Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Monographs on architects are a well-established and largely unquestioned format within the academic discipline of architectural history. This special issue examines the various motivations behind the writing of such works, along with the sources, media, and modes of presentation they employ, drawing on case studies from Central Europe. At the heart of this inquiry lies the question of who is considered 'worthy' of a monograph—an issue shaped by hegemonies of gender, origin, and religion. Ultimately, these investigations prompt a broader reflection on the processes through which the architectural canon is constructed.

Andrew Ludanyi

Maciej Dorna

Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, kiedy i w jaki sposób doszło do zredagowania tzw. Złotej Bulli z Rimini, przywileju datowanego na marzec 1226 r., w którym cesarz Fryderyk II Hohenstauf potwierdził Zakonowi Krzyżackiemu przyszłe darowizny ze strony księcia Konrada I mazowieckiego oraz nadał mu prawo posiadania wszystkich ziem, jakie zdobędzie w Prusach wraz z szerokimi uprawnieniami władzy zwierzchniej. Autor podejmuje dyskusję z koncepcjami genezy Złotej Bulli sformułowanymi przez Sylvaina Gouguenheima oraz Tomasza Jasińskiego i przedstawia własny pogląd na czas oraz mechanizm zredagowania Złotej Bulli w znanej nam obecnie wersji.

Michael J. Benton, Sarah King

While museums have long been associated with the protection and interpretation of cultural, historical, and natural heritage, their role in geoconservation has only become more prominent in recent decades. Geoconservation focuses on the conservation of geological features, processes, and landscapes, and has gained recognition as an important area of environmental protection, particularly in the context of climate change and anthropogenic pressures on natural resources. Importantly, geoconservation is based on the fundamental scientific evaluation of those locations, such as open landscapes, coastlines, and quarries in terms of their regional and international significance. Therefore, there are two roles for museums in connection with geoconservation, namely scientific and educational. Museums promote geoconservation through their collections, exhibitions, research, and public outreach. Different papers in the volume address questions of proper collecting practice and making links from the conserved geological sites to the curated collections in a museum, largely in the context of their scientific worth. Collecting on the land can be a fraught topic in the context of moving specimens from place to place, especially in moving them from one nation to another. What was once done without thought is now an important area of ethical debate. Such considerations are important also in education, where the choice of language and terminology can matter. Further, museums, like geoparks, rely on the support of visitors and it is important for all audiences to be considered in planning the educational and engagement activities in museums and integrating with nearby geosites. Partnerships between museums and geosites can present benefits for both. Papers in the Special Issue We publish 11 papers in this Special Issue, addressing different topics in the relationship of museums with geoconservation sites and objectives. Our authors come from many countries (UK, Germany, France, Morocco, Australia, and China) and reflect specific examples from each of these nations. In two articles, the authors explore practical, legal, and ethical issues between geological sites and museums. Van Geert (2024) compares the presentation of geology in geopark museums and natural history museums, focusing on the French and Spanish Catalan region of Europe. He notes how the expansion of the geoheritage concept has led to profound changes in museums and the wider heritage sector as these institutions adapt to strengthening the link between natural and cultural heritage. He also sees real impacts from increasing awareness among professionals and the public for issues associated with decolonization issues and the climate crisis. In their paper, Reedman et al. (2024) explore fossil collecting along parts of the Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site. Fossil collecting is managed through codes of conduct rather than laws. The codes operate on rapidly eroding coastlines where fossils may be found at any time and if they are not collected might be lost to erosion. This makes it impractical to mandate official collecting by licensed authorities only because they do not have the time to monitor many kilometers of coastline every few days. On the other hand, the hundreds of thousands of visitors could cause great harm by over-collecting and dispersing the fossils. A balance is struck, whereby visitors may collect common fossils such as ammonites, but are encouraged to report any particularly impressive specimens or marine reptile bones. It is unknown how many remarkable fossils are removed without being recorded, but sufficient specimens are recorded by the local museums along the coast that the authors conclude the codes of good practice are at least substantially effective. Two papers, respectively from the UK and Australia, explore issues of decolonization and current issues between occupants of the land. Gelsthorpe (2024) provides a thoughtful consideration of decolonization as it affects a museum, in his case the Manchester Museum, that acquired specimens from all over the world in times when few questions were asked about ethical matters. He argues that ‘the repatriation of geological specimens can be regarded as a barometer of the progress of decolonization’. He provides an example of how the Manchester Museum returned a Cretaceous fossil bird specimen that had been purchased illegally to China and uses this as a wake-up call to encourage other museums to be proactive in contacting authorities in other nations to offer the return of specimens. Hurst et al. (2024) explore live situations in Australia where scientists and museums have up to now often ignored the wishes and interests of the First Nations peoples. They note that museums in Australia, and more widely, exhibit numerous examples of First Nations art, and ethical considerations about how those artifacts were obtained and how they are exhibited and explained can be enormous. There are also major concerns ignored to a large extent hitherto about the land throughout Australia and how we approach and talk about it. Every geological site is on the ancestral lands of a First Nations group, and Hurst et al. present ideas about proper engagement between Western-trained scientists and First Nations peoples. Sally Hurst pioneered an engagement scheme throughout Australia called ‘Found a Fossil’ survey, and the authors present results and examples of further outcomes between museums and geosites concerning dinosaur tracks, stone tools, and a film project that have brought together disparate interests and cultures around important geological themes. We then present five articles that provide examples of different means of illustrating and disseminating information about geosites through museums. El Hamidy et al. (2024) show the National Ceramics Museum in Safi, Morocco (NCMSM) helps to promote geotourism and protect geosites through a variety of activities, including geosite visits, educational programs, interpretive panels, geotours, awareness campaigns, souvenir offers, and interactive applications. Lincoln and Colley (2024) provide an account of how a small geological museum in northern England, the Kendal Museum, used stories around some ‘local heroes’ to interest the local people and visitors in how geologists work and to make connections from the museum displays to local geosites that tourists can visit. In a similar way, Munt (2024) reports the history of a newer museum, the Dinosaur Isle Museum on the Isle of Wight, southern England, founded in 2001, and how it exhibits dinosaur fossils all found within at most a few kilometers of the museum. He argues that place is important in the location of this museum, allowing visitors and local people to realize the remarkable specimens on show are very local to the museum itself, and inspiring some at least to walk or drive on to see some of the original find spots of dinosaur skeletons and footprints. The fourth case study is from the IVPP museum in Beijing, China, where Wang et al. (2024) present a detailed account of the great wall murals that act as a backdrop to the collections on all three floors of the galleries. They show how they are a good representation of the state of knowledge of Chinese palaeontology in the early 1990s, and how the life restorations of animals can help visitors interpret the fossils they see in front of them and connect those back to the sites from which they came, many of them now incorporated into geoparks that are open to visitors. Finally, in this section, Schütrumpf et al. (2024) describe the ‘Ask a Geologist’ service at the Warwick Market Hall Museum in central England, where staff of the museum and volunteers from the county geoconservation group meet the public to answer questions and identify rocks and fossils. The final two articles are about one of the longest-studied geological areas in the world, the Dorset coast in southern England. Davis (2024) describes the Lyme Regis Fossil Festival which has happened each year since 2005, attracting 15–20,000 people each time to the variety of stalls, scientific lectures, circus shows, and other events designed to link people to the geology and palaeontology and especially the geoconservation aspects of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage site. It all began with Mary Anning (1799–1847), and Pearson (2024) presents an evocative account of her involvement in the campaign to establish a statue in honor of the great fossil collector. In particular, she describes how Mary Anning has become a hero worldwide for her contributions and acts as an inspiration for young people, especially girls, to become scientists, but also to take an interest in geology, palaeontology, and geoconservation.

Nóra Szigethy

Christopher M. Graney

This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.

Mohamed El Louadi

This paper explores the complex relationship between demographics and artificial intelligence (AI) advances in Europe and Africa, projecting into the year 2050. The advancement of AI technologies has occurred at diverse rates, with Africa lagging behind Europe. Moreover, the imminent economic consequences of demographic shifts require a more careful examination of immigration patterns, with Africa emerging as a viable labor pool for European countries. However, within these dynamics, questions are raised about the differences in AI proficiency between African immigrants and Europeans by 2050. This paper examines demographic trends and AI developments to unravel insights into the multifaceted challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in the realms of technology, the economy, and society as we look ahead to 2050.

Attila Csönge

Történelmi ismeretekhez jellemzően írott dokumentumok kutatásával jutnak történészeink. Történelmünk forrásait a levéltárak őrzik. Hazánk legnagyobb közgyűjteménye, egyben legnagyobb levéltára a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár, mely 2012-ben az Országos Levéltár és a megyei levéltárak összevonásával jött létre. A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Levéltár sok évtizede gyűjti a megye településeinek közigazgatási iratait. A különböző hivatalokat, bíróságokat, iskolákat és állami vállalatokat törvény kötelezi arra, hogy történelmi szempontból maradandó értékű, vagy jogbiztosító irataikat tizenöt év elteltével leadják a levéltárakba. A magánszemélyeket, egyesületeket és pártokat azonban semmilyen jogszabály nem kötelezi arra, hogy magántulajdonban lévő régi irataikat, fényképeiket átadják a levéltárak valamelyikének. A hivatalos forrásokon túl a magániratok is számos értékes adalékkal szolgálhatnak a történelem részletgazdagabb bemutatásához és megértéséhez. E rövid tanulmány azt mutatja be, hogy JNSZ megyében hogyan változott az elmúlt években a magánirat ajándékozás, milyen okok álltak a változás hátterében, milyen dokumentumokat ajánlottak fel részükre és ezek miért jelentősek a levéltári kutatás szempontjából.

Babeta Jurámiková

Wenzel Trnka von Krzowitz’s Study Historia febrium intermittentium on Malaria in the Habsburg Monarchy. Wenzel Trnka von Krzowitz was born in 1739 in Tabor. He graduated from the University of Vienna, where after studying philosophy he studied at the Faculty of Medicine. His personality and systematic work attracted the attention of Gerard van Swieten, who in 1769 made a significant contribution to the institutional establishment of the first medical faculty in the Hungarian Lands. Trnka thus became one of the founding members of this faculty, where he was appointed professor of anatomy. The Faculty of Medicine was the last part of the Pázmany University to be established in Trnava, which could not meet the needs of a growing university, especially of the medical faculty itself, and so in 1777 the entire campus was moved to Buda. While still in Trnava, in 1775, Trnka published one of his most important works, Historia febrium intermittentium, in which he discusses intermittent fevers. These fevers were a relatively common and unpleasant phenomenon in Europe, especially in certain regions. They are caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, discovered in the 19th century, which cause several types of malaria, all of them being characterised by periodic bouts of fever. In his work, Trnka discusses in detail both the actual course of the disease and the treatment, emphasizing the use of quinine bark. The work contains several historically valuable chapters. It describes views and treat- ments of malaria in the 18th century, focusing also on those areas in the Habsburg Monarchy where the disease was widespread. Through Trnka’s work, the article provides an insight into life with this now exotic disease, which is today of little concern in our part of the world.

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

Jonathan C. Mattingly, Ezra Miller, Do Tran

Variation of empirical Fréchet means on a metric space with curvature bounded above is encoded via random fields indexed by unit tangent vectors. A central limit theorem shows these random tangent fields converge to a Gaussian such field and lays the foundation for more traditionally formulated central limit theorems in subsequent work.

Pavel Banďouch

The article focuses on one aspect of the work of apostolic nuncios to the emperor in the late 16th and early 17th century in the lands of the Crown of Bohemia. Based on the analysis of selected documents of ecclesiastical provenance, including correspondence between the nuncios and the Curia, it highlights the importance of legal terminology and turns of phrase in the discourse under study.

Elena Varela-Álvarez, Patrick G. Meirmans, Michael D. Guiry et al.

The genus Porphyra sensu lato (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta), an important seaweed grown in aquaculture, is the most genetically diverse group of the Class Bangiophyceae, but has poorly understood genetic variability linked to complex evolutionary processes. Genetic studies in the last decades have largely focused on resolving gene phylogenies; however, there is little information on historical population biogeography, structure and gene flow in the Bangiaceae, probably due to their cryptic nature, chimerism and polyploidy, which render analyses challenging. This study aims to understand biogeographic population structure in the two abundant Porphyra species in the Northeast Atlantic: Porphyra dioica (a dioecious annual) and Porphyra linearis (protandrous hermaphroditic winter annual), occupying distinct niches (seasonality and position on the shore). Here, we present a large-scale biogeographic genetic analysis across their distribution in the Northeast Atlantic, using 10 microsatellites and cpDNA as genetic markers and integrating chimerism and polyploidy, including simulations considering alleles derived from different ploidy levels and/or from different genotypes within the chimeric blade. For P. linearis, both markers revealed strong genetic differentiation of north-central eastern Atlantic populations (from Iceland to the Basque region of Northeast Iberia) vs. southern populations (Galicia in Northwest Iberia, and Portugal), with higher genetic diversity in the south vs. a northern homogenous low diversity. For. P. dioica, microsatellite analyses also revealed two genetic regions, but with weaker differentiation, and cpDNA revealed little structure with all the haplotypes mixed across its distribution. The southern cluster in P. linearis also included introgressed individuals with cpDNA from P. dioica and a winter form of P. dioica occurred spatially intermixed with P. linearis. This third entity had a similar morphology and seasonality as P. linearis but genomes (either nuclear or chloroplast) from P. dioica. We hypothesize a northward colonization from southern Europe (where the ancestral populations reside and host most of the gene pool of these species). In P. linearis recently established populations colonized the north resulting in homogeneous low diversity, whereas for P. dioica the signature of this colonization is not as obvious due to hypothetical higher gene flow among populations, possibly linked to its reproductive biology and annual life history.

Mikolaj Dueholm

In this interview, Mikołaj Dueholm, a student majoring in history and economics at the University of Minnesota, talks with Justyna Janiszewska, the Executive Director of the Polish-US Fulbright Commission. They discuss the scope and activities of the Polish Fulbright Program, bilateral relations with the US, and also the repercussions and echoes of Russia's invasion of Ukraine both on the program and the country. 

Olga Khavanova

Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf is first and foremost known as an outstanding Austrian economist who greatly contributed to the national reform of finances and administrative efficiency. The early years of his career were spent in the diplomatic service under the guidance and patronage of Count Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, who placed much hope in the ambitious young aristocrat. One of the significant episodes of Zinzendorf’s diplomatic career was a mission to Russia in 1755. Its formal pretext was to convey the congratulations of the imperial couple to Empress Elizabeth I on the birth of the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Paul. At the same time, Zinzendorf was entrusted with a secret mission of learning more about the main vectors of Russian foreign policy, establishing more confidential relations with the rival groupings at the St. Petersburg court, and promoting closer joint action between Vienna, London, and St. Petersburg against Prussia in the inevitable continental war. The witty analytical mind and exceptional sociability of Zinzendorf allowed him to accomplish both missions brilliantly, the results of which he reported to Kaunitz. This paper considers both the official and unofficial activities of the imperial and Austrian envoy during his visit, the complications he faced, and the solutions he found during his two journeys to Russia in 1755 against the backdrop of Austrian-Russian relations in their heyday on the eve of the Seven Years’ War.

Fei Wu, Stefan Pfenninger

Bioenergy is currently a major renewable energy source in Europe but faces an unclear future because of conflicting modelling results and the lack of long-term policy. This paper identifies three challenges and potential opportunities by reviewing bioenergy historical national deployment, current policy support, and possible future roles in Europe. The first challenge is on the supply side. Analysing the supply-consumption dynamics and import dependency of EU bioenergy, we find that the security of bioenergy supply is challenging for liquid biofuels and those countries with the highest per-capita bioenergy consumption in Europe. Second, the definition of sustainable bioenergy in modelling studies is sometimes inconsistent with how EU policies label it. Third, on the demand side, there are unique but competing uses for bioenergy without a clear long-term strategy in Europe. We conclude with three opportunities to tackle these challenges for future research. First, utilising the untapped bioenergy potential with low environmental impacts could improve supply security. A clear and harmonised definition of sustainable bioenergy could better convey modelling results to policymaking. Finally, understanding where best to use limited sustainable bioenergy supply through sector-coupled energy system models can provide direction for a clearer EU bioenergy strategy towards 2050.

Lluis Danus, Carles Muntaner, Alexander Krauss et al.

Scientists collaborate through intricate networks, which impact the quality and scope of their research. At the same time, funding and institutional arrangements, as well as scientific and political cultures, affect the structure of collaboration networks. Since such arrangements and cultures differ across regions in the world in systematic ways, we surmise that collaboration networks and impact should also differ systematically across regions. To test this, we compare the structure of collaboration networks among prominent researchers in North America and Europe. We find that prominent researchers in Europe establish denser collaboration networks, whereas those in North-America establish more decentralized networks. We also find that the impact of the publications of prominent researchers in North America is significantly higher than for those in Europe, both when they collaborate with other prominent researchers and when they do not. Although Europeans collaborate with other prominent researchers more often, which increases their impact, we also find that repeated collaboration among prominent researchers decreases the synergistic effect of collaborating.

Goran Durakovic, Pedro Crespo del Granado, Asgeir Tomasgard

Hydrogen will be a central cross-sectoral energy carrier in the decarbonization of the European energy system. This paper investigates how a large-scale deployment of green hydrogen production affects the investments in transmission and generation towards 2060, analyzes the North Sea area with the main offshore wind projects, and assesses the development of an offshore energy hub. Results indicate that the hydrogen deployment has a tremendous impact on the grid development in Europe and in the North Sea. Findings indicate that total power generation capacity increases around 50%. The offshore energy hub acts mainly as a power transmission asset, leads to a reduction in total generation capacity, and is central to unlock the offshore wind potential in the North Sea. The effect of hydrogen deployment on power prices is multifaceted. In regions where power prices have typically been lower than elsewhere in Europe, it is observed that hydrogen increases the power price considerably. However, as hydrogen flexibility relieves stress in high-demand periods for the grid, power prices decrease in average for some countries. This suggests that while the deployment of green hydrogen will lead to a significant increase in power demand, power prices will not necessarily experience a large increase.

M. Lindeskog, B. Smith, B. Smith et al.

<p>Global forests are the main component of the land carbon sink, which acts as a partial buffer to CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> emissions into the atmosphere. Dynamic vegetation models offer an approach to projecting the development of forest carbon sink capacity in a future climate. Forest management capabilities are important to include in dynamic vegetation models to account for the effects of age and species structure and wood harvest on carbon stocks and carbon storage potential. This article describes the implementation of a forest management module containing even-age and clear-cut and uneven-age and continuous-cover management alternatives in the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. Different age and species structure initialisation strategies and harvest alternatives are introduced. The model is applied at stand and European scales. Different management alternatives are applied in simulations of European beech (<i>Fagus sylvaticus</i>) and Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>) even-aged monoculture stands in central Europe and evaluated against above-ground standing stem volume and harvested volume data from long-term experimental plots. At the European scale, an automated thinning and clear-cut strategy is applied. Modelled carbon stocks and fluxes are evaluated against reported data at the continent and country levels. Including wood harvest in regrowth forests increases the simulated total European carbon sink by 32 % in 1991–2015 and improves the fit to the reported European carbon sink, growing stock, and net annual increment (NAI). Growing stock (156 m<span class="inline-formula">³</span> ha<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>) and NAI (5.4 m<span class="inline-formula">³</span> ha<span class="inline-formula">¹</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">¹</span>) densities in 2010 are close to reported values, while the carbon sink density in 2000–2007 (0.085 kg C m<span class="inline-formula">⁻²</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">¹</span>) equates to 63 % of reported values, most likely reflecting uncertainties in carbon fluxes from soil given the unaccounted for forest land-use history in the simulations. The fit of modelled and reported values for individual European countries varies, but NAI is generally closer to reported values when including wood harvest in simulations.</p>

Eva Pluhařová-Grigienė

A Socialist Realist History? Writing Art History in the Post-War Decades, edited by Krista Kodres, Kristina Jõekalda, and the late Michaela Marek, is of definitive interest to art historians and scholars of intellectual history of Europe for giving insight into the diverse ways in which art and architectural historians across socialist Central and Eastern Europe engaged with Marxism-Leninism. The wide-ranging contributions reveal that even during Stalinism the discourse on Socialist art history was never static. Slow to modernize during the ensuing Thaw, this discourse evolved in diverse ways within different academic environments. The book makes a highly valuable contribution to the study of art historiography in socialist Europe, deepening our understanding of the complexity and processuality of the discipline’s development, and underlining the need for further in-depth studies. Apart from its interest to art historians, the contributions clearly express the need for a thorough revision of how deeply contemporary art historical research has been shaped by the socialist legacy, particularly with regard to less obvious path dependencies such as methodological approaches.