One of the most important works of cultural theory ever written, Walter Benjamin's groundbreaking essay explores how the age of mass media means audiences can listen to or see a work of art repeatedly - and what the troubling social and political implications of this are. Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are.
يعد النظام البرلماني شكل من أشكال الحكومة الديمقراطية النيابي ، وهو وليد ظروف سياسية اجتماعية اقتصادية ، وأن قيام النظام البرلماني العراقي وفق ما جاء في النظام الدستوري الذي أكده المجلس التأسيسي العراقي حيث وضع هذا المجلس الأسس الأولى لقيام أول حياة برلمانية عراقية ، ويكون شكل الدولة العراقية ذات حكومة ملكية وراثية وشكلها نيابي ووفق النظام البرلماني العراقي توجد هناك ثلاث هيئات تسهم في السلطة هي : (الملك ، الوزارة ، البرلمان) .
В статье представлены результаты первого экспериментально-трасологического исследования центральной группы мыса Бесов нос петроглифов Онежского озера. Объектом настоящего исследования являются выбивки центральной группы петроглифов, выявленной на мысе Бесов нос и включающей в себя 171 фигуру. Для изучения наскального искусства выбранного региона данная методика применена впервые. Для создания эталонной базы были проведены все предполагаемые виды экспериментов с применением как наиболее характерных для данного региона материалов, так и некоторых «неклассических». Всего было использовано 11 видов сырья для создания орудий выбивки. В ходе экспериментов моделировались три способа создания петроглифов – прямой и опосредованный пикетаж, а также шлифование. Исследование было направлено на все информативные выбивки с разными вариациями их видов. В итоге сделан вывод о действительном наличии следов применения как минимум двух техник нанесения изображений на скальную поверхность. В первом случае выделены изображения, которые могли быть выполнены только металлическими орудиями без применения каменных орудий. К данному типу относится большинство изображений, расположенных на мысе Бесов нос Онежского озера. Во втором случае выделены изображения, которые могли быть выполнены только с использованием каменных орудий без применения металлических. К данному типу относится меньший процент изображений, в основном это изображения лебедей.
The purpose of this article is to discuss the history of Islamic civilization in Indonesia and Malaysia before and after independence. It is known that Indonesia and Malaysia are allied, and both are Islamic-majority countries. In this case, the method used in this paper is a literature study approach. The writer collects sources from articles, journals, books, and similar writings relevant to this research. The results of this paper say that Islam entered Indonesia in the 7th century and Malaysia in the 9th century, which was the initial stage of the formation of a Muslim community consisting of traders. Furthermore, there have been Islamic-style kingdoms that are the result of the spread of Islam. And it should be noted that Islam entered Malaysia and Indonesia peacefully without war.
This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"
This essay historicizes the concept of nature in French anarchist pedagogy around 1900. I argue that anarchist cosmology was not dualist in the sense that it did not neatly separate the natural from the cultural or social. Nature was rather understood as an ever-evolving realm that encompassed nonhuman and human entities. This example should encourage historical scholarship to look more deeply into what anthropologists sometimes call “naturalist ontology”. Instead of conceiving it as a fixed worldview, we should investigate its genealogy, transformations, and contestations.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Civilization
We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.
A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in LAquila, October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.
Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.
In this paper we describe the history of the LHCb experiment over the last three decades, and its remarkable successes and achievements. LHCb was conceived primarily as a b-physics experiment, dedicated to CP violation studies and measurements of very rare b decays, however the tremendous potential for c-physics was also clear. At first data taking, the versatility of the experiment as a general-purpose detector in the forward region also became evident, with measurements achievable such as electroweak physics, jets and new particle searches in open states. These were facilitated by the excellent capability of the detector to identify muons and to reconstruct decay vertices close to the primary pp interaction region. By the end of the LHC Run 2 in 2018, before the accelerator paused for its second long shut down, LHCb had measured the CKM quark mixing matrix elements and CP violation parameters to world-leading precision in the heavy-quark systems. The experiment had also measured many rare decays of b and c quark mesons and baryons to below their Standard Model expectations, some down to branching ratios of order 10-9. In addition, world knowledge of b and c spectroscopy had improved significantly through discoveries of many new resonances already anticipated in the quark model, and also adding new exotic four and five quark states.
Shashank Reddy Vadyala, Sai Nethra Betgeri1, John C. Matthews
et al.
The recent development of machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) increases the opportunities in all the sectors. ML is a significant tool that can be applied across many disciplines, but its direct application to civil engineering problems can be challenging. ML for civil engineering applications that are simulated in the lab often fail in real-world tests. This is usually attributed to a data mismatch between the data used to train and test the ML model and the data it encounters in the real world, a phenomenon known as data shift. However, a physics-based ML model integrates data, partial differential equations (PDEs), and mathematical models to solve data shift problems. Physics-based ML models are trained to solve supervised learning tasks while respecting any given laws of physics described by general nonlinear equations. Physics-based ML, which takes center stage across many science disciplines, plays an important role in fluid dynamics, quantum mechanics, computational resources, and data storage. This paper reviews the history of physics-based ML and its application in civil engineering.
Oumuamua, the first known object of extrasolar origin seen to enter our Solar System, has multiple unusual characteristics that, taken together, are very difficult to explain with conventional astronomical entities like asteroids and comets. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that Oumuamua is an interstellar probe that was constructed by an alien civilization. We demonstrate that the accomplishments that can be achieved with large space telescopes and interferometers in the alien's planetary system will completely quench any motivation for construction and launch of an Oumuamua-like probe. The absence of any such motivation attests that Oumuamua is not an alien creation. The existence of large space telescopes has important implications for a range of topics that include interstellar space travel, the zoo hypothesis, METI, and UFOs.