Hasil untuk "History of specific doctrines and movements. Heresies and schisms"

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Mingyue Guo, Binghui Chen, Zhaoyi Yan et al.

Multidomain crowd counting aims to learn a general model for multiple diverse datasets. However, deep networks prefer modeling distributions of the dominant domains instead of all domains, which is known as domain bias. In this study, we propose a simple-yet-effective Modulating Domain-specific Knowledge Network (MDKNet) to handle the domain bias issue in multidomain crowd counting. MDKNet is achieved by employing the idea of `modulating', enabling deep network balancing and modeling different distributions of diverse datasets with little bias. Specifically, we propose an Instance-specific Batch Normalization (IsBN) module, which serves as a base modulator to refine the information flow to be adaptive to domain distributions. To precisely modulating the domain-specific information, the Domain-guided Virtual Classifier (DVC) is then introduced to learn a domain-separable latent space. This space is employed as an input guidance for the IsBN modulator, such that the mixture distributions of multiple datasets can be well treated. Extensive experiments performed on popular benchmarks, including Shanghai-tech A/B, QNRF and NWPU, validate the superiority of MDKNet in tackling multidomain crowd counting and the effectiveness for multidomain learning. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/csguomy/MDKNet}.

Lukáš Likavčan

SETI is not a usual point of departure for environmental humanities. However, this paper argues that theories originating in this field have direct implications for how we think about viable inhabitation of the Earth. To demonstrate SETI's impact on environmental humanities, this paper introduces Fermi paradox as a speculative tool to probe possible trajectories of planetary history, and especially the "Sustainability Solution" proposed by Jacob Haqq-Misra and Seth Baum. This solution suggests that sustainable coupling between extraterrestrial intelligences and their planetary environments is the major factor in the possibility of their successful detection by remote observation. By positing that exponential growth is not a sustainable development pattern, this solution rules out space-faring civilizations colonizing solar systems or galaxies. This paper elaborates on Haqq-Misra's and Baum's arguments, and discusses speculative implications of the Sustainability Solution, thus rethinking three concepts in environmental humanities: technosphere, planetary history, and sustainability. The paper advocates that (1) technosphere is a transitory layer that shall fold back into biosphere; (2) planetary history must be understood in a generic perspective that abstracts from terrestrial particularities; and (3) sustainability is not sufficient vector of viable human inhabitation of the Earth, suggesting instead habitability and genesity as better candidates.

Helen Au-Yang, Jacques H. H. Perk

We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.

Vittorio Lippi, Raphael Deimel

Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMPs) are a widely used representation of movements for human-robot interaction. They also facilitate the factorization of temporal and spatial structure of movements. In this work we investigate a method to temporally align observations so that when learning ProMPs, information in the spatial structure of the observed motion is maximized while maintaining a smooth phase velocity. We apply the method on recordings of hand trajectories in a two-dimensional reaching task. A system for simultaneous recognition of movement and phase is proposed and performance of movement recognition and movement reproduction is discussed.

Luis Eduardo Ramírez Suárez

El presente artículo explora, a través de una mirada histórica del culto, la liturgia y los templos, cómo la Iglesia Presbiteriana, desde su establecimiento a mediados del siglo XIX hasta su consolidación en el siglo XX, se instauró y contextualizó en Colombia, afrontando las luchas simbólicas en un ambiente de confrontación y diferenciación, en primer lugar, con la Iglesia Católica y, luego, con los movimientos teológicos al interior del mundo protestante. Esta exploración se da mediante una investigación bibliográfica y documental y un análisis del desarrollo del culto, la liturgia y los templos, lo cual permite vislumbrar los cambios y permanencias en los imaginarios, representaciones y prácticas que se materializaron en sus instituciones y discursos, y que impactaron todas las esferas de su realidad, cambios que fueron producto de la labor hermenéutica de leer la Biblia para hacerla relevante a su contexto.

Marcela Otárola Guevara

Una vasta producción académica, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, ha deparado en la publicación de una profusa cantidad de artículos para este número de la Revista de Historia, la cual tuvo el placer de contar con un editor invitado, el Dr. Eduardo Madrigal Muñoz, para conformar un apartado temático dedicado a la cultura política costarricense en el que participa, además, como autor. El número consta de 21 artículos con la siguiente composición: 10 en la Sección Costa Rica, 6 en la Sección América Latina, 3 en la Sección Crítica Bibliográfica, 1 para la Sección Semblanza y 1 para la Sección Cuadernos de memoria. Todos los textos fueron gestionados en estricto apego a lo especificado en el proceso editorial y sistema de arbitraje descrito en la página web de la revista y en observancia de los criterios establecidos por los índices a los cuales ella está adscrita.

I. Belyaev, G. Carboni, N. Harnew et al.

In this paper we describe the history of the LHCb experiment over the last three decades, and its remarkable successes and achievements. LHCb was conceived primarily as a b-physics experiment, dedicated to CP violation studies and measurements of very rare b decays, however the tremendous potential for c-physics was also clear. At first data taking, the versatility of the experiment as a general-purpose detector in the forward region also became evident, with measurements achievable such as electroweak physics, jets and new particle searches in open states. These were facilitated by the excellent capability of the detector to identify muons and to reconstruct decay vertices close to the primary pp interaction region. By the end of the LHC Run 2 in 2018, before the accelerator paused for its second long shut down, LHCb had measured the CKM quark mixing matrix elements and CP violation parameters to world-leading precision in the heavy-quark systems. The experiment had also measured many rare decays of b and c quark mesons and baryons to below their Standard Model expectations, some down to branching ratios of order 10-9. In addition, world knowledge of b and c spectroscopy had improved significantly through discoveries of many new resonances already anticipated in the quark model, and also adding new exotic four and five quark states.

Gertrud Peters Solórzano, Eduardo Bedoya Benítez

Se reseña aquí la reimpresión de un texto clásico a nivel nacional en los campos de la geografía y los estudios sociales. Este texto, publicado en 1887, parte de las ideas de la reforma educativa de 1886 que ocurrió en Costa Rica a cargo del secretario de instrucción pública Mauro Fernández Acuña. Apuntamientos Geográficos fue utilizado como libro de texto en los centros educativos del país al menos durante veinte años, y fue altamente elogiada y recomendada durante su época. Sin embargo, este libro también fue parte de una serie de textos que contribuyó como propaganda al imaginario del siglo XIX de una Costa Rica blanca y de descendencia europea.

Rafael Cuevas Molina

Los aportes de Edelberto Torres a la sociología de Centroamérica y de América Latina han sido ampliamente presentados, en especial desde su fallecimiento acaecido el 31 de diciembre del 2018. El presente texto pretende exponer, brevemente, algunos ángulos poco explorados de la vida y obra de quien, con frecuencia, ha sido catalogado como «el sociólogo de Centroamérica».

Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara

This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.

Arthur Genthon

Interest in Brownian motion was shared by different communities: this phenomenon was first observed by the botanist Robert Brown in 1827, then theorised by physicists in the 1900s, and eventually modelled by mathematicians from the 1920s, while still evolving as a physical theory. Consequently, Brownian motion now refers to the natural phenomenon but also to the theories accounting for it. There is no published work telling its entire history from its discovery until today, but rather partial histories either from 1827 to Perrin's experiments in the late 1900s, from a physicist's point of view; or from the 1920s from a mathematician's point of view. In this article, we tackle the period straddling the two `half-histories' just mentioned, in order to highlight continuity, to investigate the domain-shift from physics to mathematics, and to survey the enhancements of later physical theories. We study the works of Einstein, Smoluchowski, Langevin, Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck from 1905 to 1934 as well as experimental results, using the concept of Brownian velocity as a leading thread. We show how Brownian motion became a research topic for the mathematician Wiener in the 1920s, why his model was an idealization of physical experiments, what Ornstein and Uhlenbeck added to Einstein's results, and how Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck developed in parallel contradictory theories concerning Brownian velocity.

Rafael Díaz Porras

El autor inicia el libro, mostrando la motivación para escribirlo, que claramente nos muestra una preocupación compartida por generaciones nacidas entre 1950 y 1980. Gudmundson nos indica: “Presenciando los últimos acontecimientos en el otro país del cual somos ciudadanos y los temores que despiertan, dichas conversaciones en familia han reforzado nuestro compromiso de alertar a los lectores sobre lo que está en juego en nuestros días”.

Alexei V. Tkachenko

We outline the Minimalistic Measurement Scheme (MMS) compatible with regular unitary evolution of a closed quantum system. Within this approach, a part of the system becomes informationally isolated (restricted) which leads to a natural emergence of the classical domain. This measurement scenario is a simpler alternative to environment-induced decoherence. In its basic version, MMS involves two ancilla qubits, $A$ and $X$, entangled with each other and with the System $S$. Informational or thermodynamic cost of measurement is represented by $X$-qubit being isolated, i.e. becoming unavailable for future interactions with the rest of the system. Conditional upon this isolation, $A$-qubit, that plays the role of an Apparatus, becomes classical and records the outcome of the measurement. The procedure may be used to perform von Neumann-style projective measurements or generalized ones, that corresponds to Positive-Operator Value Measure (POVM). By repeating the same generalized measurement multiple times with different $A$- and $X$-qubits, one asymptotically approaches the wave function collapse in the basis determined by the premeasurement process. We present a simple result for the total information extracted after $N$ such weak measurements. Building upon MMS, we propose a construction that maps a history of a quantum system onto a set of $A$-qubits. It resembles the Consistent History (CH) formulation of Quantum Mechanics (QM), but is distinct from it, and is built entirely within the conventional QM. In particular, consistency postulate of CH formalism is not automatically satisfied, but rather is an emerging property. Namely, each measurement event corresponds to the branching of mutually exclusive classical realities whose probabilities are additive. In a general case, however, the superposition between different histories is determined by the history density matrix.

Manu Airaksinen, Okko Räsänen, Elina Ilén et al.

Infants' spontaneous and voluntary movements mirror developmental integrity of brain networks since they require coordinated activation of multiple sites in the central nervous system. Accordingly, early detection of infants with atypical motor development holds promise for recognizing those infants who are at risk for a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders). Previously, novel wearable technology has shown promise for offering efficient, scalable and automated methods for movement assessment in adults. Here, we describe the development of an infant wearable, a multi-sensor smart jumpsuit that allows mobile accelerometer and gyroscope data collection during movements. Using this suit, we first recorded play sessions of 22 typically developing infants of approximately 7 months of age. These data were manually annotated for infant posture and movement based on video recordings of the sessions, and using a novel annotation scheme specifically designed to assess the overall movement pattern of infants in the given age group. A machine learning algorithm, based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was then trained for automatic detection of posture and movement classes using the data and annotations. Our experiments show that the setup can be used for quantitative tracking of infant movement activities with a human equivalent accuracy, i.e., it meets the human inter-rater agreement levels in infant posture and movement classification. We also quantify the ambiguity of human observers in analyzing infant movements, and propose a method for utilizing this uncertainty for performance improvements in training of the automated classifier. Comparison of different sensor configurations also shows that four-limb recording leads to the best performance in posture and movement classification.

Luciano Maiani, Luisa Bonolis

The object of this interview is the history of the Large Hadron Collider in the LEP tunnel at CERN, from first ideas to the discovery of the Brout-Englert-Higgs boson, seen from the point of view of a member of CERN scientific committees, of the CERN Council and a former Director General of CERN in the years of machine construction

A. Belenky, L. Egorova

The paper presents two new approaches to modeling the interaction of small and medium pricetaking traders with a stock exchange. In the framework of these approaches, the traders can form and manage their portfolios of financial instruments traded on a stock exchange with the use of linear, integer, and mixed programming techniques. Unlike previous authors publications on the subject, besides standard securities, the present publication considers derivative financial instruments such as futures and options contracts.

Stuart Hagler

The biomechanics of the human body allow humans a range of possible ways of executing movements to attain specific goals. This range of movement is limited by a number of mechanical, biomechanical, or cognitive constraints. Shifts in these limits result in changes available possible movements from which a subject can select and can affect which movements a subject selects. Therefore by understanding the limits on the range of movement we can come to a better understanding of declines in movement performance due to disease or aging. In this project, we look at how models for the limits on the range of movement can be derived in a principled manner from a model of the movement. Using the example of normal walking gaits, we develop a lower limit on the avg. walking speed by examining the process by which the body restores mechanical energy lost during walking, and we develop an upper limit on the avg. step length by examining the forces the body can exert doing external mechanical work, in this case, pulling a cart. Making slight changes to the model for normal walking gaits, we develop a model of very slow walking gaits with avg. walking speeds below the lower limit on normal walking gaits but that also has a lower limit on the avg. walking speed. We note that the lowest avg. walking speeds observed clinically fall into the range of very slow walking gaits so defined, and argue that forms of bipedal locomotion with still lower speeds should be considered distinct from walking gaits.

Hubert F. M. Goenner

In papers on the history of general relativity and in personal remembrances of relativists, keywords like "renaissance" and "golden age" of general relativity have been used. We try to show that the first label rests on a weak empirical basis. The second one, while describing a period of vivid growth in research in general relativity, exaggerates the importance of this particular development.

E. Okon, D. Sudarsky

In response to a recent rebuttal of [1] presented in [2], we defend the claim that the Consistent Histories formulation of quantum mechanics does not solve the measurement problem. In order to do so, we argue that satisfactory solutions to the problem must not only not contain anthropomorphic terms (such as measurement or observer) at the fundamental level, but also that applications of the formalism to concrete situations (e.g., measurements) should not require any input not contained in the description of the situation at hand at the fundamental level. Our assertion is that the Consistent Histories formalism does not meet the second criterion. We also argue that the so-called second measurement problem, i.e., the inability to explain how an experimental result is related to a property possessed by the measured system before the measurement took place, is only a pseudo-problem. As a result, we reject the claim, defended in [2], that the capacity of the Consistent Histories formalism to solve it should count as an advantage over other interpretations.