Hasil untuk "Industries. Land use. Labor"

Rui Xie, Siling Yao, Feng Han et al.

Although the “ developing by land ” model substantially stimulates industrialization and urbanization, the land-resource-allocation model with “ high-cost and low-efficiency ” that makes up most of the industry can potentially enlarge resource consumption and intensify environmental pollution. This paper examines the mechanisms of the impacts of land resource misallocation on urban green total factor productivity (GTFP), using a dataset of China ’ s 277 cities at the prefecture (and higher) level from 2006 to 2013. Fundamental and spatial econometric models are estimated to empirically investigate the effects of land resource misallocation on GTFP and explore the spillover effects as well as regional differences. The results reveal that the misallocation of land resources directly reduces the GTFP of the city and hinders the development of GTFP in neighboring cities. The mismatch of land allocation is a major reason for restricting the improvement of the overall productivity that accounts for energy consumption and environmental degradation, with mechanisms involving the undermined technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading. Regional heterogeneity analysis suggests that the unfavorable effects of land resource misallocation on GTFP are indirect and associated with spillover effects for sample cities in eastern and central regions. The mechanisms involving innovation capacity and manufacturing agglomeration also exhibit substantial regional disparities among eastern, western, and central regions. By optimizing the allocation of land resources, enterprises with strong innovation capabilities and belonging to modern service industries can obtain more land use, enhancing their motivation for technological innovation and optimizing industrial structure and achieving high-quality economic growth and sustainable development.

Tabata Berg, E. Nieto, Suzi Moura et al.

Ecosystem-based solutions are key to mitigating climate change and preserving a perpetually inhabitable planet under which humans, non-human animals, and the ecosystems they share can thrive. Central to ecosystem preservation are land tenure systems, which determine who has access to ecosystem resources and how this access is governed, and are often hotly contested. The growing recognition that land is valued, used, and protected differently by different agents has fueled a recent increase in large-scale analyses of land tenure systems and their effects on deforestation and other forms of ecosystem change. However, these effects are highly context dependent, and complementary research conducted at the community level has lagged behind its landscape- or national-level counterparts. Using ethnographic, qualitative, and quantitative methods, we collaborated with the Quilombola complex of Mata Cavalo in the midwest of Brazil to examine how their struggle for territorial recognition undermines the health of the Pantanal and Cerrado biomes with which they coexist. Our findings indicate that internal threats to the territory arise from exploitative labor practices and institutional racism, while the advancing frontier of extractive industries—agribusinesses, cattle ranches, and gold mines—poses a constant external threat. Together, these internal and external threats are undermining Quilombola rights and resistance in the territory of Mata Cavalo and accelerating ecological destruction.

Harry Williamson, Dermot Coates, Kevin Daly et al.

Abstract The adoption of AI technology by industry could significantly disrupt our current understanding of “typical” economic activity. As AI comes to pervade more sectors and occupations over time, it is likely that this technology will give rise to challenges and risks but also opportunities and benefits. There is, however, a significant degree of uncertainty regarding how future waves of technological change will impact the economy, including the labour market. Recent research has found that 40% of employment globally is exposed to AI and that this rises to 60% of employment in advanced economies. We analyse exposure and complementarity in tandem in order to better understand the potential impact across occupation types in Ireland. We find that Ireland is relatively more exposed to AI than is the case for other advanced economies. We also find find that female workers in Ireland are more likely to work in highly exposed roles compared to males, that younger Irish workers are more exposed to AI than are older workers, and that both exposure complementarity to AI increase in line with educational attainment. Finally, we contend that the extent to which AI augments, or replaces, human labour in the medium to long-run will depend on a variety of economic, social and policy factors, including levels of AI regulation. JEL classification: J21, J24, O31.

Shoaib Khan, Ameen Qasem

AbstractThis study examines the empirical relationship between the different leverage levels as a proxy of financing mix on the financial performance of the non-financial firms listed on capital markets in GCC economies. The study uses the pooled ordinary least squares regression (OLS), fixed and random effects regression, and feasible generalised least square (FGLS) regression to explore the relationship among variables on the data of GCC firms listed from 2011 to 2021. The results suggest that the capital structure considerably affects firms’ performance. Findings refute the theoretical assumptions of Modigliani and Miller’s debt irrelevance and debt-supporting theorem. The findings also contradict the debt-supporting benefits the agency and trade-off theory suggest. Empirically, short-term, long-term, and total debt adversely affect the return on assets, equity, and earnings per share. Control variables, growth opportunities, and size of the firm positively and asset tangibility negatively contribute to the performance. The results will support the managers in making performance-improving financing decisions. Lenders should improve ex-ante screening and ex-post monitoring to avoid possible defaults. Local and foreign investors should carefully examine the firms’ debt levels before making investment decisions. Policymakers should focus on the flourishing of the bond markets to support privatisation and economic diversification. Our study is the first to use the recent data of GCC-listed firms to examine the impact of capital structure on firms’ performance. Contributing to the literature gap will also lay a foundation for a more comparative study on corporate financing with alternative financial instruments.

Yu. P. Voronov

The article explores the process of creating a large cooperative housing complex in a district of New York. It highlights the unique circumstances that made the cooperative City project possible in the United States. The article also examines the efforts of European countries to foster urban residents’ involvement in urban development. It provides examples of innovative solutions implemented by the population of various European cities. The article delves into the Russian experience of utilizing public initiatives to enhance urban development and improve the quality of life. It emphasizes that the promotion of cooperation in urban life is supported by both governmental authorities and individual citizens and local communities. The article highlights a new phase in this process — changes in urban planning, with the transition from general to master plans becoming part of federal policy.

Zhongxuan Liu, Jiayou Shi, Jingyi Xu

Scientific scandals are catalysts for the evolution process of legal governance. The 2018 CRISPR-babies Incident has essentially triggered China's legal reforms of ethics governance in science and technology. This paper explores the institutional deficiency that led to such a scandal, analyzes its long-term implications for legal governance, and presents China's recent legal progress in response to such an issue. The rapid legislative response to the CRISPR-babies Incident is a double-edged sword, while promoting the improvement of the legal system, it can also cause issues like fragmentation of governance, contradictory rules, and conflict of interest. China should integrate departmental norms and upgrade its level of effectiveness. Strengthening legislation is the implementation path, and improving ethical review, supervision and scientific research integrity systems are the crucial means. In addition, it is necessary to bring the coordinating function of the Central Science and Technology Commission into full play and pay more attention to public engagement and international cooperation.

Aiping Wang, Weiying Lin, Bei Liu et al.

Frontier research primarily focuses on the effect of urban development models on land use efficiency, while ignoring the effect of new-type urban development on the green land use efficiency. Accordingly, this paper employs a super efficiency slacks-based measure (super-SBM) model with undesirable outputs to measure the green land use efficiency based on panel data from 152 prefecture-level cities for the period 2004–2017. We construct a difference-in-differences (DID) model in this paper to test the impact of smart city construction on the green utilization efficiency of urban land and its transmission mechanism. The results showed that: (1) The smart city construction significantly improved the green utilization efficiency of urban land, increasing the general efficiency by 15%. (2) There is significant city-size heterogeneity in the effect of smart city construction on improving green utilization efficiency of urban land. The policy effect is more obvious in mega cities and above than in very-large-sized cities. (3) The city-feature heterogeneity results reveal that, in cities with a higher level of human capital, financial development, and information infrastructure, the effectiveness of smart city construction in improving the green utilization efficiency of urban land are more obvious, and in cities with a higher level of financial development, the effects of the urban policy were more optimal. (4) The smart city construction promotes the green utilization efficiency of urban land through by the information industry development and the regional innovation capabilities.

Jiang Kang, Chuankai Yang, Y. Ning

The electronic information manufacturing industry is characterized by a very significant intra-product specialization and can display the characteristics of a regional division of labor. Looking at the existing literature, most studies have mainly examined the position of different countries in the spatial division of labor from the perspective of global value chains, with fewer empirical analyses at the city level or regional scale. Furthermore, deepening the regional division of labor in value chains is an effective way to promote regional industrial synergy and high-quality economic development. Based on the number of listed enterprises and the total number of parent–subsidiary investment connections in the electronic information manufacturing industry, this study reveals the characteristics of the deeper regional division of labor among cities by analyzing the Value Chain Division Index (VCDI). Subsequently, we used the fractional response regression model to analyze influencing factors. We found that, firstly, the core cities are dominated by the production of high-value parts, while the peripheral cities are mainly dominated by the production of middle- and low-value parts. Specifically, northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu, and southwestern Zhejiang are obviously in a disadvantaged position regarding the regional division of labor in the value chain. In the production of middle- and high-value parts, there are close investment connections between the core cities, and only a few peripheral cities maintain a certain degree of connection with the core cities. Therefore, there is a need to further strengthen industrial investment connections between the core and peripheral cities. Secondly, the regional division of labor in the value chain in the Yangtze River Delta region shows the following characteristic: a “one super, many strong” pattern. That is to say, the VCDI value of Shanghai is the highest, and the VCDI value of Suzhou, Ningbo, and Wuxi is also relatively high, while the VCDI value of peripheral cities is relatively low. Furthermore, we found that there is a relatively obvious regional division of labor among cities, but the core cities have strong homogeneity in the high-value areas. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the dislocation of competition between core cities. Thirdly, the model results show that rising land prices and construction in the development zones at the provincial and national levels both have significant contributing effects on the enhancement of the regional division of labor in the value chain, while the innovation inputs, innovation outputs, and their interaction terms show a negative effect. There is a need to further enhance the efficiency of innovation transformation and improve the quality of innovation transformation in order to promote upgrading in the value chain.

Rong Zhao, Tianyu Jia, He Li

The Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is a significant measure to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations in 2015. SLCP plays an important role in poverty alleviation and income increase for farmers in poor areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the income of farmers has increased after participating in SLCP, and whether SLCP has released the agricultural labor force to obtain non-agricultural income by participating in non-agricultural work. Based on the field investigation in Luocheng County and Longsheng County of Guangxi, Libo County, and Dushan county of Guizhou, this paper uses the method of propensity score matching (PSM) to explore the impact of SLCP on the income of farmers in rocky desertification areas. According to our research, it is found that: (1) SLCP has a positive effect of 5.2% on the average annual net income of farmers, a positive effect of 43.2% on agricultural income, and a negative effect of 9.8% on non-agricultural income, but all of the effects are insignificant. Selective deviation will overestimate the impact of SLCP on farmers’ total income and agricultural income and underestimate the impact on non-agricultural income. SLCP failed to promote the transformation of farmers into secondary and tertiary industries. The mechanism of SLCP to increase farmers’ income is complex. (2) Farmers’ participation in SLCP is influenced by work experience and education level in human capital, participation in skills training in social capital, and owning durable consumer goods in physical capital. Although SLCP will promote economic development under the condition of improving the ecological environment in the future, it is not advisable to exchange farmers’ livelihood for ecological construction at present. The implementation of SLCP should consider not only the overall ecological benefits, but also the short-term social and economic benefits.

Devyn Remme, Siddharth Sareen, Håvard Haarstad et al.

Norway has the world-class ambition to make transport more sustainable and climate friendly. Its electric vehicle (EV) rollout is celebrated by and aspirational for other countries, manifesting the imaginary of technological solutions for sustainable mobility. This chapter undertakes a critically constructive analysis of the value chains of this rollout, tracing the production, usage and discard of EVs. Our point of departure in Norway’s EV rollout serves to map broader implications of a rapid, massive shift towards electric transport. We map relevant externalities associated with, for example, the mining of raw materials and with modes of digitalisation that run counter to circular economy principles. The requisite resources for the transition to renewably powered, electrified transportation―notably batteries―are sourced in the global South, whereas their consumption and industries that reuse and recycle valuable minerals are emerging in the global North. The uneven distribution of benefits and burdens is increasingly being criticised as green extractivism for an imperial mode of living. By paying attention to site-specific struggles over resources, our mapping demonstrates that practices of legitimation have yet to be welded with holistic accountability. By piecing together some major links along the value chains of Norway’s EV rollout, we argue for a global perspective on this transition.

Abdalwali Lutfi, Ahmad Farhan Alshira’h, Malek Hamed Alshirah et al.

Despite tax being a fundamental method to redistribute wealth and achieve a sustainable economic and social system, tax agencies and institutions in most countries are struggling with low tax collections. This issue is often attributed to the level of compliance among taxpayers. To gain more insight into this problem, a study was conducted to examine how socio-economic determinants such as probability of detection, tax complexity, tax penalty, tax sanctions, tax ethics, tax justice, government spending, and tax services quality impact VAT compliance decisions. The study drew a random sample of 770 retail industry participants from Jordan, an Arabic country, for a self-administered survey. Smart-PLS structural equation modeling was used to analyze and estimate the compliance model. The results indicated that all proposed direct relationships were supported, and the interactions between tax knowledge and the socio-economic determinants on VAT compliance were found to be significant. The findings of this research can be useful for policymakers and institutions responsible for taxpayers' communities to understand the role of tax knowledge in VAT compliance in the retail industry. The study emphasizes the significance of instilling tax knowledge, social and moral values among VAT payers, establishing an equitable system, and launching awareness programs in Jordanian society. Additionally, it contributes to existing literature by confirming a practical compliance model rooted in the socio-economic theory of regulatory compliance. This model incorporates the moderating effect of tax knowledge within socio-economic aspects of VAT compliance. By understanding the importance of tax knowledge, policymakers and institutions can develop effective strategies to boost VAT funds and improve compliance in the retail industry. This can ultimately lead to increased government revenues without placing an undue economic burden on lower-income taxpayers.

Yufeng Wang

Yao Wu, Hongfei Zhang, Xiaogao Yu

Social mobility is a key factor in promoting economic development. In this paper, we quantitatively analyzed the impact of social mobility on firm-level total factor productivity (TFP) based on micro-data, providing empirical evidence for the government to issue policies that promote the social mobility of labor force and talent. First, we used the data of the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) to measure absolute mobility at the city level. Second, we analyzed how social mobility affects firms' TFP from three channels. We found that higher social mobility contributes to improving local firms' overall TFP. Heterogeneity analysis showed that social mobility has a positive effect on improving firms' global TFP, which is more salient in private enterprises, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and technologyintensive industries in a given city. In addition, we also find that the positive effect of social migration on firm TFP is mainly through human capital allocation, fairness perception, and technological innovation. Our findings provide theoretical guidance for emerging economies to cope with the challenges caused by the reindustrialization of OECD countries.

Wei Wei, Xiaoyan Qian, Qinglu Lin et al.

Based on the economic models of DEA-Malmquist, this paper estimated the land utilization efficiency by considering dimensions such as energy, water and economic inputs in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2004 to 2016, and analyzed its spatial and temporal evolution pattern and characteristics. Then use the Tobit model to explore the main influencing factors, and examine the contribution of each influencing factor, such as technical progress. The research results show that the urban construction efficiency and the distance from the port have a “∽” curve relationship, verifying the “center-periphery” theory of new economic geography. It is also found that the effective radiation distance of the current economic center Shanghai to the surrounding area is 361.5 km. The structural analysis of the efficiency of construction land shows that the market mechanism has not played a fundamental role in the allocation of construction land resources, the improvement of the quality of labor force, and the expansion of capital clustering with industry is the main driving factor to support the efficiency of construction land use in the Yangtze River Delta region. We suggest that more efforts will be needed to reform market mechanisms and improve technological progress in the near future.

Francisca J. Sánchez-Sánchez, A. M. Sánchez-Sánchez, N. Pulido et al.

In this paper, labor efficiency in the rural hotel industry is analyzed while considering the characteristics regarding labor and infrastructure of the various Spanish provinces. The methodological procedure consisted of the analysis of 52 Spanish provinces. As analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Multivariate Analysis have been used. Although rural tourism is consolidated in the Spanish holiday culture, the effect of labor efficiency on Spanish provinces is uneven. Performance depends on the geographical area; thus, labor efficiency is only achieved in Asturias and Balearic Islands, where rural tourism has a strong and positive impact on employment. The variable length of stay of the holiday period carries important weight for labor efficiency to be reached in said provinces. It can be observed that hotels located in places with charm and with special environmental protection contribute directly to the labor efficiency of the area due to the direct relationship between the area of protected land and the labor efficiency of the province. Several provincial groups are established with a variety of different characteristics, which confirms that the level of labor efficiency in the sector has yet to be maximized.

Charles M. Chavunduka, Romeo Dipura, Vimbai Vudzijena

Abstract The study reviews the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe and investigates the extent to which it provided incentives for investment and technology adoption to increase labor productivity in the agricultural sector. It is informed by an agrarian transformation theoretical framework that is underpinned by Engel’s Law and the Timmer-Mellor development trajectory. Use is made of a desk study of relevant literature and empirical data drawn from various organizations that have been tracking the progress of the land reform programme. Findings from the study show that the Fast Track Land Reform Programme delivered well on equity and social justice but much less on land use efficiency and environmental conservation as technology adoption and investment by reform beneficiaries remained low. Low public investments in infrastructure and services constrained trade and agrarian transformation. Land reform that integrates technology adoption and investments is needed and scope exists towards this through proper attention to land governance, land tenure and macroeconomic policies in general. Good land governance has a positive impact on public and private investment and therefore technology adoption, the key ingredient for increased labor productivity in the agricultural sector.

Lin Zhu, Mingying Yang, Wenzhuo Li et al.

Agricultural labor force, agricultural economy, and farmland use are momentous components of sustainable development in rural areas, as well as essential causes of drastic changes in the urban–rural transformation. This paper studies the spatial–temporal characteristics of the labor–farmland–economy coupling structure from 2000 to 2018 in rural areas of Chongqing using spatial analysis technology. The study has four main results. First and foremost, not only has the average annual rate of the agricultural labor force in Chongqing reduced by 3.73%, but the reduction rates in Jiangbei District, Dadukou District, Nan’an District, Shapingba District, and Yubei District have exceeded 15%. Then, the average annual rate of the agricultural economy has increased by 9.32%, but it has been in a downward trend in Dadukou District, Jiangbei District, and Shapingba Districts. Furthermore, the average annual decline rate of farmland area is 0.34% with larger reduction occurring in the nine of the central urban districts, Chengkou County and Wushan County. Ultimately, there have been 33 districts and counties with the temporal–spatial characteristics of labor–farmland–economy coupling above primary coordination, which includes 16 districts and counties reaching a high coordination. This provides theoretical and methodical supports for the coordinated development of human and land industries in different regions.

BUCUR Amelia

The tourism industry was one of the world’s greatest markets, until the world was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, tourism managers have to carefully assess the impact of epidemics on their businesses and develop new risk management methods to cope with the crisis. The current pandemic has created an opportunity for the development of rural tourism. This study aims to present a mathematical modeling of the entropy of rural tourism in the context of COVID-19 and a differential equation verified by this entropy. The model presented in this paper reflects the entropy of the preference for this type of tourism and a differential equation that models its variation. This paper aims to offer a tool to measure uncertainty regarding this topic. The model can be generalized and applied to any epidemic. The model could be used by specialists in quality management and mathematical modeling, managers of rural tourism organizations, local authorities, to estimate the entropy regarding how rural tourism has been and is still impacted by the COVID-19. The results obtained will help policy makers take necessary strategic and operational decisions, along with maximizing the profit of the rural tourism organization as well as the safety of the tourists

Vicente Bagnoli

O objetivo do artigo é investigar a concorrência nos mercados digitais e o papel da política de concorrência nas economias em desenvolvimento para um crescimento inclusivo e prosperidade compartilhada com ferramentas inovadoras para uma melhor aplicação da lei. Sua metodologia analisa relatórios e pesquisas internacionais. As economias em desenvolvimento devem fortalecer sua capacidade de desenhar políticas de concorrência nos mercados digitais de acordo com suas particularidades sociais e econômicas de desenvolvimento, observando o que as economias desenvolvidas vêm fazendo em seu próprio mercado. A UE tem conduzido a política de concorrência nos mercados digitais, e o Digital Markets Act e o Digital Services Act são mais duas iniciativas capazes de facilitar as economias em desenvolvimento na concepção de sua própria regulamentação nos mercados digitais. O resultado do artigo indica que não existe um formato único e, como conclusão, a experiência e os bons padrões devem ser avaliados e ajustados.

Yong Xie

Along with the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization in China since the late 1990s, a large amount of farmland has been expropriated for non-agricultural use, which has caused the emergence of many land-lost farmers. This article compares the change in employment status of land-lost farmers before and after land expropriation using the survey data of Nanjing city and analyzes the employment shock caused by land expropriation and consequent employment differentiation. The main conclusions are as follows: approximately 54% of farmers changed their original employment status after land expropriation, and the majority of them were engaged in agriculture before the expropriation; furthermore, the elderly and the farmers with lower human capital have more probability of suffering from the employment shock. In addition, there is an obvious differentiation of employment among the farmers who suffered the employment shock: the two most prominent patterns are migrant labor and unemployment, with few land-lost farmers continuing to engage in agriculture. Further econometric tests show that the improvement of human capital can significantly assist farmers in transferring to various non-agricultural occupations, but the older land-lost farmers are more likely to be unemployed, and the males are more willing to be migrant workers. In addition, there are also relationships between employment differentiation of farmers with the land compensation, land use, and living subsidy. The policy implications of this study are mainly embodied in providing vocational training to land-lost farmers and improving the targeting accuracy of employment assistance.