Hasil untuk "History"

N. Feamster, J. Rexford, E. Zegura

P. Bianco, P. Robey, P. Simmons

N. Vargesson

Nearly 60 years ago thalidomide was prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. What followed was the biggest man‐made medical disaster ever, where over 10,000 children were born with a range of severe and debilitating malformations. Despite this, the drug is now used successfully to treat a range of adult conditions, including multiple myeloma and complications of leprosy. Tragically, a new generation of thalidomide damaged children has been identified in Brazil. Yet, how thalidomide caused its devastating effects in the forming embryo remains unclear. However, studies in the past few years have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms the drug. This review will look at the history of the drug, and the range and type of damage the drug caused, and outline the mechanisms of action the drug uses including recent molecular advances and new findings. Some of the remaining challenges facing thalidomide biologists are also discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:140–156, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Layna Mosley, T. L. Friedman

L. Seeff

R. Ricklefs, M. Wikelski

W. Sewell

A. Greenwald

D. Sulsky, Zhen Chen, H. Schreyer

Frances S. Berry, William D. Berry

R. Hudson, N. Kaplan

N. Anderson, N. Anderson

L. Seeff

Donald L. Donham, M. Trouillot

J. Dibner, J. D. Richards, J. Dibner

This report will review the history of antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) use in the animal industry, concerns about development of antimicrobial resistance, and response in the European Union and United States to these concerns. A brief description of the history of legislation regarding feed use of antimicrobials in Denmark and the experience of animal producers following the 1998 ban will serve to illustrate the consequences on animal performance and health of withdrawing the approval for this use. The biological basis for antibiotic effects on animal growth efficiency will consider effects on intestinal microbiota and effects on the host animal and will use the germ-free animal to illustrate effects of the conventional microflora. The probability that no single compound will replace all of the functions of antimicrobial growth promoters will be considered, and methods to consolidate and analyze the enlarging database will be discussed.

M. Alheshibri, Jing Qian, Marie Jehannin et al.

Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Michael C. Westaway, Craig Muller et al.

D. Eichel

X. Le, D. Lo, Claire Le Goues

Effective automated program repair techniques have great potential to reduce the costs of debugging and maintenance. Previously proposed automated program repair (APR) techniques often follow a generate-and-validate and test-case-driven procedure: They first randomly generate a large pool of fix candidates and then exhaustively validate the quality of the candidates by testing them against existing or provided test suites. Unfortunately, many real-world bugs cannot be repaired by existing techniques even after more than 12 hours of computation in a multi-core cloud environment. More work is needed to advance the capabilities of modern APR techniques. We propose a new technique that utilizes the wealth of bug fixesacross projects in their development history to effectively guide and drive a programrepair process. Our main insight is that recurring bug fixes are common inreal-world applications, and that previously-appearing fix patterns canprovide useful guidance to an automated repair technique. Based on this insight, our technique first automaticallymines bug fix patterns from the history of many projects. We then employ existingmutation operators to generate fix candidates for a given buggy program. Candidates that match frequently occurring historical bug fixes are consideredmore likely to be relevant, and we thus give them priority inthe random search process. Finally, candidates thatpass all the previously failed test cases are recommended as likely fixes. We compare our technique against existinggenerate-and-validate and test-driven APR approaches using 90 bugs from 5 Javaprograms. The experiment results show that our technique can producegood-quality fixes for many more bugs as compared to the baselines, while beingreasonably computationally efficient: it takes less than 20minutes, on average, to correctly fix a bug.

Sabrina Chiodo, Sonia M. Grandi, Jessica Gronsbell et al.

Introduction Perinatal outcomes are shaped by clinical, social, and environmental factors, yet Canada lacks a nationally representative pregnancy cohort capturing these influences at the individual-level. This gap has limited the ability to address multifactorial drivers of maternal and fetal health. To fill this need, we established a linked cohort integrating survey, clinical, and contextual data to support equity-focused, precision public health research in maternal health. Methods We linked the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; 2000--2017) to the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) using Statistics Canada's Social Data Linkage Environment. Eligible participants were female (as defined by the binary CCHS sex variable), aged 15-49 years, with a hospital delivery within two years of their CCHS interview. We excluded multifetal gestations and retained only the first delivery per individual. Area-level and environmental exposures (i.e., neighbourhood inequity, pollution, greenspace, neighbourhood walkability, etc.) were appended via residential postal codes using the Postal Code Conversion File Plus (PCCF+). Results The cohort includes 13,360 singleton births. Pre-pregnancy data include sociodemographics, health behaviours, chronic conditions, psychosocial factors, and reproductive history. Contextual measures capture neighbourhood marginalization, air pollution, greenness, and built environment characteristics. In the CCHS, individuals who reported being pregnant at interview and those who did not (but later delivered) had similar characteristics (SMDs < 0.1), except for age and marital status. Data quality is supported by Statistics Canada's survey protocols, CIHI's hospital validation processes, and standardised geocoding. Conclusion Approved researchers can recreate this dataset within Statistics Canada's Research Data Centres using reproducible R code, which will become openly available on GitHub. The cohort enables research across descriptive epidemiology, causal inference, predictive modelling, and health equity evaluation, supporting investigations into multilevel determinants of maternal health. Future work should prioritise national mother--child linkages to expand life course research.