Hasil untuk "History (General)"

Prashanth Rawla, T. Sunkara, Adam Barsouk

According to GLOBOCAN 2018 data, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly and fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Nearly 2 million new cases and about 1 million deaths are expected in 2018. CRC incidence has been steadily rising worldwide, especially in developing countries that are adopting the “western” way of life. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, red meat consumption, alcohol, and tobacco are considered the driving factors behind the growth of CRC. However, recent advances in early detection screenings and treatment options have reduced CRC mortality in developed nations, even in the face of growing incidence. Genetic testing and better family history documentation can enable those with a hereditary predisposition for the neoplasm to take preventive measures. Meanwhile, the general population can reduce their risk by lowering their red meat, alcohol, and tobacco consumption and raising their consumption of fibre, wholesome foods, and certain vitamins and minerals.

D. C. North

W. Cummins

S. Qin, T. A. Badgwell

M. Foucault, J. Miskowiec

J. Hardcastle

P. Peppard, T. Young, M. Palta et al.

H. Birx, R. Leakey, E. Dutton et al.

P. Ehrlich, P. Raven

M. Foucault

B. Zalba, J. M. Marín, L. Cabeza et al.

Chunho Lee, M. Potkonjak, W. Mangione-Smith

J. Westgard

M. Daly, J. Rioux, S. Schaffner et al.

Demetra Andrews, J. Bonta, J. Wormith

Katharine Hopkins, Annarita Antelmi, Jakob Dahlin et al.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome characterized by pain, fatigue, and cognitive disturbances. The increased prevalence of contact allergy to gold in individuals with fibromyalgia when compared with the general population has previously been described. Gold contact allergy can manifest as a systemic contact dermatitis, with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations presenting upon systemic administration of gold. This study aimed to establish whether gold allergy is of significance in the fibromyalgia population. Prior to patch testing with the Swedish baseline series and an extended dental series, 119 females with fibromyalgia answered questionnaires including details of past medical history, dental history, and previous cutaneous and mucous membrane intolerance to metals. Prevalence of allergy to gold sodium thiosulphate (2.0% and 5.0%) was 33.6% (40 individuals). There was a statistically significant overrepresentation of gold allergy among individuals who experienced cutaneous symptoms upon direct contact with gold (p = 0.010). Contact allergy to gold was more frequent among patients with oral symptoms (p = 0.024). This study demonstrates concordance between reported cutaneous symptomatology related to gold exposure and gold allergy in the fibromyalgia population. Whether individuals with oral symptoms and gold allergy have objective oral clinical findings and relevant gold exposure is the focus of ongoing study.

Joaquín Serrano del Pozo

C. P. B. O'Malley, C. P. B. O'Malley, G. G. Roberts et al.

<p>The modern state of the mantle and its evolution on geological timescales are of widespread importance for the Earth sciences. For instance, it is generally agreed that mantle flow is manifest in topographic and drainage network evolution, glacio-eustasy, and the distribution of sediments. There are now a variety of theoretical approaches to predict histories of mantle convection and its impact on surface deflections. A general goal is to make use of observed deflections to identify Earth-like simulations and constrain the history of mantle convection. Several important insights into the role of radial and non-radial viscosity variations, gravitation, and the importance of shallow structure already exist. Here we seek to bring those insights into a single framework to elucidate the relative importance of popular modeling choices for predicted instantaneous vertical surface deflections. We start by comparing results from numeric and analytic approaches to solving the equations of motion that are ostensibly parameterized to be as similar as possible. Deflections predicted by such numeric and analytic models can vary by <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 10 %, and the difference increases to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 25 % when viscosity is temperature-dependent. Including self-gravitation and the gravitational potential of the deflected surface is a relatively small source of discrepancy. However, spherical harmonic correlations between model predictions decrease dramatically with the removal of shallow structure to increasing depths and when radial viscosity structure is modified. The results emphasize the sensitivity of instantaneous surface deflections to density and viscosity anomalies in the upper mantle. They reinforce the view that a detailed understanding of lithospheric structure is crucial for relating mantle convective history to observations of vertical motions at Earth's surface.</p>

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Angelien Meggersee, Sevias Guvuriro

Small mining towns are often single-industry towns that turn to ghost towns or face negative socio-economic impacts upon mine closure. This study qualitatively explores the roles that mining companies and other key stakeholders (should) play in the development of local economies of the small mining communities to bring about economic sustainability, employing a constant comparative analysis. A small mining town in South Africa is the case study. Legislative and policy frameworks were scrutinized for their effectiveness in promoting economic sustainability. In-depth interviews with key stakeholders were carried out. Key factors limiting the effective implementation of developmental strategies were also explored. The study finds that weak community involvement, lack of trust, poor collaboration, poor municipal capacity, and legislation and policy flaws impact economic sustainability. Sustainable local economic development efforts are reported though. However, such efforts are insufficient because of the legislation and policy frameworks that are promoting short-term growth. Also, the town’s overdependence on the mining company, local government not optimally fulfilling their roles and responsibilities, and minimal community members’ participation on local economic development are other hindrances. However, the fact that the mining company and local municipality do acknowledge the shortcomings in their efforts towards promoting economic sustainability is a promise in minimizing the socio-economic effects of mine closures.