for ranking. Relative stability (the composition of countries) and relative volatility (annual change of country indicators’ value) are the features of the leaders’ group. The main feature of the outsider’s group is absence of the state policy towards older workers’ employment. The second stage of the study is ranking OECD countries by older workers’ employment rate. PWC Golden Age Index. Is chosen as a criterion of ranking The values of the criterion is a result of the common policy in the framework of intergovernmental agreements. The proof is positive dynamics of the criterion in both groups. The third stage of study is ranking European countries by duration of the working life. State policy of productive ageing is directed towards prolongation of working life. So, direction of seniority duration characterizes policy effectiveness. Extreme values of seniority demonstrate mutual loyalty of the employers and employees. The decrease in the highest values of seniority and the suspension of their pace of dynamics suggests the existence of an upper limit of seniority. The growth rate of low values of seniority is increasing, which proves the mobility of the bottom line.

Bondarevska Kseniia V.

The article outlines the author’s vision of the institutional support for social security in the labor market and its components, in particular, relevant institutions (state and local government bodies, institutions of state regulation of the labor market and social partnership, educational institutions, mediation institutions) and other institutions (legal and regulatory, financial, informational support, economic laws regulating labor market functioning, social rules and norms of behavior, traditions and values, corporate norms). Moreover, the main components of the mechanism of institutional support for social security in the labor market are identified. They include the influence of subjects of social security in the labor market on relevant objects, based on resource support and principles, using corresponding methods, tools and leverage. Features of the current state of the institutional support for the labor market are examined and its main problematic aspects, in particular, in the context of activities of the State Employment Service of Ukraine, are highlighted. The need to apply best practices is considered with regard to the formation of an active state policy in the labor market and the concept “flexicurity”, which is a combination of flexible and non-standard forms of employment with appropriate social protection of employees. Among the priority areas for improving institutional support for social security in the labor market, the author identifies the following: providing a legislative framework for social security and defining measures to ensure it; implementing social standards of developed European countries in domestic practice; bringing the legal framework for social security in the field of employment in accordance with international requirements, with consideration for domestic realities; improving the functional aspects of institutional support by redistributing the powers and functions of state bodies in the context of decentralization as well as taking into account the need to introduce innovations in the activities of relevant institutions.

Catherine Guillaumin

Cet article porte sur la formation professionnelle en France et donne les informations nécessaires à la compréhension actuelle du système dans ses dimensions historiques et institutionnelles. Un ensemble de textes organise les parcours professionnels initiaux et continus dans un cadre national valorisant l’alternance et ayant pour finalité l’insertion professionnelle, le maintien en emploi, la réorientation professionnelle, l’autonomie des personnes. Cet outil majeur à la disposition de tous révèle des zones d’ombre et des insuffisances que tentent de pallier des réformes successives.

Juan Mainer Baqué

En este artículo abordamos desde una perspectiva histórica crítico-genealógica y de manera ensayística, el hecho de que los sistemas escolares del capitalismo, lejos de propiciar o fomentar la igualdad social, son un dispositivo eficaz para lograr la legitimación y consagración de la estructura de clases, el colonialismo y la segregación de género; todos ellos elementos consustanciales al desarrollo de esta formación socioeconómica.

René Lehwess-Litzmann

Among the important trends in Western welfare states in recent decades, there is an increasing reliance on services. With services being irreducibly labor-intensive, this trend has put social workers, health and care workers, legal advisors, and other professional groups at the center stage. Only if the welfare state can attract enough qualified workers and assure their professional commitment, can it produce the public goods which most of the population have to rely on. The present text gathers insights from existing research on three key areas of regulation in which the welfare state impacts its own attractiveness as an employer: resources, the organization of work, and policy orientations. These three areas have been the stages of some historical changes which affected the work and employment situations of street-level bureaucrats; what do we know about how this affects their career decisions and dedication in their daily work?

Charles W. Murdock

This article first analyzes Ricardo’s theorem, not just his argument in favor of comparative advantage, but also the conditions that are necessary for the theory to work, namely, that capital is loyal to the country of origin and that currencies will adjust to level out imbalances in trade. It then traces the flow of foreign direct investment into China and the basis for that flow – cheap labor. It then analyzes China’s manipulation of the yuan and the changes in the relative valuation of currencies. The next section of the article addresses China’s entry into the World Trade Organization and its failure to live up to its agreement to move to a market-based economy. China’s reliance on state owned enterprises, its subsidization of export and high-tech industries, and its direct and indirect coercion of technological transfer and know-how from the U. S. and other countries – all stand in opposition to the principles to which other countries have agreed in connection with their participation in the World Trade Organization. A critical factor that is not been understood in connection with global trade is that the transfer of dual-use technology to China also carries with it national security implications. The next sections look at forced technology transfer and China’s military goals, including its policy to be both industrially and militarily self-sufficient, something United States needs to be likewise. This leads to a discussion of industrial policy. China has clearly articulated its industrial policy and the steps that it will take to implement it. The United States cannot afford, either from the standpoint of providing good paying jobs for its citizens, or from the standpoint of being a leader in research and development, or from the standpoint of national security, to be dependent upon products originating from, or supply chains running through, other countries – particularly when such countries are hostile to the United States. The conclusion asserts that Sen. Rubio’s “Made in China 2025 and the Future of American Industry” may be the opening of a critically necessary dialogue on the need for, and nature of, an industrial policy for the United States. Just relying upon the mantra that free trade benefits all, and supporting such mantra on the basis that it is “proved” by Ricardo’s theorem of comparative advantage, is to put our head in the sand and ignore the evidence set forth in this article.