Przedmioty związane z cechami piekarzy, piernikarzy i rzeźników przechowywane są obecnie przez pięć instytucji. Artykuł miał na celu zebranie dziedzictwa krakowskich cechów spożywczych wyrażonego w przedmiotach związanych z obyczajami cechowymi. Ważne było znalezienie ich wspólnego kontekstu i wzajemnych powiązań. Przedstawione obiekty służyły podczas zebrań cechowych (krucyfiksy, lichtarze, lady), wyróżniały starszych cechu (buzdygany, łańcuchy), były używane podczas uroczystości religijnych i świeckich (chorągwie). Pochodzą z różnych wieków – najstarsze powstały w XVII w. (konwie cechów piekarzy i rzeźników), a najmłodsze – łańcuchy starszych połączonych cechów spożywczych – w latach 80. XX w. Wykonane są w różnych technikach. W tym sumarycznym opracowaniu nie była możliwa ich szczegółowa analiza, choć przy okazji udało się ustalić niektórych autorów oraz odczytać ikonografię przedstawień. Daje to pogląd na współpracę pomiędzy lokalnymi rzemieślnikami w urządzaniu siedzib cechowych i wyposażaniu kaplic (wykorzystywanie majstersztyków stolarskich jak lada cechu rzeźników lub zlecanie wykonywania wyrobów srebrnych okolicznym złotnikom). Pomimo wymuszonej pobieżności opracowania wyraźnie rysuje się wspólnota symboli, motywów, dekoracji i poczucia tożsamości wspólnoty wyrażająca się w samych przedmiotach i ich dekoracjach. Analiza odsłania też szerszy kontekst funkcjonowania: mówią one o fundatorach, ówczesnym rzemiośle i statusie cechu.
In 1816, the Polish branch of the
British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) was
established in Warsaw to distribute Catholic
and Protestant Bibles in Polish. It operated
intermittently throughout the nineteenth
century, subordinated to the larger BFBS
agencies in Vienna or St Petersburg. The
organisation expanded its operations in
the interwar period under the leadership of
Aleksander Enholc and continued to grow
after the Second World War. In 1967, Bar
bara Enholc-Narzyńska was appointed as its
head. In 1992, the branch formally became
independent and has since operated as the
Bible Society in Poland
In the article, the author presents some of the works of the Polish artist Karolina Jarzębak, who uses cyber folklore in her work to narrate the problems of “millennials”, human loneliness and anxieties related to the current socio-political situation both in Poland and around the world. The analysis of artistic activity was based on the concepts of post-production and semionaut proposed by Nicolas Bourriaud and the theory of cultural remix, primarily in relation to its typology described in the theoretical texts of Eduardo Navas, where the so-called reflexive remix – the most important in these considerations – questions Benjamin’s aura and becoming an autonomous entity. Jarzębak’s multi-threaded works, created on the basis of Internet iconography centered around the so-called family of Oomer Wojaks, intertwine with forms characteristic of classical art history, but also of the 20th century neo-avant-garde. It opens the way to an extended interpretation of the works. The element that unites all the art installations is the reflection on the difficulties observed in social sciences in establishing lasting interpersonal relationships, faced by generations Y (and Z).
Artykuł przedstawia tłumaczenie i analizę fragmentów dokumentu sporządzonego przez Federalne Biuro Śledcze, dotyczącego historii rozwoju mafii na terenie Stanów Zjednoczonych. Jego celem jest przedstawienie perspektywy spojrzenia agentów federalnych i porównanie jej z dostępnym współcześnie stanem wiedzy.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Elzbieta Iwaszkiewicz‐Eggebrecht, Emma Granqvist, Mateusz Buczek
et al.
Abstract Metabarcoding (high‐throughput sequencing of marker gene amplicons) has emerged as a promising and cost‐effective method for characterizing insect community samples. Yet, the methodology varies greatly among studies and its performance has not been systematically evaluated to date. In particular, it is unclear how accurately metabarcoding can resolve species communities in terms of presence‐absence, abundance and biomass. Here we use mock community experiments and a simple probabilistic model to evaluate the effect of different DNA extraction protocols on metabarcoding performance. Specifically, we ask four questions: (Q1) How consistent are the recovered community profiles across replicate mock communities?; (Q2) How does the choice of lysis buffer affect the recovery of the original community?; (Q3) How are community estimates affected by differing lysis times and homogenization? and (Q4) Is it possible to obtain adequate species abundance estimates through the use of biological spike‐ins? We show that estimates are quite variable across community replicates. In general, a mild lysis protocol is better at reconstructing species lists and approximate counts, while homogenization is better at retrieving biomass composition. Small insects are more likely to be detected in lysates, while some tough species require homogenization to be detected. Results are less consistent across biological replicates for lysates than for homogenates. Some species are associated with strong PCR amplification bias, which complicates the reconstruction of species counts. Yet, with adequate spike‐in data, species abundance can be determined with roughly 40% standard error for homogenates, and with roughly 50% standard error for lysates, under ideal conditions. In the latter case, however, this often requires species‐specific reference data, while spike‐in data generalize better across species for homogenates. We conclude that a non‐destructive, mild lysis approach shows the highest promise for the presence/absence description of the community, while also allowing future morphological or molecular work on the material. However, homogenization protocols perform better for characterizing community composition, in particular in terms of biomass.
Na przełomie lipca i sierpnia 1914 r. w głąb Rosji ewakuowano struktury administracji celnej z terenu Królestwa Polskiego z powodu groźby wybuchu wojny. Do wewnętrznych guberni Imperium Rosyjskiego wywieziono personel administracyjny wraz z rodzinami oraz majątek urzędów celnych. Władze rosyjskie zakładały, że przymusowy pobyt poza Królestwem Polskim będzie krótkotrwały licząc na sukcesy militarne armii carskiej. Jednak z powodu utracenia inicjatywy strategicznej przez armię rosyjską urzędy te nigdy nie powróciły do Królestwa Polskiego. Na podstawie zachowanych materiałów źródłowych przedstawiono proces ewakuacji w 1914 r. i zjawisko funkcjonowania rosyjskich struktur administracji celnej przebywającej na ewakuacji do chwili upadku monarchii Romanowów w marcu 1917 r.
This account of historical politics in Ukraine, framed in a broader European context, shows how social, political, and cultural groups have used and misused the past from the final years of the Soviet Union to 2020. Georgiy Kasianov details practices relating to history and memory by a variety of actors, including state institutions, non-governmental organizations, political parties, historians, and local governments. He identifies the main political purposes of these practices in the construction of nation and identity, struggles for power, warfare, and international relations. Kasianov considers the Ukrainian case in the context of a global increase in the politics of history and memory, with particular emphasis on a distinctive East-European variety. He pays special attention to the use and abuse of history in relations between Ukraine, Russia, and Poland.
ABSTRACT In this paper, the author explores the entanglements between time and HIV/AIDS activists’ biographies in Poland. More specifically, the aim is to analyse how people living with HIV, activists, professionals, therapists – all of them engaged in constructing and shaping HIV/AIDS policy worlds – experienced the first years of responding to the epidemic and how they frame these past experiences from the present perspective. By looking at different biographies and trajectories of engagement in the HIV/AIDS field, the author examines how various actors conceptualize and reflect upon the ‘thick times’. The intersection of the first responses to the epidemic with transitional changes taking place in Poland in the early 1990s is crucial for understanding the notion of ‘thick times’, its ambivalences and ways in which activists frame their experience from that period.
W dniu 23 lutego 2020 r. zmarł emerytowany profesor nadzwyczajny Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (UŁ) doktor habilitowany Stefan Pytlas. Z pewnością należy zaliczyć go do nielicznego grona najwybitniejszych znawców dziejów Łodzi przemysłowej, a w szczególności łódzkiej burżuazji. Jego monografia poświęcona tej grupie społecznej w latach 1864–1914 weszła na stałe do kanonów polskiej historiografii. Zmarły Profesor był przez dwie kadencje Dziekanem Wydziału Filozoficzno- Historycznego UŁ i w ostatnich latach zatrudnienia w tej uczelni kierował Katedrą Historii Polski XIX w. Ponadto przez pół wieku związany był z działalnością Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego, w którym w latach 1997–2003 pełnił funkcję prezesa Oddziału Łódzkiego. Przez wiele lat zaangażowany był w prace redakcyjne „Rocznika Łódzkiego”, a w latach 1995–1997 był redaktorem naczelnym tego najstarszego łódzkiego czasopisma naukowego.
Jaki społeczno-polityczny komunikat zakodowano w neoklasycznej architekturze teatru kaliskiego (proj. Czesław Przybylski) kryjącej funkcjonalistyczne rozwiązania wnętrz (proj. Juliusz Żórawski)? Jaki obraz wykształconego Polaka starano się zbudować w prowincjonalnym mieście o typowej dla II RP wielonarodowościowej strukturze? Kto zasiadał na tej widowni, a kogo oczekiwano? Autorka skupia się na pytaniach narosłych wokół czwartego teatralnego gmachu w Kaliszu, odbudowanego w latach międzywojennych (1919-1936). Na podstawie wyrywkowo podanych opinii z lokalnych gazet zwraca ona uwagę na ważny, a dotychczas szczegółowo nieanalizowany przez badaczy wątek nacjonalistyczno- szowinistyczny przewijający się w dyskusjach dotyczących teatru i jego roli w miejskiej przestrzeni. Przedstawiony tekst zarysowujący problematykę jest wstępem do szerszych badań.
General Works, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Anna Maria Jażdżewska, Anne Helene S. Tandberg, Tammy Horton
et al.
In the age of global climate change and biodiversity loss there is an urgent need to provide effective and robust tools for diversity monitoring. One of the promising techniques for species identification is the use of DNA barcoding, that in Metazoa utilizes the so called ‘gold-standard’ gene of cytochrome c oxidase (COI). However, the success of this method relies on the existence of trustworthy barcode libraries of the species. The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) aims to provide barcodes for all existing organisms, and is complemented by the Barcode Index Number (BIN) system serving as a tool for potential species recognition. Here we provide an analysis of all public COI sequences available in BOLD of the diverse and ubiquitous crustacean order Amphipoda, to identify the barcode library gaps and provide recommendations for future barcoding studies. Our gap analysis of 25,702 records has shown that although 3,835 BINs (indicating putative species) were recognised by BOLD, only 10% of known amphipod species are represented by barcodes. We have identified almost equal contribution of both records (sequences) and BINs associated with freshwater and with marine realms. Three quarters of records have a complete species-level identification provided, while BINs have just 50%. Large disproportions between identification levels of BINs coming from freshwaters and the marine environment were observed, with three quarters of the former possessing a species name, and less than 40% for the latter. Moreover, the majority of BINs are represented by a very low number of sequences rendering them unreliable according to the quality control system. The geographical coverage is poor with vast areas of Africa, South America and the open ocean acting as “white gaps”. Several, of the most species rich and highly abundant families of Amphipoda (e.g., Phoxocephalidae, Ampeliscidae, Caprellidae), have very poor representation in the BOLD barcode library. As a result of our study we recommend stronger effort in identification of already recognised BINs, prioritising the studies of families that are known to be important and abundant components of particular communities, and targeted sampling programs for taxa coming from geographical regions with the least knowledge.
A well-acknowledged driver of change, population movement intensifies the development of coastal territories. The Russian North-West holds a vast coastal zone. Granting access to the Baltic, the White, and the Barents Seas, it is an area of geostrategic importance where much of the country’s coastal economy — one of the national priorities — is located. Push and pull factors are enormously diverse in the area, as are migration flows forming attraction poles for migrants. There is little research on the issue despite its social and practical significance. Thus, research is required to examine how the coastal factor can benefit the migration attractiveness and human resources of Russian coastal territories of geostrategic importance. This study aims to delineate coastal territories and investigate local migration flows compared to those recorded in inland regions. The research draws on the concept of coastalisation, employing universal, geographical, and statistical research methods. It uses documentary sources and official 2011—2020 statistics. The findings show that the coastal position and maritime economic activity are relevant factors for migration attractiveness. Saint Petersburg and the coastal municipalities of the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions are more attractive to migrants than more northerly territories. However, there are attraction poles farther north too, and the coastal zone of the Arkhangelsk region attracts more migrants than its inland part. The study demonstrates the growing polarisation of migration space in the coastal areas and especially agglomerations. Changes in the age structure of immigration flows have caused social factors in attractiveness to migrants to replace employment-related factors.
The aim of this article is to outline the history of the scientific journal Gospodarka
Narodowa, which from 1946 to 1989 operated under the name Gospodarka Planowa. The
study pays particular attention to the subject matter of the articles published in the journal,
the organisation of editorial work and the people associated with the journal. For this
purpose, sources and existing studies were consulted, and an analysis was conducted of
the citations of the papers published in the journal. When possible, the frequency of the use
of selected JEL classification codes in the papers was also analysed. The article not only
offers the first in-depth description of the nine decades of Gospodarka Narodowa, but also
makes an original contribution to the discipline by indicating the most frequently cited
articles published in the journal. It finds that the main areas of interest for Gospodarka
Narodowa authors over the past decade have been issues related to macroeconomics,
including monetary economics, international economics, financial economics, and economic
growth. Another finding is that many authors have shown a preference for a clearly
quantitative approach to the study of these problems. The article concludes by stating that
Gospodarka Narodowa underwent a long evolution before it eventually became a strictly
scientific journal, a focus that it has preserved to this day.
Emilia Rogoża-Janiszewska, Karolina Malińska, C. Cybulski
et al.
There are twenty recurrent mutations in six breast-cancer-predisposing genes in Poland (BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, NBN, and RECQL). The frequencies of the twenty alleles have not been measured in a large series of early-onset breast cancer patients from Poland unselected for family history. We genotyped 2464 women with breast cancer diagnosed below age 41 years for twenty recurrent germline mutations in six genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2 CHEK2, PALB2, NBN, and RECQL. A mutation in one of the six genes was identified in 419 of the 2464 early-onset breast cancer cases (17%), including 22.4% of those cases diagnosed below age 31. The mutation frequency was 18.8% for familial breast cancer cases and 6% for non-familial cases. Among women with breast cancer below age 31, the mutation frequency was 23.6% for familial cases and 17.4% in non-familial cases. The majority of mutations (76.2%) were seen in BRCA1 and BRCA2. In Poland, a panel of twenty recurrent mutations in six genes can identify a genetic basis for a high percentage of early-onset cases and testing is recommended for all women with breast cancer at age 40 or below.
S. Jarosławski, B. Jarosławska, B. Błaszczyk
et al.
ABSTRACT Background Ischaemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of death and disability and affects the quality of life of patients. Previous studies focused on urban populations. Objective To evaluate the health-related quality of life (QoL) of patients with history of IS and living in a rural area in Poland. Patients Rural population of 172 patients discharged from a district hospital in Zakopane, Poland with a diagnosis of IS in the period from 01.01.2005 to 31.10.2006. Intervention QoL was evaluated using the European Quality of Life Scale-5 Dimensions EQ-5D-3 L (EQ-5D) and the Short Form Health Survey – 12 version 2 (SF-12). Results In the EQ-5D survey, 57.3% of patients had only some problems with mobility, 40.3% with usual activities, 63.2% with pain/discomfort, 59% with anxiety/depression, and 32.2% with self-care. In the SF-12 survey, both summary components (physical and psychological) were reduced compared to the population norm. Conclusion The quality of life in IS survivors is clearly reduced in the majority of domains assessed by the EQ-5D and SF-12 questionnaires. The most important factors affecting QoL were the functional state, depression and anxiety. A significant difference as compared to to urban and mixed populations was observed for a reduced SF-12 mental health component and for the EQ-5D visual analogue scale. We found no effect of gender, age or cognitive disorders on the outcomes of SF-12.
This chapter presents a history of the successes and challenges of education reforms in Poland from 1999 to the present in the context of political and social changes.
ABSTRACT Was there a state-socialist model of school sex education and if so, what characterized its form and content? What shaped the specificities and divergent characteristics of each country? The paper explores and compares programs of ‘education for family life’ as these became part of state-driven reproductive politics in late stages of state socialism in three countries (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary), with a particular focus on sexuality and gender. We analyze how sexuality was framed in these otherwise broadly understood programs, which aimed not just at discussing sex but also interpersonal relations within the family, forming the ways in which gender was to be understood, and sexuality was to be practiced. We show that school curricula for education for family life, which included sexual education, were introduced in the early 1970s in all three countries, and these programs displayed many similarities. We identify transnational influences in triggering the interest in such type of education and cross-border exchanges that shaped it further. Nevertheless, when analyzing the content of these curricula, national factors and peculiarities become visible, like the heightened focus on ‘normal’ family life in Czechoslovakia, the importance of ethnicity (Roma minority) in Hungary or religion (Catholicism) in Poland. As a result, we cannot speak of a universal model of state-socialist sex education. Methodologically, we follow the sociology of expertise that focuses on the ways in which expertise forms, links or disjoins, creating new areas of social life in need of expert intervention (Eyal, Rose, Hacking). Changes in expertise thus map onto broader social changes and analyzing the shifts in expertise can help understand societal processes of social reproduction and change. In our paper, we focus on sexological and pedagogical expertise, as these intersected on the issue of school-based sex education.
ABSTRACT The article presents state-socialist and Catholic reproductive and population politics of Cold War Poland, focusing on competing discourses of population growth that were present in public debates since the 1950s up to the 1970s. Situating the local Polish case in a wider international framework, I examine references to Malthusian and Marxists theories of population in the statements of party-state and Catholic journalists during the only period of (moderate) anti-natalism in the history of state-socialist Poland. I argue that by ignoring the more moderate Catholic population and reproductive politics rationales, party-state journalists attempted to position Church leaders and commentators as unanimous supporters of ‘unfettered fertility’ and to present the party state as the only modernizing force whose population and reproductive politics would guarantee Polish citizens’ prosperous standards of living attained thanks to small-sized families rearing high-quality children. In the official rhetoric this model of the modern family was to be achieved thanks to contraceptives that were endorsed by the party state supporting a ‘conscious motherhood’ campaign initiated in the late 1950s by the Polish family planning association.