Hasil untuk "Environmental engineering"

A. Raja, A. Chaves, Jaeeun Yu et al.

The ability to control the size of the electronic bandgap is an integral part of solid-state technology. Atomically thin two-dimensional crystals offer a new approach for tuning the energies of the electronic states based on the unusual strength of the Coulomb interaction in these materials and its environmental sensitivity. Here, we show that by engineering the surrounding dielectric environment, one can tune the electronic bandgap and the exciton binding energy in monolayers of WS2 and WSe2 by hundreds of meV. We exploit this behaviour to present an in-plane dielectric heterostructure with a spatially dependent bandgap, as an initial step towards the creation of diverse lateral junctions with nanoscale resolution. Electronic bandgap tuning in semiconductors enables key functionalities in solid-state devices. Here, the authors present a strategy to control the bandgap of atomically thin WS2 and WSe2semiconductors via manipulation of the surrounding dielectric environment rather than by modifications of the materials themselves.

Lorraine M. Cahill

The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering offers a minor program in Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Engineering is traditionally an interdisciplinary field, drawing on elements of geology, geophysics, and the mechanics of fluids and solids. This breadth can be obtained by combining an undergraduate major in physical and mathematical sciences with a minor in Geotechnical Engineering. This minor is suitable for students interested in either professional practice or in graduate studies within the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Berkeley, and elsewhere.

Xin Guan, Yang Liu, Lianwei Li et al.

Abstract Particle assembly at liquid–liquid interfaces presents a promising bottom‐up strategy for creating supramolecular materials with advanced functionalities. However, the significantly lower interfacial tension observed in immiscible organic phases compared to traditional oil–water systems has hindered the effective adsorption and assembly of particles at oil–oil interfaces. In this work, a versatile and effective strategy is presented that utilizes the assembly and jamming of microgels and polymer ligands at non‐aqueous liquid–liquid interfaces to create non‐aqueous Pickering emulsions and reconfigurable droplet networks. The resulting microgel‐polymer complexes form an asymmetric interfacial bilayer with high surface coverage, which effectively minimizes interfacial energy and improves interfacial elasticity. Through a combination of systematic interfacial measurements and molecular dynamics simulations, the underlying mechanisms governing interfacial self‐assembly are elucidated. Notably, the stimuli‐responsive nature of the microgel‐polymer complexes allows for precise control over the interfacial assembly and disassembly by introducing competitive molecules. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that these non‐aqueous Pickering emulsions serve as excellent templates for the fabrication of heterogeneous organogels and microgel‐based colloidosomes through both covalent and non‐covalent crosslinking strategies. This work underscores the potential of non‐aqueous interfaces in advancing materials science and opens new avenues for developing multifunctional materials.

Hammami Saber, Romdhane Hela, Soualmia Amel et al.

Sediment transport plays a vital role in river management and flood protection, particularly in regions prone to erosion and deposition. The study aims to assess the impact of roughness modification on the sediment transport process in the Medjerda, Tunisia’s longest perennial river, following a decade of dredging activities implemented for flood protection measures in the Boussalem city. We used the Telemac Sisyphe model to stimulate sediment 17.8 km section, which regularly undergoes dredging crossing the city of Boussalem. This section contains two distinct parts: first a smooth riverbed followed by the variable roughness on both sides of the banks, which is influenced by the existing vegetation cover. The study developed four simulation scenarios, with a smooth riverbed maintained in call cases while the roughness of the second part increasing from smooth to rough. The model-generated outputs facilitated a comprehensive longitudinal and transverse comparative analysis, focusing on flow velocity, shear stress, and bed evolution profile in response to varying roughness levels. The results show a reduction in erosion and deposition phenomena as the roughness as the bank’s roughness increases. this the crucial role of vegetation in stabilizing river banks by, strengthening the cohesion of the riverbed, thus minimizing erosion risks and excessive sediment transport, ultimately maintaining the riverbed’s integrity. These findings contribute to understanding of sedimentation patterns in the Medjerda River and facilitated the prediction of potential impacts on its fluvial morphology.

Gopal Krishan, Vivek Diwakar, S. D. Khobragade et al.

Abstract Groundwater quality assessment is critical due to its susceptibility to a range of natural and anthropogenic influences, which, if unmanaged, can pose serious environmental and public health risks. This study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality evaluation in the southwestern districts of Punjab, India, with a focus on sustainable resource management. A total of 242 groundwater samples were systematically collected during the summer of 2019 across the districts of Mansa, Fazilka, Muktsar, Bathinda, Firozpur, and Faridkot. The samples were analyzed for almost all major cations, anions and other physicochemical parameters. Relative abundance of cations was Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K & anions were SO4 2− > HCO3 − > Cl− > NO3 − > F. Elevated concentrations of sulphate & nitrate were detected, highlighting the impact of agrochemical inputs. The plots of Wilcox and USSL plots revealed a declining trend in groundwater suitability for irrigation, affecting both shallow and deep aquifer sources, due to increasing salinity and sodium hazards. Hydrochemical data was interpreted using Gibbs diagram, Piper’s trilinear plot and Durov diagram to understand the various geochemical processes affecting the groundwater quality. Hydrochemical analysis indicates that rock–water interactions, evaporation & anthropogenic processes predominantly control groundwater composition, as evidenced by high levels of sodium and chloride. This study is significant as the surface water resources are limited and the quality and quantity of groundwater are deteriorating with time due to anthropogenic inputs. These findings underscore the necessity of continuous monitoring and informed groundwater management strategies to mitigate contamination and ensure long-term sustainability.

Xiaoxuan Su, Xinrong Huang, Yiyue Zhang et al.

Abstract The estuarine plastisphere, a novel ecological habitat in the Anthropocene, has garnered global concerns. Recent geochemical evidence has pointed out its potential role in influencing nitrogen biogeochemistry. However, the biogeochemical significance of the plastisphere and its mechanisms regulating nitrogen cycling remain elusive. Using 15N- and 13C-labelling coupled with metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, here we unveil that the plastisphere likely acts as an underappreciated nitrifying niche in estuarine ecosystems, exhibiting a 0.9 ~ 12-fold higher activity of bacteria-mediated nitrification compared to surrounding seawater and other biofilms (stone, wood and glass biofilms). The shift of active nitrifiers from O2-sensitive nitrifiers in the seawater to nitrifiers with versatile metabolisms in the plastisphere, combined with the potential interspecific cooperation of nitrifying substrate exchange observed among the plastisphere nitrifiers, collectively results in the unique nitrifying niche. Our findings highlight the plastisphere as an emerging nitrifying niche in estuarine environment, and deepen the mechanistic understanding of its contribution to marine biogeochemistry.

Thenmozhi D, M. Eswara Rao, Ch. Nagalakshmi et al.

The current study presents a novel examination of heat transfer properties in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Casson fluid across a porous stretching sheet, uniquely incorporating the effects of heat source and variable viscosity. Unlike previous studies, this research employs the Lie similarity transformation to convert the governing equations into a dimensionless form. These transformed equations are then solved using advanced numerical techniques, specifically the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK) along with shooting method. The findings reveal that the velocity decreases with the adjustment of significant parameters such as the Casson fluid properties, variable viscosity, heat source, magnetic field, and porosity, leading to an inverse increase in temperature within the convection system. As the Prandtl number increases, the temperature gradient and thermal boundary layer thickness decrease, resulting in reduced heat transfer rates within the convection system. Likewise, an increase in the Schmidt number decreases the concentration gradient and mass transfer rate within the fluid. This novel approach provides new insights into the behavior of Casson fluids, with significant applications in industrial processes, energy systems, environmental engineering, material science, and aerospace and automotive industries, where understanding heat transfer mechanisms in complex systems can enhance efficiency, performance, and safety.

Luis D. Loor-Urgilés, Tabata N. Feijoó, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle et al.

Abstract Chemical oxygen demand-COD is essential for water pollution control and monitoring and is also used to validate wastewater treatment technologies. Conventional COD determination use of costly toxic inputs that do not align with Sustainable Development Goals 6. To address these environmental challenges, photocatalytic (PC)- and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC)-COD sensors have emerged as a solution. This comprehensive review examines PC-COD and PEC-COD sensors in terms of nanomaterials used and their properties, focusing on how multiple variables influence PC activity and sensor performance. Analytical principles and operational variables affecting performance in COD determination are discussed. Finally, a series of materials and conditions are proposed to improve the viability of PEC-COD sensors currently and in the future.

Ansley J. Brown, Allan A. Andales, Timothy K. Gates

Abstract The global extent of salt‐affected agricultural land, 20% of which is deemed gypsiferous, results in billions of dollars of annual economic loss, a serious problem deserving of attention. However, the analysis of gypsiferous saline soils, such as in the irrigated Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) of Colorado, can result in an inflated estimation of soil salinity when using the traditional soil saturated paste extract electrical conductivity (ECe), leading to inaccurate crop yield loss predictions and misguided decisions for remediation. Sparingly soluble gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) in these soils dissolves more readily during laboratory preparation of saturated paste extracts because of excess soil water dilution coupled with sample disturbance. We present a pragmatic linear‐regression approach to correct for this phenomenon, calibrated using two adapted methods for correcting ECe on an individual sample basis. The novel approach used electrical conductivity of pore water samples from saline fields to evaluate the accuracy of the correction methods. The approach was applied on soil samples from two surface‐irrigated, saline fields in the LARV, which were mapped using electromagnetic induction data and analysis of covariance linear regression, calibrated for ECe and ECe corrected for excess gypsum dissoultion (ECeg). Average ECeg values are as much as 26% lower than uncorrected ECe in gypsum‐biased portions of the fields. Estimation of corn salinity hazard in these gypsum‐affected areas using ECeg in lieu of ECe in a traditional yield response function generated mean relative yield values that are higher by up to 13 percentage points. We discuss lessons learned and suggest enhancements to the techniques.

Ainhoa Oller-Ruiz, Nuria Alcaraz-Oliver, Gema Férez et al.

Marine biotoxins have posed a persistent problem along various coasts for many years. Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA), in seawater samples from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon were measured in one year. Only DA was detected in the range of 44.9–173.8 ng L⁻¹. Environmental stressors and mechanisms controlling the presence of DA in the lagoon are discussed. As an enrichment and clean-up method, we employed solid phase extraction to filter and acidify 75 mL of the sample, followed by pre-concentration through a C18 SPE cartridge. The analytes were recovered in aqueous solutions and directly injected into the liquid chromatography system (LC-MS), which was equipped with a C18 column. The system operated in gradient mode, and we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for analysis. The absence of matrix effects was checked and the limits of detection for most toxins were low, ranging from 0.05 to 91.2 ng L⁻¹, depending on the compound. To validate the measurements, we performed recovery studies, falling in the range of 74–122%, with an intraday precision below 14.9% RSD.

E. I. Burt, E. I. Burt, G. R. Goldsmith et al.

<p>Determining the sources of water provisioning streams, soils, and vegetation can provide important insights into the water that sustains critical ecosystem functions now and how those functions may be expected to respond given projected changes in the global hydrologic cycle. We developed multi-year time series of water isotope ratios (<span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹⁸</span>O and <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>²</span>H) based on twice-monthly collections of precipitation, lysimeter, and tree branch xylem waters from a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud forest in the southeastern Andes mountains of Peru. We then used this information to determine indices of the seasonal origins, the young water fractions (<span class="inline-formula"><i>F</i>_yw</span>), and the new water fractions (<span class="inline-formula"><i>F</i>_new</span>) of soil, stream, and tree water. There was no evidence for intra-annual variation in the seasonal origins of stream water and lysimeter water from 1 m depth, both of which were predominantly comprised of wet-season precipitation even during the dry seasons. However, branch xylem waters demonstrated an intra-annual shift in seasonal origin: xylem waters were comprised of wet-season precipitation during the wet season and dry-season precipitation during the dry season. The young water fractions of lysimeter (<span class="inline-formula">&lt;</span> 15 %) and stream (5 %) waters were lower than the young water fraction (37 %) in branch xylem waters. The new water fraction (an indicator of water <span class="inline-formula">≤</span> 2 weeks old in this study) was estimated to be 12 % for branch xylem waters, while there was no significant evidence for new water in stream or lysimeter waters from 1 m depth. Our results indicate that the source of water for trees in this system varied seasonally, such that recent precipitation may be more immediately taken up by shallow tree roots. In comparison, the source of water for soils and streams did not vary seasonally, such that precipitation may mix and reside in soils and take longer to transit into the stream. Our insights into the seasonal origins and ages of water in soils, streams, and vegetation in this humid tropical montane cloud forest add to understanding of the mechanisms that govern the partitioning of water moving through different ecosystems.</p>

Liang Jin, Sijing Wang, Chen Chen et al.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles (ZIF-8 NPs) are typical metal–organic framework (MOF) materials and have been intensively studied for their potential application in drug delivery and environmental remediation. However, knowledge of their potential risks to health and the environment is still limited. Therefore, this study exposed female and male zebrafish to ZIF-8 NPs (0, 9.0, and 90 mg L⁻¹) for four days. Subsequently, variations in their behavioral traits and brain oxidative stress levels were investigated. The behavioral assay showed that ZIF-8 NPs at 90 mg/L could significantly decrease the locomotor activity (i.e., hypoactivity) of both genders. After a ball falling stimulation, zebrafish exposed to ZIF-8 NPs (9.0 and 90 mg L⁻¹) exhibited more freezing states (i.e., temporary cessations of movement), and males were more sensitive than females. Regardless of gender, ZIF-8 NPs exposure significantly reduced the SOD, CAT, and GST activities in the brain of zebrafish. Correlation analysis revealed that the brain oxidative stress induced by ZIF-8 NPs exposure might play an important role in their behavioral toxicity to zebrafish. These findings highlight the necessity for further assessment of the potential risks of MOF nanoparticles to aquatic species and the environment.

Yu Wang, Kun Zhou

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have exhibited great potential for replacing costly Pt for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) because of their distinctive structural features and high pre-site activity. However, their performance is generally hindered by the limited density of active sites (e.g., at the layer edges). Although they feature a high exposure of surface sites, these sites are typically inert for ORR. Herein, through density functional theory calculations, we propose a promising ORR catalyst candidate, a 2D TaTe2 nanosheet, which has an intrinsic high basal-plane activity. Both of the thermodynamic and kinetic processes are explored, which demonstrates that the basal-plane Te sites of the TaTe2 nanosheet have great potential for facilitating ORR. Specifically, we construct a microkinetic model of ORR proceeding on TaTe2, which unveils its dynamic intermediate coverage under different electrode potentials and identifies the dominating associative pathway. The theoretical half-wave potential of TaTe2 is predicted to be 0.87 V, which exceeds those of the well-established Pt (111) and Fe–N–C single-atom catalysts computed at the same level. This study not only presents the first 2D, non-Pt ORR catalyst candidate with an intrinsic basal-plane activity but also offers a rational methodology for unveiling the mechanism/activity of ORR and other electrochemical reactions.

Yao WANG, Xiao-ying YAN, Cheng MAN et al.

Selective laser fusion (SLM) is an emerging 3D printing technology that can greatly shorten the processing cycle and reduce the production cost of medical implants, thus offering broad prospects for application in the biomedical field. In addition, its excellent corrosion resistance is a crucial characteristic for its application as a biomedical material. However, the corrosion behavior of SLM–TI6AL4V, especially its corrosion resistance, has not been a focus of extensive study to date. In this study, the microstructures and corrosion behavior of SLM–Ti6Al4V, which was produced via selective laser melting with fabrication angles of 30°, 45°, and 60°, in NaF-containing solutions were investigated using metalloscopy, scanning electron microscope, electrochemical measurement, and immersion test. According to microstructural analysis, SLM–Ti6Al4V is characterized by prior β grains with needle α' phases; the prior β grains for the sample with the fabrication angle of 45° are most like equiaxed, and the α' phase are the smallest. In addition, the sample with the fabrication angle of 45° has the smallest lattice distortion compared to the others. The electrochemical measurements reveal that with increasing NaF concentration, the corrosion resistance of all three samples deteriorates, and the critical fluoride concentration of the samples with fabrication angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° are in the range of 0.0005–0.00075 mol·L−1, 0.00075–0.001 mol·L−1, and 0.0005–0.00075 mol·L−1, respectively. From the results of the immersion test, in the solution with NaF concentrations less than the critical value, the surfaces of the three samples remain nearly intact, while in the solutions with more added NaF, active dissolution takes place on the sample surface. Comparing the results of the electrochemical measurements and the immersion test, the sample with the fabrication angle of 45° exhibits superior corrosion resistance.

Meiling Zhou, Linlin Lu, Huadong Guo et al.

Sustainable development in urban areas is at the core of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Analysis of SDG indicator 11.3.1—Land-use efficiency based on functional urban boundaries—provides a globally harmonized avenue for tracking changes in urban settlements in different areas. In this study, a methodology was developed to map built-up areas using time-series of Landsat imagery on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform. By fusing the mapping results with four available land-cover products—GlobeLand30, GHS-Built, GAIA and GLC_FCS-2020—a new built-up area product (BTH_BU) was generated for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, China for the time period 2000–2020. Using the BTH_BU product, functional urban boundaries were created, and changes in the size of the urban areas and their form were analyzed for the 13 cities in the BTH region from 2000 to 2020. Finally, the spatiotemporal dynamics of SDG 11.3.1 indicators were analyzed for these cities. The results showed that the urban built-up area could be extracted effectively using the BTH_BU method, giving an overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 0.93 and 0.85, respectively. The overall ratio of the land consumption rate to population growth rate (LCRPGR) in the BTH region fluctuated from 1.142 in 2000–2005 to 0.946 in 2005–2010, 2.232 in 2010–2015 and 1.538 in 2015–2020. Diverged changing trends of LCRPGR values in cities with different population sizes in the study area. Apart from the megacities of Beijing and Tianjin, after 2010, the LCRPGR values were greater than 2 in all the cities in the region. The cities classed as either small or very small had the highest LCRPGR values; however, some of these cities, such as Chengde and Hengshui, experienced population loss in 2005–2010. To mitigate the negative impacts of low-density sprawl on environment and resources, local decision makers should optimize the utilization of land resources and improve land-use efficiency in cities, especially in the small cities in the BTH region.

Sepridawati Siregar, Desi Kiswiranti

Abstrak Sungai Klampok mengalir melalui Kecamatan Bergas dan sekelilingnya terdapat beberapa industri sehingga mengakibatkan sungai tersebut tercemar karena menjadi badan penerima air limbah. Akibat penurunan kualitas air Sungai Klampok akan berimbas pada penurunan kualitas air tanah yang digunakan oleh penduduk sekitar sungai tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air tanah yang berada di sekitar Sungai Klampok sebagai akibat adanya pengaruh beban pencemaran oleh air limbah industri berdasarkan Permenkes No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 tentang persyaratan kualitas air bersih. Lokasi pengambilan sampel air sungai dibagi menjadi 3 stasiun (LK1, LK2 dan LK3) sedangkan untuk sampel airtanah dari rumah-rumah penduduk dilakukan pada 6 titik yaitu 3 titik di daerah utara dari Sungai Klampok (U1,U2, U3) dan 3 titik di daerah selatan dari Sungai Klampok (S1,S2, S3). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada musim kemarau. Dari hasil uji kualitas air sungai, pencemaran yang terjadi pada air sungai Klampok masuk dalam kategori tercemar ringan-sedang. Sedangkan hasil uji kualitas air tanah masih berada di bawah baku mutu yang disyaratkan oleh Permenkes No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990, sehingga penurunan kualitas air sungai Klampok tidak mempengaruhi kualitas air tanah di sekitar sungai tersebut.   Abstract The Klampok River flows through the Bergas Subdistrict and there are a number of industries around it, causing the river to become polluted because it becomes the body of the recipient of wastewater. As a result of the decline in the quality of the water in the Klampok River, it will impact on the quality of groundwater used by residents around the river. This study aims to determine the quality of groundwater around the Klampok River as a result of the influence of pollution load by industrial wastewater based on Permenkes No. 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990 concerning requirements for clean water quality. The location of river water sampling is divided into 3 stations (LK1, LK2, and LK3) while for groundwater samples from residential houses is carried out at 6 points, namely 3 points in the northern area of Klampok River (U1, U2, U3) and 3 points in the area south of the Klampok River (S1, S2, S3). Sampling is done in the dry season. From the results of the test of river water quality, pollution that occurs in Klampok river water is categorized as mild-moderate polluted. While the results of groundwater quality testing are still below the quality standards required by Permenkes No. 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990 so that the decline in the water quality of the Klampok river does not affect the quality of groundwater around the river.

Rashid Heidarimoghadam, Majid Motamedzadeh, Reza Kazemi

Introduction: This paper aims to explore the main effect of night shift rotation speed on the pattern of melatonin secretion and the sleepiness, among control room operators (CORs) in a petrochemical industry Material and method: In this study, 60 CORs operators within two different patterns, including 7 nights and 3 nights shift works were selected from a petrochemical industry to investigate the influence of rotation speed on their melatonin secretion and the sleepiness pattern. Thus, melatonin was sampled from saliva, and the sleepiness and sleep quality were assessed using Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) index. Data analysis was carried out using spss18, Chi square, t-test, and GLM model. Results: Melatonin values and their general changes during shift were noticeably different in two proposed patterns (P <0.05). The sleepiness index was significantly different only at 3:00 in both patterns, whereas the interaction of light and caffeine on both melatonin changes and sleepiness was not significant (P <0.05). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the process of melatonin changes and sleepiness in the two studied patterns (P <0.05). Conclusion: Adopting slower shift schedules rotations would be more appropriate, from the viewpoints of the importance of alertness and performance for human error prevention, among people working in serious worksites such as control rooms.

B. F. Bakare, S. Mtsweni, S. Rathilal

There is a growing pressure on the available freshwater resources in South Africa and many other countries around the world. This has led to a large scale of interest in the application of water reclamation and reuse of wastewater as alternative water supply sources. This is becoming critical to sustain development and economic growth in the southern Africa region. This study investigated the performance of a horizontal roughing filtration system treating greywater generated from a peri-urban settlement in Durban, South Africa. The horizontal roughing filtration system consists of three compartments containing different sizes of gravels that serve as the filter media. The horizontal roughing filter was operated at a filtration rate of 0.3 m/hr for 90 days. The results indicated that at this low filtration rate, effective reduction in turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand and total solids can be achieved. Overall average removal efficiencies of 90% turbidity, 70% chemical oxygen demand, 86% conductivity, and 84% total solids were obtained for the entire duration of operation of the horizontal roughing filtration system. Thus, it was concluded that the horizontal roughing filtration system is suitable for the treatment of greywater for non-potable reuse applications although further investigation needs to be conducted for the microbial removal during the treatment.

Sohail Ahmad, Felix Creutzig

India’s land transport GHG emissions are small in international comparison, but growing exponentially. Understanding of geographically-specific determinants of GHG emissions is crucial to devise low-carbon sustainable development strategies. However, previous studies on transport patterns have been limited to socio-economic context in linear and stationary settings, and with limited spatial scope. Here, we use a machine learning tool to develop a nested typology that categorizes all 640 Indian districts according to the econometrically identified drivers of their commuting emissions. Results reveal that per capita commuting emissions significantly vary over space, after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, and are strongly influenced by built environment (e.g. urbanization, and road density), and mobility-related variables (e.g. travel distance and travel modes). The commuting emissions of districts are characterized by unique, place-specific combinations of drivers. We find that income and urbanization are dominant classifiers of commuting emissions, while we explain more fine-grained patterns with mode choice and travel distance. Surprisingly the most urbanized areas with highest population density are also associated with the highest transport GHG emissions, a result that is explained by high car ownership. This result contrasts with insights from OECD countries, where commuting emissions are associated with low-density urban sprawl. Our findings demonstrate that low-carbon commuting in India is best advanced with spatially differentiated strategies.

Carol Cardoso Moura Cordeiro, Margarida Marchetto

Neste trabalho será apresentado um plano de evacuação em edifícios residenciais, cujo objetivo é observar o procedimento a seguir em caso de emergência causada por incêndio. Através de levantamentos bibliográficos, foram extraídas informações relevantes para a elaboração de um planejamento com finalidade de minimizar os riscos iminentes a vida e integridade física dos moradores com o fim de garantir a sua retirada de maneira mais segura possível. Para efetiva eficiência do plano de evacuação, é fundamental que as pessoas envolvidas o conheçam e estejam treinadas para tal. Além disso, é necessário que a edificação seja composta dos elementos de prevenção e combate a incêndio calcadas nas normas vigentes. Como resultado, será apresentado um Plano de Evacuação, descrevendo suas etapas e contemplando os moradores e colaboradores de um edifício residencial.