Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Jens Fleischhauer

Atharva Mutsaddi, Aditya Choudhary

Plagiarism involves using another person's work or concepts without proper attribution, presenting them as original creations. With the growing amount of data communicated in regional languages such as Marathi -- one of India's regional languages -- it is crucial to design robust plagiarism detection systems tailored for low-resource languages. Language models like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) have demonstrated exceptional capability in text representation and feature extraction, making them essential tools for semantic analysis and plagiarism detection. However, the application of BERT for low-resource languages remains under-explored, particularly in the context of plagiarism detection. This paper presents a method to enhance the accuracy of plagiarism detection for Marathi texts using BERT sentence embeddings in conjunction with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) feature representation. This approach effectively captures statistical, semantic, and syntactic aspects of text features through a weighted voting ensemble of machine learning models.

L. C. Gilbert

This bachelor's thesis examines the capabilities of ChatGPT 4 in code generation across 19 programming languages. The study analyzed solution rates across three difficulty levels, types of errors encountered, and code quality in terms of runtime and memory efficiency through a quantitative experiment. A total of 188 programming problems were selected from the LeetCode platform, and ChatGPT 4 was given three attempts to produce a correct solution with feedback. ChatGPT 4 successfully solved 39.67% of all tasks, with success rates decreasing significantly as problem complexity increased. Notably, the model faced considerable challenges with hard problems across all languages. ChatGPT 4 demonstrated higher competence in widely used languages, likely due to a larger volume and higher quality of training data. The solution rates also revealed a preference for languages with low abstraction levels and static typing. For popular languages, the most frequent error was "Wrong Answer," whereas for less popular languages, compiler and runtime errors prevailed, suggesting frequent misunderstandings and confusion regarding the structural characteristics of these languages. The model exhibited above-average runtime efficiency in all programming languages, showing a tendency toward statically typed and low-abstraction languages. Memory efficiency results varied significantly, with above-average performance in 14 languages and below-average performance in five languages. A slight preference for low-abstraction languages and a leaning toward dynamically typed languages in terms of memory efficiency were observed. Future research should include a larger number of tasks, iterations, and less popular languages. Additionally, ChatGPT 4's abilities in code interpretation and summarization, debugging, and the development of complex, practical code could be analyzed further. ---- Diese Bachelorarbeit untersucht die Fähigkeiten von ChatGPT 4 zur Code-Generierung in 19 Programmiersprachen. Betrachtet wurden die Lösungsraten zwischen drei Schwierigkeitsgraden, die aufgetretenen Fehlerarten und die Qualität des Codes hinsichtlich der Laufzeit- und Speichereffizienz in einem quantitativen Experiment. Dabei wurden 188 Programmierprobleme der Plattform LeetCode entnommen, wobei ChatGPT 4 jeweils drei Versuche hatte, mittels Feedback eine korrekte Lösung zu generieren. ChatGPT 4 löste 39,67 % aller Aufgaben erfolgreich, wobei die Erfolgsrate mit zunehmendem Schwierigkeitsgrad deutlich abnahm und bei komplexen Problemen in allen Sprachen signifikante Schwierigkeiten auftraten. Das Modell zeigte eine höhere Kompetenz in weit verbreiteten Sprachen, was wahrscheinlich auf eine größere Menge und höhere Qualität der Trainingsdaten zurückzuführen ist. Bezüglich der Lösungsraten zeigte das Modell zudem eine Präferenz für Sprachen mit niedrigem Abstraktionsniveau und statischer Typisierung. Bei Sprachen hoher Popularität trat der Fehler Wrong Answer am häufigsten auf, während bei weniger populären Sprachen Compiler- und Laufzeitfehler überwogen, was auf häufige Missverständnisse und Verwechslungen bezüglich der spezifischen strukturellen Eigenschaften dieser Sprachen zurückzuführen ist. ChatGPT 4 demonstrierte in allen Programmiersprachen eine überdurchschnittliche Laufzeiteffizienz und tendierte diesbezüglich erneut zu statisch typisierten und niedrig abstrahierten Sprachen. Die Werte zur Speichereffizienz variierten erheblich, wobei in 14 Sprachen überdurchschnittliche und in fünf Sprachen unterdurchschnittliche Werte erzielt wurden. Es zeigte sich diesbezüglich eine leichte Tendenz zugunsten von niedrig abstrahierten sowie eine Präferenz zu dynamisch typisierten Sprachen. Zukünftige Forschung sollte eine höhere Anzahl an Aufgaben, Iterationen und unpopulären Sprachen einbeziehen. Darüber hinaus könnten die Fähigkeiten von ChatGPT 4 in der Code-Interpretation und -Zusammenfassung, im Debugging und in der Entwicklung komplexer, praxisbezogener Codes analysiert werden.

Anastasia Mavridou, Marie Farrell, Gricel Vázquez et al.

Integrating autonomous and adaptive behavior into software-intensive systems presents significant challenges for software development, as uncertainties in the environment or decision-making processes must be explicitly captured. These challenges are amplified in safety- and mission-critical systems, which must undergo rigorous scrutiny during design and development. Key among these challenges is the difficulty of specifying requirements that use probabilistic constructs to capture the uncertainty affecting these systems. To enable formal analysis, such requirements must be expressed in precise mathematical notations such as probabilistic logics. However, expecting developers to write requirements directly in complex formalisms is unrealistic and highly error-prone. We extend the structured natural language used by NASA's Formal Requirement Elicitation Tool (FRET) with support for the specification of unambiguous and correct probabilistic requirements, and develop an automated approach for translating these requirements into logical formulas. We propose and develop a formal, compositional, and automated approach for translating structured natural-language requirements into formulas in probabilistic temporal logic. To increase trust in our formalizations, we provide assurance that the generated formulas are well-formed and conform to the intended semantics through an automated validation framework and a formal proof. The extended FRET tool enables developers to specify probabilistic requirements in structured natural language, and to automatically translate them into probabilistic temporal logic, making the formal analysis of autonomous and adaptive systems more practical and less error-prone.

Jack Liell-Cock, Zev Shirazi, Sam Staton

Relative monads provide a controlled view of computation. We generalise the monadic metalanguage to a relative setting and give a complete semantics with strong relative monads. Adopting this perspective, we generalise two existing program calculi from the literature. We provide a linear-non-linear language for graded monads, LNL-RMM, along with a semantic proof that it is a conservative extension of the graded monadic metalanguage. Additionally, we provide a complete semantics for the arrow calculus, showing it is a restricted relative monadic metalanguage. This motivates the introduction of ARMM, a computational lambda calculus-style language for arrows that conservatively extends the arrow calculus.

Axel I. Palmér

ایمان منسوب بصیری, جوزپه لابیزی, محمد الماسی

لودویگ ویتگنشتاین (1889-1951)، هدف رسالۀ منطقی-فلسفی خود را مرز نهادن به اندیشه می‌داند. «ما بایستی بتوانیم بیندیشیم که چه چیز را نمی‌توان اندیشید.» او رابطۀ جهان، زبان و اندیشه را از نوع یکریختی تعریف می‌کند از آنرو که هر سه ساختار منطقی یکسان دارند. نویسندۀ رساله، با طرح نظریۀ تصویری زبان، گزاره‌های زبان را صادق، کاذب یا بی‌معنا (منطق‌گریز) برمی‌شمارد. او اینگونه نسبت واقعیت و تصویر را توضیح می‌دهد: «برای اینکه یک واقعیت تصویر باشد، بایستی وجه مشترکی با چیز تصویرشده داشته باشد.» از ویژگی‌های شاخص شیوۀ نگارش اثر، ایجاز بسیار در یادکرد آبشخورهای فلسفی و به ‌کار نبردن مثال است. او مثالی در تبیین گزاره‌های پایه نمی‌آورد و همین شیوۀ نگارش است که ذهن خواننده را در پی یافتن شاهد برای مفاهیم اندیشۀ ویتگنشتاین متقدم برمی‌انگیزاند. در این مقاله با بررسی تطبیقی اندیشۀ نگارندۀ رساله و ساختارهای دستوری زبان ایتالیایی می‌کوشیم تا ساختارهای دارای ارزش درستی (منطق‌پذیر) و ساختارهای منطق‌گریز زبان ایتالیایی را از هم جدا کنیم. ویتگنشتاین از زبان نمادین منطقی استفادۀ محدودی می‌کند. این امر ذهن ما را برمی‌انگیزاند که دریابیم از دیدگاه او ساختارهای دستوری زبان‌های طبیعی چه نسبتی با منطق دارند. تلاش می‌کنیم تا با بررسی تطبیقی ساختار‌های خرد زمینه را برای فهم نسبت زبان ایتالیایی و نظریۀ تصویری زبان آماده سازیم.

Elodie Gauthier, Aminata Ndiaye, Abdoulaye Guissé

This work is part of the Kallaama project, whose objective is to produce and disseminate national languages corpora for speech technologies developments, in the field of agriculture. Except for Wolof, which benefits from some language data for natural language processing, national languages of Senegal are largely ignored by language technology providers. However, such technologies are keys to the protection, promotion and teaching of these languages. Kallaama focuses on the 3 main spoken languages by Senegalese people: Wolof, Pulaar and Sereer. These languages are widely spoken by the population, with around 10 million of native Senegalese speakers, not to mention those outside the country. However, they remain under-resourced in terms of machine-readable data that can be used for automatic processing and language technologies, all the more so in the agricultural sector. We release a transcribed speech dataset containing 125 hours of recordings, about agriculture, in each of the above-mentioned languages. These resources are specifically designed for Automatic Speech Recognition purpose, including traditional approaches. To build such technologies, we provide textual corpora in Wolof and Pulaar, and a pronunciation lexicon containing 49,132 entries from the Wolof dataset.

Daniel S. Katz, Jeffrey C. Carver

This is a virtual dialog between Jeffrey C. Carver and Daniel S. Katz on how people learn programming languages. It's based on a talk Jeff gave at the first US-RSE Conference (US-RSE'23), which led Dan to think about human languages versus computer languages. Dan discussed this with Jeff at the conference, and this discussion continued asynchronous, with this column being a record of the discussion.

Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa, Mark Lee

Bias studies on multilingual models confirm the presence of gender-related stereotypes in masked models processing languages with high NLP resources. We expand on this line of research by introducing Filipino CrowS-Pairs and Filipino WinoQueer: benchmarks that assess both sexist and anti-queer biases in pretrained language models (PLMs) handling texts in Filipino, a low-resource language from the Philippines. The benchmarks consist of 7,074 new challenge pairs resulting from our cultural adaptation of English bias evaluation datasets, a process that we document in detail to guide similar forthcoming efforts. We apply the Filipino benchmarks on masked and causal multilingual models, including those pretrained on Southeast Asian data, and find that they contain considerable amounts of bias. We also find that for multilingual models, the extent of bias learned for a particular language is influenced by how much pretraining data in that language a model was exposed to. Our benchmarks and insights can serve as a foundation for future work analyzing and mitigating bias in multilingual models.

مقصود مصباح, ابراهیم پوردرگاهی, حمیدرضا فرضی

گیاهان از دیرباز به عنوان یکی از منابع مهمّ غذا و دارو، مورد توجّه انسان بوده‌است. نیاکان ما طیّ هزاران سال علاوه بر تأمین‌ دارو، غذا و پوشاک، به شناخت بیشتری از گیاه دست‌یافته و از رنگ و بوی‌ تعدادی ‌از گیاهان، در نقّاشی، رنگرزی، عطر و آرایش ‌استفاده‌کرده‌اند. نیل‌ یکی‌ از‌گیاهان رنگزاست که به دلیل ثبات رنگ و قدرت بالای ترکیب‌پذیری با طیف وسیعی از رنگ‌های طبیعی‌دیگر، مورد توجّه انسان بوده ‌است. بازتاب‌گستردۀ این‌گیاه در شعر، حکایت از رونق و استفادۀ سالم پیشینیان از ‌رنگ ‌‌طبیعی‌ نیل در کنار خواصّ‌ درمانی‌آن دارد. در قرن ششم بنابه دلایلی؛ از قبیل رقابت، توسعۀ علم و یا فاضلانه‌گویی از سوی شاعران، کارکرد‌‌های درمانی‌گیاه نیز مانند اطّلاعات سایرعلوم، با کنایه و استعاره‌های‌ دیریاب آمیخته ‌شده و درک مفهوم شعر را دشوار ساخته ‌است. این پژوهش‌ برآن است‌ که با استفاده از روش توصیفی_ تحلیلی، بازتاب‌ ‌نیل‌ را از دیوان‌های سنایی، انوری، خاقانی و نظامی استخراج کند به بررسی و تحلیل کارکردهای طبّی، ادبی و هنری و باورهای عامّۀ آن بپردازد.

Naser Bahrami, Fateme Modarresi

Music is one of the most significant factors in the beauty of poetry. This factor shows itself quantitatively (meter) and qualitatively (phonetic balance) using phonetic balance. Salman Savoji has achieved it well in his sonnets (47 sonnets) as he composed Masnavi-e Jamshid va Khorshid. In these sonnets, he mostly uses meters that have a manner of rising intonation and beat. In the section on qualitative phonetic balance, we can see various types of repetition in his sonnets. Salman Savoji has given a special effect to the music of his poetry using all kinds of vowels and consonants. In this study, we have examined different types of short and long vowels, initial, middle, and final consonants, and repetition of the whole word. The highest frequency in the section of vowels is related to the vowels /a:/ and /e/, and the lowest frequency to the vowels is allocated to /u/, /a/, and /u:/. In the consonant section, the consonants /s/, / x/, and /∫/ have the highest frequency and the consonants /p/, /? /, /q/, and /n/ have been repeated less. This study has been conducted through the analytical-descriptive method. The statistical population is forty-seven sonnets of Masnavi-e Jamshid va Khorshid. First, the topics of phonetic balance in sonnets are identified, and then each of them will be analyzed by drawing graphs and tables. Keywords: Phonetic Balance, Salman Savoji, Sonnet, Masnavi-e Jamshid va Khorshid, Music of Poetry. IntroductionMusic is one of the basic foundations of Persian poetry. The coherence and strength of a poem depend on its relevant possession of music. Thus, the closer it is to music, the stronger it becomes (Shafi'i Kadkani, 2004, p. 374). Eliot also believes that the music of poetry originates from the poets’ conscience, namely the place of words, which shows their goodness and badness. The composition and structure of poetry have a great effect on the beauty and delicacy of words (1996, p. 67).One of the topics that is essential in the musical analysis of poetry is phonetic balance. Phonetic balance itself is one of the topics of adding to the rules. Repetition of phones can appear in the form of repetition of one phoneme, several phonemes within one syllable, and syllable and word in speech. Chomsky also believes that language competence is related to three groups of rules such as phonetic rules, syntactic rules, and semantic rules (as cited in Bagheri, 1996, p. 159).Salman Savoji has composed Masnavi-e Jamshid va Khorshid in 763 AH. One of the characteristics of this Masnavi is that Salman has included some sonnets with different meters along with the Masnavi verses so that he has compensated for the musicality of Masnavi-e Jamshid va Khorshid in terms of meter. Therefore, it can be said that phonetic balance is a significant aspect in Salman Savoji's poetry.Materials and MethodsThis research has been conducted using the analytical-descriptive method. The statistical population is forty-seven sonnets of Masnavi-e Jamshid va Khorshid. Research FindingsThe following diagram is a summary of the analysis of phonetic balance in Salman Savoji's sonnets:  Figure 1. Phonetic Balance in Salman Savoji's Sonnets Quantitative Phonetic Balance (Meter)Formalists, as contemporary theorists, emphasize music and phonetic elements a lot. They believe that music and meter are the building blocks of poetry. According to Richards, “Meter is a device that allows words to have the greatest possible impact on each other. In rhythmic works, the accuracy, clarity, and the state of expectation, which is usually unconscious in most cases, increase” (1996, p. 117). Qualitative Phonetic Balance (Phonemic Balance)Phonetic balance is “a set of repetitions that can be investigated at the level of phonetic analysis” (Safavi, 2014, p. 167). Phonetic repetition can occur from the repetition of one phoneme, several phonemes within one syllable, and the harmony and repetition of consonants and vowels.Repetition of the Initial ConsonantsSome scholars interpret phonetics and homophones as inducing harmony. "Nowadays, what is called ‘inducing harmony’ is an effect that the poet achieves by choosing words whose constituent phonemes are in proportion with his/her mental images or thoughts" (Qayoumi, 2004, p. 9). Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi has talked about the inducing harmony before Western scientists (Heidari, 2015, p. 82). Vowel RepetitionShamisa calls the repetition of a vowel "assonance" )2002, p. 80). Phonetic balance arises from the repetition of a vowel in several words. Safavi emphasizes the repetition of vowels for the two different types of repetition (vowels and consonants) since it may be assumed that “consonants have no sound” (2014, p. 189). Discussion of Results and ConclusionMeters, beat, and rhythm are the most basic tools of poetry, and without them, poetry loses its reality. This point is evident even in Nimai's poetry as well as Blank poetry.By examining and analyzing the meters of Salman Savjoi's sonnets, it is concluded that Salman has benefited more from the rhythmic, sharp, and active meters. In an investigation of 433 sonnets, Salman Savoji used 22 meters, among which 8 meters are the most frequently used ones as follows: the meter of ‘Faalatan, Faalatan, Faalatan, Faalan’ has the highest frequency with 85 sonnets. The meters of ‘Fa’oolan, Fa’oolan, Fa’oolan, Fa’oolan’ and ‘Motafaelan, Motafaelan Motafaelan Motafaelan’, each of which with having one sonnet, has the least frequency. It is understood that Joybari’s meters and Kader’s have received less attention. In fact, it can be concluded that Salman Savoji was familiar with music and knew happy and pleasant songs completely.Salman Savoji's familiarity with music has enabled him to be very careful in choosing vowels and consonants so that he uses phones that have special music and beauty. In the analysis of the diagram of vowels and consonants, the vowels /a:/ and /e/ and consonants /s/, /x/, and /∫/ have the highest frequency in Salman Savoji's sonnets. The three mentioned consonants show inner feelings and emotions, and Salman has used them well.

Dr. Arshad Mehmood Hashmi

It is a common notion that during the reign of Muslim kings or Sultans, Sanskrit was not given much attention, and that was one of the reasons it declined. Many research papers have appeared from time to time in support of and against this idea. Similarly, there are many contradictory statements in the books of History regarding Sultan Mahmood Shah I of Gujarat. Scholarships in recent years have pointed out some data that disprove many of the things that have been said about Mahmud Shah I. One of the aspects that have been highlighted is that he was not only a lover of Sanskrit language and literature, but also a mentor of Sanskrit, and in his court, a Sanskrit poet had the status of Malek-ush Sho'ara.

Jakub Bulín, Michael Kompatscher

A first-order formula is called primitive positive (pp) if it only admits the use of existential quantifiers and conjunction. Pp-formulas are a central concept in (fixed-template) constraint satisfaction since CSP($Γ$) can be viewed as the problem of deciding the primitive positive theory of $Γ$, and pp-definability captures gadget reductions between CSPs. An important class of tractable constraint languages $Γ$ is characterized by having few subpowers, that is, the number of $n$-ary relations pp-definable from $Γ$ is bounded by $2^{p(n)}$ for some polynomial $p(n)$. In this paper we study a restriction of this property, stating that every pp-definable relation is definable by a pp-formula of polynomial length. We conjecture that the existence of such short definitions is actually equivalent to $Γ$ having few subpowers, and verify this conjecture for a large subclass that, in particular, includes all constraint languages on three-element domains. We furthermore discuss how our conjecture imposes an upper complexity bound of co-NP on the subpower membership problem of algebras with few subpowers.

الهام اکبری, رضامراد صحرایی, علی کریمی فیروز جایی et al.

یکی از مشکلات اصلی زبان‌آموزان در یادگیری زبان دوم، دستور زبان است. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است با استفاده از دستاوردهای رده‌شناسی زبان، یادگیری دستور زبان فارسی برای فارسی‌آموزان ایتالیایی تسهیل شود. بدین منظور، بر پایه‌ی مؤلفه-های رده‌شناسی ترتیبِ واژه، شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های رده‌شناختی زبان فارسی و زبان ایتالیایی معیار، تعیین گردید. در مرحله بعد، بدون اشاره به شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های رده‌شناسیِ دو زبان فارسی و ایتالیایی، نکات دستوری به آزمودنی‌ها، آموزش داده شد و سپس از آنها پیش‌آزمون به عمل آمد. آزمون دارای سه بخش بود. بخش اول: جملاتی از زبان ایتالیایی ارائه شد و آزمودنی‌ها می‌بایست که معادل آنها را از میان چهار گزینه انتخاب کنند. در بخش دوم: از آزمودنی‌ها خواسته شد که جملات ایتالیایی را به فارسی ترجمه کنند. در بخش سوم: آزمودنی‌ها یک متن ایتالیایی طراحی شده را به فارسی ترجمه کردند. در پایان، پس از گذشت مدت زمان مشخص، مجدداً نکات دستوری مدنظر این‌بار با تاکید بر تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌های رده‌شناختی بین دو زبان فارسی و ایتالیایی به آزمودنی‌ها آموزش داده شد و سپس پس‌آزمون به عمل آمد. تجزیه و تحلیل نتیحه آزمون‌ها نشان داد که میانگین نمرات آزمودنی‌ها در پس‌آزمون از میانگین نمره‌های آنها در پیش‌آزمون بالاتر است. تحلیل آمار استنباطی نیز نشان داد که بین نمره‌ی آزمودنی‌ها در پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون اختلاف معناداری وجود دارد. از این رو، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که هرچه آگاهی فارسی‌آموزان ایتالیایی از شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های رده‌ای زبان فارسی و زبان ایتالیایی بیشتر باشد، یادگیری زبان فارسی برای آنها راحت‌تر و سریع‌تر می‌شود.

Shima Safar mohammadlou, Nahid Fathi, Alireza Koushki

Within the field of strategic management, several sources have been compiled, one of the most popular of which is the book Strategic Management by F. R. David, translated by S. M. Aarabi and Ali Parsaeian. The purpose of this study is to review and critique this book. A worksheet utilizes to review textbooks and university books of the Iranian council for reviewing books and text on human sciences. A critical review of the research included the author, appearance, structure, and content of the book. According to the findings, in the international academic community, David is not recognized as thoughtful in the strategic field. David's book has a good logical structure, and from a scientific point of view, it has a legitimate gain. Also, the book chapters are well organized based on substance, and the author has attempted to incorporate the main topics of his model completely in different parts of the book. In terms of content quality, the book is desirable from the reader's point of view (not from the attitude of an executive). The main advantages of the book, for-profit approach of the presented tools, and the main weakness of the book can be considered in the lack of expression of scientific principles and views of experts in the field of strategic management in the book chapters. There are also problems with translating the original text and problems in Persian literature and writing.

سارا کشکر

کتاب «ورزش و رسانه با رویکرد کاربردی» منبع درسی دانشجویان تربیت بدنی و کتابی مناسب برای علاقمندان حوزه ارتباطات ورزشی است. مؤلفین کتاب دکتر حمید قاسمی و دکتر لقمان کشاورز هستند. روش تحقیق، کاوشگری فلسفی انتقادی با تکیه بر روش نقادی آموزشی است. ویژگی مؤلفین کتابها بر نحوه ارزشگذاری مخاطبان نقش دارد. تجربه و تخصص نویسندگان این کتاب، ضامن اطمینان و اعتماد خوانندگان به محتوای آن است. این کتاب، اثر ارزشمندی برای خوانندگان و عمدتا دانشجویان کارشناسی تربیت بدنی می باشد. قلم شیوا و ساختار ساده جملات برای تسهیل انتقال پیام از نکات ارزشمند این کتاب است. مطالب کتاب که با ارائه مفاهیم اولیه و تعاریف و مبانی آغاز شده و به تدریج به مطالب تخصصی و کاربردی و در نهایت به اثرات محیطی، شامل فرهنگ، قوانین و سیاستگذاران بر عملکرد رسانه منتهی شده است، حاکی از نظم مطلوب و ارتباط منطقی مطالب کتاب است که در بردارنده دامنه موضوعی، مفهومی و کاربردی رسانه­ها در ورزش است. اما کتاب مذکور دارای اشکالات شکلی و ظاهری و همچنین مشکلات نگارش دستور زبان فارسی است که در صورت رفع این مشکلات، می تواند کتابی منحصر به فرد، نه تنها برای دانشجویان بلکه برای تمام علاقمندان حوزه ورزش و رسانه باشد.

Khang Nhut Lam, Feras Al Tarouti, Jugal Kalita

This paper examines approaches to generate lexical resources for endangered languages. Our algorithms construct bilingual dictionaries and multilingual thesauruses using public Wordnets and a machine translator (MT). Since our work relies on only one bilingual dictionary between an endangered language and an "intermediate helper" language, it is applicable to languages that lack many existing resources.

فاطمه آقانوری, احسان رئیسی, سید علی اصغر میرباقری فرد et al.

بازنویسی متون کهن موضوعی بسیار مهم و پیوند‌دهندۀ نسل‌های مختلف از لحاظ فرهنگی است. بازنویسی فعالیتی علمی_خلاقه است؛ بدان جهت که برای انجام یک بازنویسی موفق ضروری ست نسبت به متن کهن (مبدأ بازنویسی) اشراف علمی داشت و در فرآیند بازنویسی نیز باید به اصول علمی توجه کرد. افزون بر آن بازنویس نیز به‌مانند هر فعالیت علمی دیگر به الگویی کارا و موثر نیاز دارد تا بتواند بر اساس آن الگو، متنی منقح و اثرگذار در اختیار مخاطبان قرار دهد. اهمیت و حساسیت وجود این الگو، وقتی دوچندان می‌شود که گروه مخاطبان بازنویسی، کودکان باشند. این مقاله با بهره‌گیری از مباحث و نظریات علوم تربیتی و علوم ادبی کوشیده است الگویی گام‌به‌گام برای بازنویسی مثنوی برای کودکان7-12سال طراحی کند. مبنای علوم تربیتی این الگو برپایۀ آرای مونته‌سوری استوار شده است. استخراج مقاصد اصلی مولوی از سرایش مثنوی از منابع معتبر و علمی، فهم بافت و موقعیت داستان در کلام مولوی، به‌کارگیری وزن مثنوی، حذف داستان‌های فرعی، استفاده از راوی دوم شخص در زاویۀ دید، تکمیل شدن پایان داستان توسط خود کودک و.. از جمله مباحثی ست که با نظر به آرای تربیتی و ویژگی‌های منحصربه‌فرد مثنوی به طور ویژه در باب بازنویسی مثنوی مولوی مطرح شده و از یافته‌های این پژوهش به شمار می‌رود. در پایان، مبتنی بر الگوی ارائه‌شده، یکی از داستان‌های مثنوی بازنویسی شده است. این تحقیق در قالب الگویی روشمند و با استفاده از دیدگاه‌های تربیتی مونته‌سوری، پیاده‌سازی اصول بازنویسی برای کودکان را تسهیل و تبیین کرده است.

Manolis Fragkiadakis, Peter van der Putten

Sign language lexica are a useful resource for researchers and people learning sign languages. Current implementations allow a user to search a sign either by its gloss or by selecting its primary features such as handshape and location. This study focuses on exploring a reverse search functionality where a user can sign a query sign in front of a webcam and retrieve a set of matching signs. By extracting different body joints combinations (upper body, dominant hand's arm and wrist) using the pose estimation framework OpenPose, we compare four techniques (PCA, UMAP, DTW and Euclidean distance) as distance metrics between 20 query signs, each performed by eight participants on a 1200 sign lexicon. The results show that UMAP and DTW can predict a matching sign with an 80\% and 71\% accuracy respectively at the top-20 retrieved signs using the movement of the dominant hand arm. Using DTW and adding more sign instances from other participants in the lexicon, the accuracy can be raised to 90\% at the top-10 ranking. Our results suggest that our methodology can be used with no training in any sign language lexicon regardless of its size.