Hasil untuk "History America"

L. Cohen

Historians and social scientists analyzing the contemporary world unfortunately have too little contact and hence miss some of the ways that their interests overlap and the research of one field might benefit another. I am, therefore, extremely grateful that the Journal of Consumer Research has invited me to share with its readers an overview of my recent research on the political and social impact of the flourishing of mass consumption on twentieth-century America. What follows is a summary of my major arguments, enough to entice you, I hope, to read A Consumers' Republic (Cohen 2003), in which I elaborate on these themes. Although this essay is by necessity schematic, the book itself is filled with extensive historical evidence and is heavily illustrated with period images. In tracing the growing importance of mass consumption to the American economy, polity, culture, and social landscape from the 1920s to the present, I in many ways establish the historical context for your research into contemporary consumer behavior and markets. I hope you will …

K. Ryan, E. Knapp, J. Varner

Jonah F Messinger, Florian Metzler, Huw Price

One of the most public episodes of gatekeeping in modern science was the case of so-called 'cold fusion'. At a news conference in 1989 the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had found evidence of nuclear fusion in palladium electrodes loaded with deuterium. There was worldwide interest. Many groups sought to reproduce the results, most unsuccessfully. Within months, the prevailing view became strongly negative. The claims of Fleischmann and Pons came to be regarded as disreputable, as well as false. As the Caltech physicist David Goldstein put it, cold fusion became 'a pariah field, cast out by the scientific establishment' (Goldstein 1994). The case would already be interesting for students of gatekeeping if the story had ended at that point. Even more interestingly, however, the field survived and persisted. It has been enjoying a modest renaissance, with recent government funding both in the US and the EU. This piece offers an opinionated introduction to cold fusion as a case study of scientific gatekeeping, discussing both its early and recent history

Dali Wang, Chen Wang, Qinglei Cao et al.

The development of a kilometer-scale E3SM Land Model (km-scale ELM) is an integral part of the E3SM project, which seeks to advance energy-related Earth system science research with state-of-the-art modeling and simulation capabilities on exascale computing systems. Through the utilization of high-fidelity data products, such as atmospheric forcing and soil properties, the km-scale ELM plays a critical role in accurately modeling geographical characteristics and extreme weather occurrences. The model is vital for enhancing our comprehension and prediction of climate patterns, as well as their effects on ecosystems and human activities. This study showcases the first set of full-capability, km-scale ELM simulations over various computational domains, including simulations encompassing 21.6 million land gridcells, reflecting approximately 21.5 million square kilometers of North America at a 1 km x 1 km resolution. We present the largest km-scale ELM simulation using up to 100,800 CPU cores across 2,400 nodes. This continental-scale simulation is 300 times larger than any previous studies, and the computational resources used are about 400 times larger than those used in prior efforts. Both strong and weak scaling tests have been conducted, revealing exceptional performance efficiency and resource utilization. The km-scale ELM uses the common E3SM modeling infrastructure and a general data toolkit known as KiloCraft. Consequently, it can be readily adapted for both fully-coupled E3SM simulations and data-driven simulations over specific areas, ranging from a single gridcell to the entire North America.

Ergon Cugler de Moraes Silva, Arthur Ataide Ferreira Garcia, Guilherme de Almeida et al.

How do conspiracy theory communities in Latin America and the Caribbean structure, articulate, and sustain the dissemination of disinformation about autism? To answer this question, this research investigates the structuring, articulation, and promotion of autism-related disinformation in conspiracy theory communities in Latin America and the Caribbean. By analyzing publications from 1,659 Telegram communities over ten years (2015 - 2025) and examining more than 58 million pieces of shared content from approximately 5.3 million users, this study explores how false narratives about autism are promoted, including unfounded claims about its causes and promises of miraculous cures. The adopted methodology combines network analysis, time series analysis, thematic clustering, and content analysis, enabling the identification of dissemination patterns, key influencers, and interconnections with other conspiracy theories. Among the key findings, Brazilian communities stand out as the leading producers and distributors of these narratives in the region, accounting for 46% of the analyzed content. Additionally, there has been an exponential 15,000% (x151) increase in the volume of autism-related disinformation since the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean, highlighting the correlation between health crises and the rise of conspiracy beliefs. The research also reveals that false cures, such as chlorine dioxide (CDS), ozone therapy, and extreme diets, are widely promoted within these communities and commercially exploited, often preying on desperate families in exchange for money. By addressing the research question, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the disinformation ecosystem and proposes critical reflections on how to confront these harmful narratives.

Yovany Salazar Estrada, Rita Jáimez Esteves

Los autores se proponen interpretar y evidenciar la identidad lingüística de los emigrantes ecuatorianos que se han dirigido a países de mayor desarrollo, en especial Estados Unidos, Canadá, España, Alemania y Gran Bretaña. Para ello, se fundamenta en obras testimoniales escritas por los protagonistas, cuyas publicaciones oscilan entre 1996 y 2015. Con la orientación de las teorías devenidas de las ciencias sociales y humanas, particularmente de la lingüística, luego de la aplicación de la metodología y técnicas propias de la investigación bibliográfico-documental, se concluye que existe una significativa representación de cuatro elementos vinculados con el idioma y dialecto empleado por los emigrantes mientras permanecen fuera del Ecuador: problemáticas que enfrentan los ecuatorianos por desconocimiento de la lengua utilizada en los países de llegada; estrategias de comunicación interpersonal empleadas por los emigrantes hasta adquirir nociones básicas del nuevo idioma; diferencias en el uso del español, entre ecuatorianos y peninsulares; y asimilación del habla española como estrategia de integración de los ecuatorianos en España.

A. A. Watson

A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in LAquila, October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.

Gabriel Narvaez, Michael Bressan, Andres Pantoja et al.

This paper presents the first study of the long-term impact of climate change on photovoltaic potential in South America. This region has great potential for implementing renewable energy, mainly solar energy solutions, due to its high solar irradiance levels. Based on the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) for the South American region, we estimate how climate change could affect photovoltaic power potential by the end of the century. The evidence suggests that photovoltaic potential could have a maximum decrease of $15\%$, and a maximum increase of $7\%$, primarily due to changes in solar irradiance of different zones. Furthermore, it is observed that regions with increased temperature also show increased solar irradiance levels, which could, to some extent, compensate for the losses caused by the rise in temperature. Therefore, photovoltaic production in most of the territory will not be negatively affected.

Silvana Espiga Dorado, María Laura Osta Vázquez, Facundo Álvarez Constantín

Esta entrevista realizada a la dra. Susana Sosenski trata sobre las reflexiones, los desafíos y los obstáculos que una investigadora de la infancia en América Latina puede enfrentar. Las interrogantes que ella misma se ha planteado desde su realidad han guiado toda su producción historiográfica, que nutre a historiadoras/es de América Latina y el mundo. Susana Sosenski, fundadora de la Red de Estudios de Historia de las Infancias en América Latina, nos cuenta cómo y cuándo fue fundada la REHIAL y los objetivos que ha perseguido desde sus inicios.

Andrea Carosso

In this work, I explore the concept of quantization as a mapping from classical phase space functions to quantum operators. I discuss the early history of this notion of quantization with emphasis on the works of Schrödinger and Dirac, and how quantization fit into their overall understanding of quantum theory in the 1920's. Dirac, in particular, proposed a quantization map which should satisfy certain properties, including the property that quantum commutators should be related to classical Poisson brackets in a particular way. However, in 1946, Groenewold proved that Dirac's mapping was inconsistent, making the problem of defining a rigorous quantization map more elusive than originally expected. This result, known as the Groenewold-Van Hove theorem, is not often discussed in physics texts, but here I will give an account of the theorem and what it means for potential "corrections" to Dirac's scheme. Other proposals for quantization have arisen over the years, the first major one being that of Weyl in 1927, which was later developed by many, including Groenewold, and which has since become known as Weyl Quantization in the mathematical literature. Another, known as Geometric Quantization, formulates quantization in differential-geometric terms by appealing to the character of classical phase spaces as symplectic manifolds; this approach began with the work of Souriau, Kostant, and Kirillov in the 1960's. I will describe these proposals for quantization and comment on their relation to Dirac's original program. Along the way, the problem of operator ordering and of quantizing in curvilinear coordinates will be described, since these are natural questions that immediately present themselves when thinking about quantization.

Eugene Bulyak, Nikolay Shul'ga

The ionization losses -- the losses of energy by fast charged particles traveling through a matter -- have been under study for more than 100 years. The theoretical explanation of this process spans similar period. About 75 years ago, Lev Landau published a theoretical paper on the ionization losses, which drastically leveled up the research and still remains amongst the most cited in the field. The present note digests the history of theoretical development and attempts to clarify Landau's method of research and the function named after him.

Masayuki Nakahata

The first solar neutrino experiment led by Raymond Davis Jr. showed a deficit of neutrinos relative to the solar model prediction, referred to as the "solar neutrino problem" since the 1970s. The Kamiokande experiment led by Masatoshi Koshiba successfully observed solar neutrinos, as first reported in 1989. The observed flux of solar neutrinos was almost half the prediction and confirmed the solar neutrino problem. This problem was not resolved for some time due to possible uncertainties in the solar model. In 2001, it was discovered that the solar neutrino problem is due to neutrino oscillations by comparing the Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory results, which was the first model-independent comparison. Detailed studies of solar neutrino oscillations have since been performed, and the results of solar neutrino experiments are consistent with solar model predictions when the effect of neutrino oscillations are taken into account. In this article, the history of solar neutrino observations is reviewed with the contributions of Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande detailed.

Alfonso J. Hernández Rodríguez

Federico Martocci

Pese a que la historiografía argentina se ocupó en las últimas décadas de revisar con renovada atención las agencias, burocracias y saberes de Estado, aún se observan vacíos significativos en ciertas áreas, como la que se vincula con la generación de conocimientos especializados y el despliegue de políticas públicas para el sector agrario. Para aportar a dicha línea de análisis, aquí proponemos focalizar en un tópico clave respecto del accionar estatal, durante el período estudiado, en una región que comprendía el oeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, el sur de Córdoba, el este de La Pampa y una parte de San Luis. Dicho tópico era el proceso erosivo, que acarreó como consecuencia la pérdida de la fertilidad del suelo en espacios donde la producción primaria era una actividad económica importante. El artículo se concentra en la etapa que se inicia a fines de los años treinta, un momento signado por la extrema sequía, la creación de dependencias estatales y el comienzo de estudios sobre esa problemática, y culmina al promediar la década del sesenta, cuando el tema continuaba muy vigente en la agenda oficial e incluso había adquirido mayor trascendencia internacional.

Alfredo Alpini

RESUMEN: La novedad del fascismo y los cambios institucionales y políticos que se produjeron durante el régimen de Benito Mussolini (1922-1943) en Italia fueron seguidos con atención por los políticos, los empresarios y los intelectuales uruguayos desde fines de la década de 1920.  Como veremos en el presente texto, en la década de 1930 tuvieron origen distintos partidos, agrupaciones y publicaciones periódicas que aparecieron en la escena pública proclamando la instauración de un régimen corporativo o, al menos, la concreción de alguna forma de representación corporativa.

Barak Shoshany, Jared Wogan

In a previous paper, we showed that a class of time travel paradoxes which cannot be resolved using Novikov's self-consistency conjecture can be resolved by assuming the existence of multiple histories or parallel timelines. However, our proof was obtained using a simplistic toy model, which was formulated using contrived laws of physics. In the present paper we define and analyze a new model of time travel paradoxes, which is more compatible with known physics. This model consists of a traversable Morris-Thorne wormhole time machine in 3+1 spacetime dimensions. We define the spacetime topology and geometry of the model, calculate the geodesics of objects passing through the time machine, and prove that this model inevitably leads to paradoxes which cannot be resolved using Novikov's conjecture, but can be resolved using multiple histories. An open-source simulation of our new model using Mathematica is available for download on GitHub. We also provide additional arguments against the Novikov self-consistency conjecture by considering two new paradoxes, the switch paradox and the password paradox, for which assuming self-consistency inevitably leads to counter-intuitive consequences. Our new results provide more substantial support to our claim that if time travel is possible, then multiple histories or parallel timelines must also be possible.

Yoo Jeong Han

This paper evaluates the heterogenous impacts of the America Invents Act of 2011 (AIA) on patent applications for small and large businesses. Using data collected from the United States Patent and Trademark Office and Google Patents, I compare how the probability of successfully overcoming an initial rejection is affected by the AIA for small- and large-business applicants, respectively. This comparison is achieved by analyzing the data using a difference-in-differences approach. Results suggest that after the enactment of the AIA, small-business applicants were relatively favored when compared against large-business applicants. This effect is statistically significant and also practically large.

Mikhail Shubov

Motive and electrical energy has played a crucial role in human civilization. Since Ancient times, motive energy played a primary role in agricultural and industrial production as well as transportation. At that time, motive energy was provided by work of humans and draft animals. Later, work of water and wind power was harnessed. During the 19$^{\text{th}}$ century, steam power became the main source of motive energy in USA and Britain. Modern transportation and industry depend on the work of heat engines that use fossil fuel. A brief history of different sources of energy is presented in this work. The energy consumptions in pre-industrial and industrial societies are calculated. The lost opportunities for the Second Industrial Revolution (such as fast breeder reactors and thermonuclear power stations) are discussed. The case that the Solar Power will become the main source of energy by the second half of this century is presented. It is calculated that the Solar Power has the potential to bring about the new Industrial Revolution. Based on material and energy resources available in the Solar System, it is demonstrated that the Solar System Civilization supporting a population of 10 Quadrillion with a high standard of living is possible.

Salim Lamrani

Tomás Pérez Vejo

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