Hasil untuk "Highway engineering. Roads and pavements"

Cláudio Lúcio do Val Lopes, João Marcus Pitta, Fabiano Belém et al.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into clinical settings presents a software engineering challenge, demanding a shift from isolated models to robust, governable, and reliable systems. However, brittle, prototype-derived architectures often plague industrial applications and a lack of systemic oversight, creating a ``responsibility vacuum'' where safety and accountability are compromised. This paper presents an industry case study of the ``Maria'' platform, a production-grade AI system in primary healthcare that addresses this gap. Our central hypothesis is that trustworthy clinical AI is achieved through the holistic integration of four foundational engineering pillars. We present a synergistic architecture that combines Clean Architecture for maintainability with an Event-driven architecture for resilience and auditability. We introduce the Agent as the primary unit of modularity, each possessing its own autonomous MLOps lifecycle. Finally, we show how a Human-in-the-Loop governance model is technically integrated not merely as a safety check, but as a critical, event-driven data source for continuous improvement. We present the platform as a reference architecture, offering practical lessons for engineers building maintainable, scalable, and accountable AI-enabled systems in high-stakes domains.

Nadheer Albayati, M. Ismael

The early 1900s saw the commencement of the production and utilization of asphalt mixtures for road paving. Asphalt pavements carry heavy repetitive traffic loads under extreme environmental conditions over their service life. Several issues and defects have emerged, resulting in highway deterioration and failure. One of the main reasons for asphalt pavement failure is moisture damage, and poor rainwater drainage, with the associated accumulation of water on the pavement surface, can exacerbate the consequences. Moisture damage in asphalt pavements refers to the reduction in stiffness and shortened lifespan owing to a lack of adhesion between the bitumen and aggregate or rupturing of the bitumen. This study consists of several sections: a comprehensive review of the concepts, theories, and causes of moisture damage in asphalt mixtures; a discussion of the factors contributing to damage; and a survey of the laboratory testing procedures used to assess the durability of asphalt mixtures against moisture effects. Several methods that focus on developing and strengthening asphalt mixtures to withstand the adverse impact of water are discussed. The study's main conclusion is that poor bitumen–aggregate adhesion is the primary cause of moisture damage in asphalt mixtures. Several laboratory techniques aid in assessing this damage, but each has limitations. To increase moisture resistance, several methods are suggested, including mix design optimization and fibre, polymer treatment, and additive utilization. The most important finding of the study is that mixing various modifiers may be economically beneficial in moisture damage resistance.

Busnial Busnial, Oksy Rizky Rosadi, Peri Abdurahman

Highway geometric planning is an important part of road engineering that aims to create a safe, comfortable, and efficient path for road users. Community service activities in the form of education are one of the efforts to improve the quality of life of the community through providing useful understanding and skills. Observation is carried out using the interview method and direct observation in the field to identify problems faced by the community related to the planning and construction of neighborhood roads in the area. Based on the results of observations in the area targeted by the program, one of the work programs was determined, namely “Assistance in Geometric Highway Planning and Flexural Pavement Thickness in Sersan Bajuri, Lembang, Cihideung Village, Parongpong Sub-district, West Bandung Regency (KBB).” This program aims to provide the community with an understanding of the importance of environmental road planning in supporting accessibility and safety, including the planning process, selection of appropriate materials, understanding of structural elements, and application of plan drawings in the construction process.

Luca Cotignoli, Loretta Venturini, Claudio Lantieri et al.

Technological advancements have produced sustainable approaches to pavement preservation and reconstruction procedures. Specific recycling processes are being developed to reuse the asphalt concrete guaranteeing costs and environmental effects reduction. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is the material worldwide used in the road construction sector to ensure the sustainability of asphalt pavement. RAP employment percentages in asphalt concrete layers are increasing. The development of cold mix asphalt (CMA) recycling technique including high amount of RAP is becoming popular especially for localized patching and potholes. Wearing course layers designed for bicycle lanes realized with 100% RAP and CMA technologies are presented in this research. Two cycle paths rehabilitated with different construction technologies in-plant and in-place recycling techniques are compared by performing a trial field and laboratory analysis on compacted and cored samples. An innovative rejuvenator used as additive specifically designed for CMAs is added as rejuvenator in both RAPs. The main goal is to determine the frictional, physical and mechanical characteristics of solutions produced by using high quantity of recycled materials. British pendulum tester (BPT) and Micro GripTester are applied to assess skid performance and indirect tensile strength test (ITS) and Marshall stability is performed to analyse the mechanical behaviour. RAPs skid resistance and physical-mechanical properties provide positive outcomes with viable characteristics for urban soft-mobility solutions. The innovative machine used in the in-place technique demonstrated excellent performance in terms of milling and mixing, representing a valid alternative for repaving applications in the urban context.

Marina Araújo, Júlia Araújo, Romeu Oliveira et al.

[Context] Domain knowledge is recognized as a key component for the success of Requirements Engineering (RE), as it provides the conceptual support needed to understand the system context, ensure alignment with stakeholder needs, and reduce ambiguity in requirements specification. Despite its relevance, the scientific literature still lacks a systematic consolidation of how domain knowledge can be effectively used and operationalized in RE. [Goal] This paper addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive overview of existing contributions, including methods, techniques, and tools to incorporate domain knowledge into RE practices. [Method] We conducted a systematic mapping study using a hybrid search strategy that combines database searches with iterative backward and forward snowballing. [Results] In total, we found 75 papers that met our inclusion criteria. The analysis highlights the main types of requirements addressed, the most frequently considered quality attributes, and recurring challenges in the formalization, acquisition, and long-term maintenance of domain knowledge. The results provide support for researchers and practitioners in identifying established approaches and unresolved issues. The study also outlines promising directions for future research, emphasizing the development of scalable, automated, and sustainable solutions to integrate domain knowledge into RE processes. [Conclusion] The study contributes by providing a comprehensive overview that helps to build a conceptual and methodological foundation for knowledge-driven requirements engineering.

Sonja M. Hyrynsalmi, Grischa Liebel, Ronnie de Souza Santos et al.

The discipline of software engineering (SE) combines social and technological dimensions. It is an interdisciplinary research field. However, interdisciplinary research submitted to software engineering venues may not receive the same level of recognition as more traditional or technical topics such as software testing. For this paper, we conducted an online survey of 73 SE researchers and used a mixed-method data analysis approach to investigate their challenges and recommendations when publishing interdisciplinary research in SE. We found that the challenges of publishing interdisciplinary research in SE can be divided into topic-related and reviewing-related challenges. Furthermore, while our initial focus was on publishing interdisciplinary research, the impact of current reviewing practices on marginalized groups emerged from our data, as we found that marginalized groups are more likely to receive negative feedback. In addition, we found that experienced researchers are less likely to change their research direction due to feedback they receive. To address the identified challenges, our participants emphasize the importance of highlighting the impact and value of interdisciplinary work for SE, collaborating with experienced researchers, and establishing clearer submission guidelines and new interdisciplinary SE publication venues. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the current state of the SE research community and how we could better support interdisciplinary research in our field.

Dhanwanti Godha, M. Tiwari, H. Agrawal et al.

In the Roads and Highway construction the granular course layer such as GSB (Granular Sub Base) and WMM (Wet mix macadam) are the most important layer. With the use of these layers in Flexible Payment Road a stable surface can be formed. The constructions of roads consume natural valuable resources like aggregate which  is costlier. The use of recycled aggregate instead of virgin aggregate helps in reducing the demand of extraction. If a new Road is formed over the existing road or if bridge is constructed over the existing road due to increasing in day to day traffic demand than for the construction of newly road the valuable aggregate of existing road can be utilized as secondary aggregate in the replacement of virgin aggregate. In present study the granular course layer of flexible pavement such as GSB and WMM are investigated experimentally to form with excavated aggregate material produced from existing road to construct fresh road. In this study it also believed that magnificent preservation of natural and valuable resources would be attained from the inclusion of secondary and tertiary materials in roadconstruction Key Words: GSB (Granular Sub Base), WMM (Wet mix macadam), Recycled Aggregate, Road Demolition Wastes, Road Dismantling Materials, Road Granular Waste.

Dicky Alfian, Yusra Aulia

Leuwiseeng village road is one of the connecting roads between villages and is the route passed when heading to the district highway. Roads are the most common transportation infrastructure people use for their daily activities. The condition of this road has several damages, including cracks and holes, as a result of which community activities are disrupted. Therefore, researchers are interested in writing a journal entitled Evaluation of Road Damage on Flexural Pavement Using the Bina Marga Method (Case Study: Leuwiseeng Village Road, Majalengka). This evaluation is used to identify the type and level of damage and provide appropriate repair and maintenance recommendations. Road damage can be caused by various factors, including the quality of materials used, inadequate construction design, and vehicle loads that exceed road capacity. Counting traffic volume: The manual method involves recording the number of vehicles passing through at specific intervals, such as 15 minutes or 1 hour. Routine maintenance involves cleaning the road, checking it, and making minor repairs to the road surface to prevent further damage. Leuwiseeng Village Road is located in Majalengka Regency; the road length studied is 1.2 km. This road is a village road with a road width of 5 meters and a two-way, one-lane road. The data collected are road geometric data, average daily traffic (LHR) data, and road damage types and levels. After the data is processed, the road repair and maintenance are analyzed. The LHR of the Leuwiseeng village road, with a length of 1.2 km, is class 3. The types of damage on this road are alligator cracks, patches, holes, grooves, and wear. Where alligator cracking has the highest percentage of other types of damage, with a value of (14%). The Order of Priority (UP) is 8 with a category> 7, so the handling is carried out with a routine maintenance program every year.

A. Manica, W. P. Núñez

Asphalt pavements are a valuable public asset whose preservation depends on the implementation of appropriate and timely infrastructure interventions considering the life cycle of materials through effective management tools. Highway maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) strategies influence the evolution of pavement performance parameters, producing variations in total road economic costs. This study evaluates the effects of performance parameters on the variation of average annual road economic costs, generating predictive equations. For the sensitivity analysis, the Design of Experiments (DOE) statistical technique is used, in which the combination of factors and levels in the matrix cells represents traffic and pavement conditions simulated in HDM-4 through maintenance and rehabilitation strategies to estimate economic costs within a short-term program. The adjustment of sample data is performed using approximation functions (polynomials), obtained through multiple linear regression.

Ade Artianto Putri, Teguh Yuono, Sumina Sumina et al.

In today's developments, very rapid population growth has resulted in increasing human activities and needs, including road infrastructure. The construction of roads as infrastructure facilitates mobility and accessibility of economic, socio-cultural, and tourism activities for the community. Gemolong-Andong Highway, Central Java is a provincial road that connects Sragen Regency with Semarang Regency. Gemolong-Andong Road is a road that is heavily used by heavy vehicles such as food trucks, sand trucks, and tourist buses, including cargo vehicles that can be used in one lane and two ways. This road is 6 m wide. The activity of heavy capacity and large-sized cars also influence road conditions, so that transportation activities on roads between districts show an unbalanced development between the condition of the road structure and the road usage capacity, which causes the road to be easily damaged. Based on the observations made, it can be identified what damage occurred on the Gemolong-Andong STA 26+600-28+600 road. The problems that occur in Jalan Gemolong-Andong require research because there is a lot of damage such as holes, edge cracks, crocodile cracks, and other damage. Vehicle loads and weather factors cause the Gemolong-Andong road to disrupt road users' activities, resulting in slower vehicle travel times. Accordingly, calculations of traffic density volume and soil-bearing capacity are carried out. Then, from all the work, the total cost required is IDR 222,633,843 (Two hundred twenty-two million six hundred thirty-three thousand eight hundred and forty-three rupiah).

Saurav Shrestha, Deepak Bahadur Kunwar, A. Shrestha et al.

Pavement management in Nepal has evolved over the past several decades through intertwined technical, institutional, and technological developments. This paper presents a comprehensive historical review of Nepal’s pavement management approaches, highlighting: (1) technical advancements in performance modelling from simple empirical deterioration models to Markovian hazard-based models and modern AI/ML techniques alongside the use of pavement condition indices (SDI, IRI, PCI) in the Nepali context; (2) institutional and policy evolution, including the establishment of Roads Board Nepal (RBN) in 2002 to ensure sustainable maintenance funding, development of planning guidelines focusing on a Surface Distress Index (SDI) rating, and the crucial role of international donors (World Bank, JICA) in capacity building and system development; and (3) technology adoption trends, from the introduction of the Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) tool and a Highway Management Information System (HMIS) for data-driven planning, to recent integration of GIS-based Road Asset Management Systems (RAMS) and innovative data collection via smartphone applications like RoadRoid. Through extensive literature survey, we synthesize how technical methodologies have improved, how policies and institutions have adapted, and how new technologies are being embraced. The findings reveal a trajectory of progress: from subjective visual indices and ad-hoc repairs towards data-driven, long-term asset management planning. Nonetheless, challenges remain in fully institutionalizing advanced models and tools amid resource constraints. Recommendations are provided for strengthening pavement management in Nepal by integrating modern predictive models, enhancing institutional capacity, and leveraging appropriate technologies for sustainable road network performance.

Hakan Aslan, R. K. Kıyıldı, K. Ermiş

The quality of a pavement's level of service is generally determined by measuring the combinations of some important factors which affect the speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, user comfort and convenience. In this study, a feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm is proposed based on the acquired International Irregularity Index (IRI) data for the highway structures, bridges and culverts, obtained through laser profilometer measurements on the surface irregularity of the bituminous hot mix roads. Analysis of ANN results were carried out through training various hidden number of neural networks for the output prediction, which is the best estimation of the surface irregularity of the roads. Results produced by artificial neural network have been compared with experimental and numerical results through extensive sets of non-training experimental data. As the comparison of results with ANN study having average absolute mean relative errors as 12.68% for bridges and 12.90% for culverts provided very accurate results, the model proposed could be used to obtain the surface irregularity of the roads by avoiding heavy duty of collecting numerous field data. The results obtained through ANN model were found more accurate than the results produced by numerical models.

Ming Guo, Li Zhu, Ming Huang et al.

In light of the limited efficacy of conventional methods for identifying pavement cracks and the absence of comprehensive depth and location data in two-dimensional photographs, this study presents an intelligent strategy for extracting road cracks. This methodology involves the integration of laser point cloud data obtained from a vehicle-mounted system and a panoramic sequence of images. The study employs a vehicle-mounted LiDAR measurement system to acquire laser point cloud and panoramic sequence image data simultaneously. A convolutional neural network is utilized to extract cracks from the panoramic sequence image. The extracted sequence image is then aligned with the laser point cloud, enabling the assignment of RGB information to the vehicle-mounted three dimensional (3D) point cloud and location information to the two dimensional (2D) panoramic image. Additionally, a threshold value is set based on the crack elevation change to extract the aligned roadway point cloud. The three-dimensional data pertaining to the cracks can be acquired. The experimental findings demonstrate that the use of convolutional neural networks has yielded noteworthy outcomes in the extraction of road cracks. The utilization of point cloud and image alignment techniques enables the extraction of precise location data pertaining to road cracks. This approach exhibits superior accuracy when compared to conventional methods. Moreover, it facilitates rapid and accurate identification and localization of road cracks, thereby playing a crucial role in ensuring road maintenance and traffic safety. Consequently, this technique finds extensive application in the domains of intelligent transportation and urbanization development. The technology exhibits significant promise for use in the domains of intelligent transportation and city development.

Volodymyr Abramov

Introduction. The issue of calculation of an arched road structure made of corrugated metal on the basis of numerical modeling using the finite element method (FEM) using the actual cross-sectional parameters of metal corrugated structures (MCS) is considered. Problem Statement. In past years, for the calculations and tests of road constructions from MCS, a simple rectangular cross-section, equivalent in terms of bending stiffness to a corrugated profile, was considered. This was adopted to simplify calculations and research. Such an approach is also used in modern norms for the design of buildings with MCS. But this is not quite a correct simplification. Purpose. To show the possibility to avoid unnecessary convention and simplification of the calculation scheme and to obtain more correct and more informative results of the calculation of structures with MCS. Research methods and results. The purpose and tasks are realized by calculation-theoretical analysis and numerical modeling according to FEM using a specific example of calculating a road structure (small bridge) from the MCS.

Anatolii Tsynka, Serhii Illiash, Volodymyr Zelenovskyi

Introduction. The article deals with the issues of expanding the regulatory and technical base of the road sector for the construction of roads with cement concrete pavement. The article covers the issues of improving the existing and developing new requirements for the construction of cement concrete pavements with pin-connected slabs, reinforced slabs with pin connection, with continuous reinforcement and using rolled cement concrete mixtures using modern technologies. Improvement of the national regulatory framework is carried out on the basis of the analysis of existing legal acts, regulatory documents, technical literature related to the objects of standardization and, of course, taking into account the requirements of safety and environmental protection and the factors and features established by the current martial law in Ukraine. The work concerns the developed national standards for the installation of cement concrete pavements, namely those innovations that have already been agreed upon and are planned to be submitted to the National Standardization Body for adoption in the near future. Problem statement. Implementation of a unified technical policy to ensure the reliability and durability of roads, increase the efficiency of capital investments, implementation of scientific and technical achievements of science and best domestic and international practices in the practice of construction of roads with cement concrete pavement, issues of saving material, labor, financial and energy resources, improving the quality of construction work, labor safety and health conditions, rational use of land and other types of natural resources. The fact of constant growth in the intensity of heavy vehicles traffic, which is associated with the transportation of heavy machinery, agricultural products, metallurgical products, etc., significantly affects the reduction of the service life of roads with non-rigid pavement. This necessitates the search for alternative solutions for the construction of more durable pavement structures, one of which is the improvement of existing and introduction of new technologies for the construction of cement concrete pavements.

Daniel Oguntayo, Olumide Ogundipe, Oluwasegun Aluko et al.

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of methods used to create various experiment designs, determine relationships between experimental variables and responses, and use these relationships to identify the ideal conditions. This study uses RSM to forecast the mechanical characteristics of mixtures modified with steel slag and lime. Using the Box Behnken Design (BBD) method for the mix proportion, steel slag (0–100%), lime (0–4%), and bitumen content (4–8%) were considered independent variables, while the responses were the resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, flexural stiffness, and compressive strength. Analysis of variance showed that the steel slag was the most influencing factor for the flexural stiffness property of the steel-slag and lime-modified asphalt mixtures. Also, the regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9214, 0.8380, 0.7412, and 0.8266 was obtained for the stiffness, Mr, compressive strength, and ITS, respectively. Some interaction effects on the responses were found between the steel slag and lime. The optimization findings show that 25.01% steel slag, 2.43% lime, and 5.51% bitumen content are the best values to satisfy the design criteria. The optimized mixture design will offer a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution, promoting resource conservation and sustainable development in the construction industry.

Artur Onyshchenko, Iryna Mirchuk

Introduction. The pavement on reinforced concrete road bridges is one of the main structural elements of the structure, the technical condition of which affects the safety of the structure as a whole. The durability of the asphalt pavement is influenced by a number of factors, including the type of construction of the designed pavement, including the waterproofing coating, as well as the resistance of the structure to climatic factors and the effects of traffic. Problemstatement. Most of the highway bridges were built in the 60s and 80s of the 20th century. The artificial structures were designed in accordance with the regulations and technical specifications in force at the time, taking into account the prospects for the development of transport infrastructure and calculating the estimated traffic intensity of up to 20 thousand vehicles per day. However, over the last decade, the intensity and speed of road traffic has increased significantly, as well as the movement of heavy vehicles (mostly uncontrolled), especially in summer, when the air temperature fluctuates above +28 °C. In turn, this leads to excessive load on the bridge deck structures, including the asphalt pavement, which leads to its destruction (formation of cracks, potholes, sagging, rutting and other damage).

James S. Wheaton, Daniel R. Herber

Traditional requirements engineering tools do not readily access the SysML-defined system architecture model, often resulting in ad-hoc duplication of model elements that lacks the connectivity and expressive detail possible in a SysML-defined model. Without that model connectivity, requirement quality can suffer due to imprecision and inconsistent terminology, frustrating communication during system development. Further integration of requirements engineering activities with MBSE contributes to the Authoritative Source of Truth while facilitating deep access to system architecture model elements for V&V activities. The Model-Based Structured Requirement SysML Profile was extended to comply with the INCOSE Guide to Writing Requirements updated in 2023 while conforming to the ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148 standard requirement statement templates. Rules, Characteristics, and Attributes were defined in SysML according to the Guide to facilitate requirements definition and requirements V&V. The resulting SysML Profile was applied in two system architecture models at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, allowing us to explore its applicability and value in real-world project environments. Initial results indicate that INCOSE-derived Model-Based Structured Requirements may rapidly improve requirement expression quality while complementing the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook checklist and guidance, but typical requirement management activities still have challenges related to automation and support with the system architecture modeling software.

Sayan Chatterjee, Ching Louis Liu, Gareth Rowland et al.

The increasing popularity of AI, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has significantly impacted various domains, including Software Engineering. This study explores the integration of AI tools in software engineering practices within a large organization. We focus on ANZ Bank, which employs over 5000 engineers covering all aspects of the software development life cycle. This paper details an experiment conducted using GitHub Copilot, a notable AI tool, within a controlled environment to evaluate its effectiveness in real-world engineering tasks. Additionally, this paper shares initial findings on the productivity improvements observed after GitHub Copilot was adopted on a large scale, with about 1000 engineers using it. ANZ Bank's six-week experiment with GitHub Copilot included two weeks of preparation and four weeks of active testing. The study evaluated participant sentiment and the tool's impact on productivity, code quality, and security. Initially, participants used GitHub Copilot for proposed use-cases, with their feedback gathered through regular surveys. In the second phase, they were divided into Control and Copilot groups, each tackling the same Python challenges, and their experiences were again surveyed. Results showed a notable boost in productivity and code quality with GitHub Copilot, though its impact on code security remained inconclusive. Participant responses were overall positive, confirming GitHub Copilot's effectiveness in large-scale software engineering environments. Early data from 1000 engineers also indicated a significant increase in productivity and job satisfaction.

Sergio Rico

Case studies are a popular and noteworthy type of research study in software engineering, offering significant potential to impact industry practices by investigating phenomena in their natural contexts. This potential to reach a broad audience beyond the academic community is often undermined by deficiencies in reporting, particularly in the context description, study classification, generalizability, and the handling of validity threats. This paper presents a reflective analysis aiming to share insights that can enhance the quality and impact of case study reporting. We emphasize the need to follow established guidelines, accurate classification, and detailed context descriptions in case studies. Additionally, particular focus is placed on articulating generalizable findings and thoroughly discussing generalizability threats. We aim to encourage researchers to adopt more rigorous and communicative strategies, ensuring that case studies are methodologically sound, resonate with, and apply to software engineering practitioners and the broader academic community. The reflections and recommendations offered in this paper aim to ensure that insights from case studies are transparent, understandable, and tailored to meet the needs of both academic researchers and industry practitioners. In doing so, we seek to enhance the real-world applicability of academic research, bridging the gap between theoretical research and practical implementation in industry.