The activity of the navy chaplains outside the framework of worship is still a little-studied aspect of the service of the Orthodox clergy in the navy. This article attempts, based on the analysis of various written sources, to reconstruct the activities of representatives of the naval clergy in organizing libraries on the ships of the Russian Imperial Navy in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. This is one of the least studied areas of ministry of navy chaplains. The authors, relying on personal sources, office materials and periodicals, analyze the existing practice in the fleet of creating and completing ship libraries, their types and features of functioning, and also determine the role of navy chaplains in these processes. It is important to note that many sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The authors came to the conclusion that, despite the frequent lack of initiative on the part of the officers or even with a certain opposition, the navy chaplains were directly related to the organization of both church and sailor's libraries. Some clerics acted quite effectively in this field, but they could not significantly change the general situation that had developed with librarianship on the ships of the Russian Imperial Navy.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
It has been revealed that the popularization of the Circassian ethnic culture, propaganda of the components of the ideological position – maintaining interethnic peace and a positive image of Russia abroad is one of the main directions in the activities of the International Circassian Association. In this activity of the ICA, the most large-scale and effective are socio-cultural forums, scientific and practical conferences, festivals, educational projects, etc. These aspects of the ICA’s activities are also released as part of the work with young compatriots and repatriates. The components of the ideological position of the ICA are recorded in the resolutions of its XIII and XIV congresses. Considerable attention in the activities of the ICA is paid to events aimed at popularizing the Circassian language (Adyghe and Kabardino-Circassian literary languages) and attracting public attention to the problems of its preservation.The active and constructive work of the ICA was highly appreciated at the federal level. In the welcoming address of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the participants and guests of the XIII Congress of the ICA, it was recorded that the ICA cares about preserving and popularizing the native language, implements meaningful projects in the field of culture, education, enlightenment, increases multifaceted interaction with foreign compatriots, that the ICA’s efforts to maintain peace and consent in the North Caucasus. In 2023 ICA was included in the Federal Register “All-Russian Book of Honor”, in which the most worthy organizations of various forms of ownership and fields of activity are formed.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The history of the forced migration of Roma in 1933 from Moscow and the Moscow region to Western Siberia and their life in the conditions of a labor settlement was reconstructed. The study was carried out on the basis of correlating the published archival sources identified by the author with memories and testimonies of eyewitnesses and participants in the events recorded in the 1990s - early 2000s. It is shown that the deportation of the Roma to Western Siberia in 1933, despite its ethnic nature, does not fit into the typology of forced ethnic migrations, the “core and defining elements” of which are the total migrations of the “punished peoples.” It is also incorrect to consider that the reason for the deportation of the Roma to Siberia was the recognition of them as a socially harmful and intolerant ethnic group due to their nomadic lifestyle, closed nature, uncontrollability and criminality. It is concluded that the deportation of the Roma to Western Siberia in 1933 should be considered not as a targeted anti-Roma action, but as a failed attempt at forced settlement in the context of general state actions aimed at developing the northern and eastern regions of the country.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The author analyzes the memoirs of Ibrahim Makhmudovich Makhmudov (1893-1970), an Astrakhan Yurt Tatar, one of the active builders of the Soviet system in the Tatar villages of the Astrakhan region. Shortly before his death, in 1969, I.M. Makhmudov completed a handwritten version of his memoirs, in which he reflected aspects of the daily life of the Muslim community of the Yurt-Tatar village of Zatsarevo in 1900-14. Based on the personal observations, Makhmudov compiled memories of the last decade and a half of the quiet life of the Tatar-Muslim community of a provincial Russian town before the turbulent events of wars and revolutions that ended with the establishment of Soviet power. The author of the memoirs, as an eyewitness and bearer of cultural tradition, comprehensively and deeply, sometimes scrupulously, covers the events of the early 20th century in a closed Muslim community - the mahalla. However, his assessments to these events and lifestyle area also assessments of a Soviet party leader, who both was an atheist and a person with a huge life experience in the struggle for the ideals of Soviet power as well as a convinced supporter.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
This article is devoted to the study of one of the least studied groups of historical sources - the personal files of clergy. The archive of the Smolensk diocesan administration was used as a representative material. Based on the causal method, it was possible to consider a number of personal affairs of clergymen and, on their basis, identify those thematic blocks, the study of which contributes to a fuller and deeper immersion in the historical realities of the existence of the Russian Orthodox Church through the prism of the life and work of the clergy. The documents of the diocesan archives are able to shed light on certain circumstances of the life of a clergyman of the Soviet period and see his true portrait thanks to the testimonies that have been preserved in personal files - service records, autobiographies, complaints, clippings from periodicals, etc. The determining factor in the objectivity of consideration of this kind of documents involves the use of an integrated approach that can fill those gaps that are inevitable in office work. In this regard, when studying the personal files of clergymen of the Soviet period, it is necessary to take into account the factor of verification of the information contained in them due to political realities and the subjectivity of decisions of one bishop or another, or employees of the diocesan administration. This work does not claim to be exhausted. On the contrary, this attempt at research is aimed, firstly, at drawing attention to the problem of the lack of knowledge of the designated kind of sources. Secondly, it seems important to pay attention to the safety and accessibility for researchers of diocesan archives. The latter requires special attention, and the fate of a significant layer of history not only of the Church, its ministers, but also of our state depends on the resolution of these issues
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Viktor Zhivov’s 2007 article, here translated into English for the first time, attempts to describe the specific nature of the Baroque in Russia. According to Zhivov, Russian Baroque culture arose via transplantation and was not the result of organic cultural development. Because of their cardinal differences, the language of Western Baroque and that of traditional Russian culture represent polar opposites in many ways. Hence the transplantation of even the most insignificant element results in its radical transformation, highlighting the peculiarities of the process of reception. The article outlines the principles that governed this process. It argues that it was the external features of the Baroque style that were borrowed, while its deeper orientation on polysemy, which defined the Baroque worldview in the West, was not. The assimilation of Western literature was eclectic and replaced rhetorical ambivalence with the rhetoric of didacticism. It took what could be synthesized with traditional culture most easily, at the same time as the more content-oriented features and those specific to European Baroque were rejected. If in Western Europe the Baroque posed riddles for the reader, in Russia authors on the “European" trajectory assisted the reader by providing solutions. The Baroque in Russia was primarily a phenomenon of Western influence, so that its unique features took second place in the process of forming a new cultural paradigm as a whole. “Baroque” elements acquired a completely new pedagogical function, becoming carriers of the new ideology that was being introduced. The Baroque became a servitor of power, whose aim was the political reeducation of society.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Introduction. Due to the destabilization of the situation in the countries of the South Caucasus in 2020, the region is of particular relevance today. At the present stage, it is an object of geopolitical competition for numerous international actors: the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the European Union, the Republic of Turkey. The article examines the EU policy in the process of implementing the Eastern Partnership program as part of the European political strategy. In relation to the South Caucasus region, the interim results of the EU’s activities on the implementation of 20 deliverables for 2020 in relation to the states of the South Caucasus are analyzed. Methods. Comparative analysis makes it possible to give a comprehensive assessment of European policy in the region by identifying priority areas and development prospects by comparing the intermediate results of 20 deliverables for 2020 in the South Caucasus countries within the framework of their bilateral relations with the EU. Analysis. The analysis of the activities of the European Union in relation to the South Caucasus countries is associated with the determination of the prospects for the development of the European strategy in the region. The analysis included tracking the dynamics of the implementation of the 20 deliverables for 2020 in relation to Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, as well as options for developing a European strategy in the South Caucasus countries, taking into account the new policy in the context of the Eastern Partnership beyond 2020. Results. As a result of the analysis, the EU’s competitive advantages in the South Caucasus were determined by identifying areas in which the EU’s geopolitical interests intersect with other actors.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
The history of forming the totally new politicy by John Paul II makes up the content of the article. This politicy is oriented towards non-democratic regimes and it has changed the regional “eastern policy of Vatican” into a global one. The basis of the article is constituted by the two texts, i.e. a newly discovered text of the speech (for a restricted audience) of John Paul II addressed to the Main Council of the Episcopate of Poland (05.06.1979) and the text of the Pope’s public sermon in the Cathedral in Gniezno (03.06.1979). We also used memoirs about private conversations of the Pope with statesmen and public fi gures about the liberation theology. The article draws attention to the coordination of the politics of John Paul II in relation to the countries of Eastern Europe with his politics in Latin America. Without refusing to maintain diplomatic contacts with non-democratic regimes, the Pope shifted the focus of his policy to strengthening the positions of national episcopates and activating the spiritual life of believers in these countries. To this end, John Paul II made extensive use of pastoral messages, pastoral visits, and the media. In terms of the formation of his policy, the most influential were three trips of the new Pope: to Mexico, to Poland, and to the USA. All of them took place in 1979.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Авторы обращаются к работам современных художников, выполненным по мотивам картины Рембрандта «Даная» (1636). Цель исследования – выявить авторские подходы в восприятии рембрандтовского произведения и воплощении хрестоматийного образа в современном искусстве. Картины, представленные на выставке «Памяти шедевра» (Челябинск, 2006), рассматриваются в контексте постмодернистских тенденций. Временные, пространственные, стилистические, культурно-символические пласты в работах на тему «Данаи» не просто соседствуют и взаимодействуют, но и подаются с максимальной долей иронии, что рассматривается в ключе теории симулякров Ж. Бодрийяра и «двойного кодирования» Р. Барта. Художники активно включаются в игровую стихию, что проявляется в деканонизации и фрагментации первоисточника, создании на его основе неожиданных, порой эпатажных комбинаций. Диалог с Рембрандтом включает заимствование первоисточника как в виде его прямого цитирования, так и в иных формах – аллюзии, реминисценции, гротеска. Работы классифицируются по способу применения художниками цитатных формул, содержащих эксплицированную (явную) или имплицитную (неявную) отсылку к произведению-первоисточнику. Современные художники представили «память о Данае» в ностальгической, иронической, игровой, пародийной, протестной интерпретациях. При этом ярко прочитывается игра со стилями ХХ в. – наивным искусством, примитивизмом, минимализмом, экспрессионизмом, символизмом, кубизмом, абстракционизмом, сюрреализмом, супрематизмом и др. В результате рождается мегатекст, в котором канон и традиция взаимодействуют с уникальной формой авторской репрезентации. Несмотря на заданные условия (работы объединены единой темой и единым масштабом), художники продемонстрировали высокую степень свободы, дух творческого состязания, игры в контексте постмодернистского восприятия наследия Рембрандта. Каждый из них вступил в диалог с великим голландцем, уже будучи зрелым и признанным мастером, что усилило художественное значение проекта. Созданные вариации на тему «Данаи» Рембрандта резко различаются по композиции, технике, колориту и стилистике. Художникам удалось продлить сюжет во времени, сделать его признаком современной культуры, убедить зрителя в широких возможностях современного искусства.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The article describes the notional features of the concept of star in the English worldview and focuses on those specifics of the representation of the concept that reveal the national consciousness of native English speakers. To describe the structure of the concept, the author analyzed dictionary articles, idioms, and synonyms. The analysis revealed 17 notional signs: a natural luminous body visible in the sky at night; a fixed point of light in the sky; hot balls of burning gas that emits its own light; a planet; fortune / destiny; horoscope; a celebrity; the main person in a film / play; an outstandingly successful person or thing in a group; an object or shape; a figure; a sign of rank / position; a star-shaped ornament or medal worn as a badge of honor or authority; classification of hotels; a white patch on the forehead of a horse or other animal; starfish; a sign of asterisk. The cognitive attributes "stellar body", "fortune / destiny", and "a white patch on the forehead of a horse or other animal" proved to go back to motivating features, which indicates their long-term presence in the language. However, a study of co-occurrence indicated relatively recent cognitive features. Examples were taken from classical English literature and the British National Corpus. A comparative analysis of the actualization of the meanings of the representative word in sentences showed that its conceptual features coincide with the data of explanatory dictionaries.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
The research determines the dynamics of gold mining and identifies the specifics of the development of the gold industry in Salair in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The Salair ridge was then under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. At the end of the XIX century, the Cabinet spent a lot of money on geological survey of the ridge and invested in the development of the local gold mines. The extraction of gold during this period fluctuated within 6–8 poods (1 pood = 16 kg). At the beginning of the XX century, the Cabinet leased the Salair mines to private entrepreneurs and joint-stock companies. Such agreements were signed by Prince A. von Thurn und Taxis and Dr. Josef Jeanne (Austria), Arthur Stanley and mining engineer Farrukh Bek-Vezirov (Great Britain), State Councilor Berezin (Russia), and The Russian Gold Mining Company. Private companies operated more successfully than the Cabinet. In the XX century the extraction of gold in Salair increased. However, after the companies had developed the ready retrievable gold deposits, they ceased operating. As the calculations have shown, more than 3.6 tons of gold were mined on the Salair Ridge in 1892 – 1915. The main feature of the Salair gold mining was that gold was extracted both by the Cabinet and private companies, which means that state and private capital acted in parallel.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
The analysis of the secondary texts obtained as a result of a linguistic experiment has allowed the author to create a degree classification for the emergence of metalinguistic consciousness and to compare them to personalization and depersonalization tendencies. The classification, as well as various metaindicators, linguistic and extralinguistic factors make it possible to create a linguistic persona typology based on personalization and depersonalization tendencies, text generation and text perceiving. The article features a new classification of linguistic persona on the basis of two criteria: degrees of the emergence of metalinguistic consciousness and text generation and perception. The analysis conducted has revealed that types of the linguistic persona are divided into two groups depending on the unique or variable type of the linguistic persona established in the process of text perceprion. This article represents results of the analysis of texts belonging to various types of unambiguous linguistic persona.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
The article is devoted to the evolution of the Roman primacy in the 4th century. The Christianization of the Empire accelerated the process of regional consolidation of the episcopate, but did not lead to the emergence of specific «imperial ecclesiology». At the same time in the 4th century, traditional apostolic ecclesiology has maintained its position both in the West and the East. We can distinguish two different types of the apostolic ecclesiology: locally-historical (the doctrine of St. Irenaeus and Tertullian) and universally-hierarchical (the concept of St. Cyprian of Carthage). The first can be fi nd in the works of pope Julius, St. Athanasius and in the letter of the council of Constantinople (382), the second — in the texts of St. Basil the Great and Palladius of Ratiara. At the same time on the council of Serdica (343) Western bishops supported the new “Roman” ecclesiological model. They proclaimed the Roman See as the Chair of Peter the only center of catholic communion and invested it with special legal prerogatives. In fact, this model was the result of ecclesiological synthesis of two early conceptions of apostolicity: the idea of apostolic origins of the Roman Church was connected with the idea of the primacy of Peter as the basis of the Church’s unity. In the future, this conception was adopted by the bishop of Rome. Pope Damasus I (366–384), developing the doctrine of the Roman See as sedes apostolica, actually put principle of Roman primacy above the principle of synodal consensus. Eastern bishops did not support this interpretation of the church order, defending the autonomy of the Eastern Churches. They proclaimed Constantinople New Rome, in fact, denying the uniqueness of the status of the Church of Rome.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Toward the Question of the Victims’ Number of Political Repressions for Orthodox Belief in Russia in ХХ century Somin Nikolay Vladimirovich The author off ers the technique of the approximate estimate of the general number of orthodox believers suffering for the Christ during XX century in Russia. The technique is based on the process’s analysis of the data input of new persons to the Database of New Russian martyrs and Confessors which has been developed in PSTGU. The feature of it is the number of «twins» in the Database, i.e. persons who already are in the Base. It assists making the conclusion concerning the general number of victims. For experiments the author used the incoming stream received from Base of the subjected to repression persons, developed by the Society the Memorial. The author brings results of calculations and necessary historical inquiries. As a result he makes the conclusion, that the general number of the Victims of Political Repression for Orthodox Belief in Russia during XX c. was about 100 thousand persons (with a margin error in 40 %).
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The article examines the labour organization of Russian sisters of mercy during World War One. The author indicates two periods which took place before and after the February Revolution. Based on archive documents and offi cial publications the article describes general structure of Russian Red Cross Society institutions and basic principles of sisters of mercy communities’ work. It examines the rules of new sisters’ employment, their training, service assignment and professional duties. The emphasis is put on nurses’ work in wartime. During first years of war sisters’ position was stable. Due to specifi c hierarchy in the managing structure sisters’ work was productive and demanded. After the February Revolution the managing system changed drastically as well as the status of sisters of mercy and their reception in society. The author gives a thorough examination of sisters’ position after reorganization of Russian Red Cross Society. In time of political instability Russian sisters of mercy were able to organize themselves into one big organization thus creating All-Russian Union of Sisters of Mercy. This article for the first time ever implements into scientific research a huge amount of documents which allowed a signifi cant extension of views on Bolsheviks’ political approaches to Russian Red Cross Society and institution of sisters of mercy.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Hybrid B3LYP and gradient SLYP functionals were used to reveal the structure of organic mass of coal within the density functional theory in the basis of local orbitals. For all modeled compounds a number of important characteristics was identified – the lengths of bonds and angles. The IR spectra, the values of total energy and reactivity parameters, allowing for comparison with experimental data were calculated.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
The paper defines the role of institutionalism and its importance to the economy of the country. The definition of the term «accounting procedure» is given which is an essential element of institutionalism considering the needs of the current reality. The classification of the accounting procedures is proposed and characteristics of these procedures are given as well.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
The paper provides a historical and philosophical analysis of the problem of ideology. The attention is focused on its place in the public knowledge, functions, and the most promising transformations. The approaches of foreign researchers are summed up. The paper states that ideology has a significant effect on the course of political, economic, civil processes in society, that is it is a significant factor of influence on social reality.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology