Hasil untuk "Encyclopedias"

Regina Varnienė

The investigation of information needs in the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Academy of Sciences Lit. SSR allowed to draw conclusions about sources of information necessary for researchers, forms of information supply for electrochemists and time needed for reading of scientific literature. Profile interests turned out too, they were brought together into "Rubricator of profile interests of the Institute". (List of headings).During the first stage we found out, that use of sources of information (except manuals, industrial catalogues, standards and translations) straightly depends on scientific qualification of specialist, on his duties.The higher are those indexes the more sources of information are used by specialists. The use of sources of information is influenced by the kind of the field in which scientist works.The use of sources of information dealing with literature (except the express information services, bibliographical catalog and encyclopedias) depends thoroughly on the scientific qualification of specialists, on their duties. The kind of the field in which the scientist works influences use of those sources.Forms of informational supply depend on scientific qualification of specialist: Doctors value analytical and abstract surveys (45,5). Scientists of this kind are interested in the guidance of librarians. Doctors need less help from scientific and technical information services and librarians in order to obtain factographical data.Great part of young scientists recognizes that serious part of informational supply is „guidance by librarians in the selection of information dealing with a special theme." 23,1 % specialists without scientific degree recognize this kind of assistance to be necessary. Analyses of results of questionnaires enables to draw a conclusion, that time, which is needed for selection and editing the collected literature depends on the duties and qualification. It was defined that researchers with high qualification spend more time for looking over and reading scientific literature in comparison with specialists without scientific degree.During the second stage of the investigation turned out profile interests of Institute scientists. Profile interests were brought together into „Rubricator". Its analysis enabled to define inner and outer relations between electrochemistry, galvanotechnics and other branches of science.According to the analysis of card file interests, the greatest part of electrochemists (72,3%) value part of "electrochemistry", second place occupies "electrochemical methods of protection", on the third – "technologies of organical material" (37,4).

Puyu Yang, Vincent Traag, Rodrigo Costas et al.

Wikipedia is one of the largest online encyclopedias, which relies on scientific publications as authoritative sources. The increasing prevalence of open access (OA) publishing has expanded the public availability of scientific knowledge; however, its impact on the dynamics of knowledge contestation within collaborative environments such as Wikipedia remains underexplored. To address this gap, we analyze a large-scale dataset that combines Wikipedia edit histories with metadata from scientific publications cited in disputed Wikipedia articles. Our study investigates the characteristics of scientific publications involved in disputes and examines whether OA articles are more likely to be contested than paywalled ones. We find that scientific disputes on Wikipedia are more frequent in the social sciences and humanities, where topics often involve social values and interpretative variability. Publications with higher citation counts and publications in high-impact journals are more likely to be involved in disputes. OA publications are significantly more likely to be involved in disputes and tend to be contested sooner after publication than paywalled articles. This pattern suggests that increased accessibility accelerates both engagement and scrutiny. The relationship between OA status and dispute involvement also varies across disciplines, reflecting differences in Wikipedia editorial practices and norms. These findings highlight the dual role of OA in both expanding access to scientific knowledge and increasing its visibility in contexts of public negotiation and debate. This study contributes to a broader understanding of how scientific knowledge is collaboratively constructed and contested on open platforms, offering insights for research on open science, scholarly communication, and digital knowledge governance.

Klaus Dolag, Rhea-Silvia Remus, Lucas M. Valenzuela et al.

Galaxy and halo scaling relations, connecting a broad range of parameters, are well established from observations. The origin of many of these relations and their scatter is still a matter of debate. It remains a sizable challenge for models to simultaneously and self-consistently reproduce as many scaling relations as possible. We introduce the Magneticum Pathfinder hydrodynamical cosmological simulation suite, to date the suite that self-consistently covers the largest range in box volumes and resolutions. It is the only cosmological simulation suite that is tuned on the hot gas content of galaxy clusters instead of the stellar mass function. By assessing the successes and shortcomings of tuning to the hot gas component of galaxy clusters, we aim to further our understanding of the physical processes shaping the Universe. We analyze the importance of the hot and cold gas components for galaxy and structure evolution. We analyze 28 scaling relations, covering large-scale global parameters as well as internal properties for halos ranging from massive galaxy clusters down to galaxies, and show their predicted evolution from z=4 to z=0 in comparison with observations. These include the halo-to-stellar-mass and Kennicutt--Schmidt relations, the cosmic star formation rate density as well as the Fundamental Plane. Magneticum Pathfinder matches a remarkable number of the observed scaling relations from z=4 to z=0, including challenging relations like the number density of quiescent galaxies at cosmic dawn, the mass--size evolution, the mass--metallicity relation, the Magorrian relation, and the temperature--mass relation. We compile our data to allow for straightforward future comparisons. Galaxy properties and scaling relations arise naturally and the large scatter in observables at high redshift is crucial to distinguish the various galaxy formation models reproducing the z=0 relations.

S. G. Gorbovskaya, N. S. Tyrkheeva, E. A. Kondratyeva

This paper provides a comprehensive review of Russian academic works (2000–2025) on the literary representation of plants in world literature. Drawing on dissertations, monographs, encyclopedias, and scholarly articles, the study offers the first systematic overview of research examining botanical imagery with both fixed and non-fixed semantic functions. The analysis demonstrates that, since early Romanticism, plant imagery has acquired a pronounced imaginative dimension. Despite the growing prominence of polysemous botanical motifs from the 19th century onward, archetypal plant symbols persist even in contemporary texts. Key thematic clusters identified include: the study of floriography (the “language of flowers” or “selam”), floral poetic garlands and bouquets, the rose motif, the Christmas tree symbol, and unique authorial botanical constructions. The paper further presents an original analytical framework for interpreting key floral symbols — such as the rose, the fir tree, the nameless flower, the blue flower, and flowers of evil — contextualizing them within broader literary discourse. Findings indicate a significant increase in floropoetics scholarship between 2000 and 2025, signaling the maturation of this research domain. It has been demonstrated that a methodology for the study of plants is evolving, along with the establishment of a specialized terminology system. It has been found that the representation of plants has been thoroughly examined by domestic researchers; however, the field of floropoetics requires further development.

Jia Huang

A result of Legendre asserts that the difference between the numbers of (length) even and odd partitions of $n$ into distinct parts is $0$, $1$, or $-1$; this also follows from Euler's pentagonal number theorem. We establish an analogous result for compositions and obtain some generalizations that are related to various entries in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.

Ievheniia Karpilovska

This communication provides an overview of the large-scale scholarly encyclopedia project, <em>Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online</em>. It justifies the involvement of the “Brill” publishing in the implementation of this encyclopedia, outlines its structure and authorship. The paper emphasizes that, despite the Slavic theme, the majority of contributors of encyclopedia articles are linguists from the United States (including the editor-in-chief) and Western Europe, which affects the level of representation of issues, phenomena, and units related to the Ukrainian language in the encyclopedia articles.

Benoit Cloitre, Jeffrey Shallit

We discuss an interesting sequence defined recursively; namely, sequence A105774 from the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, and study some of its properties. Our main tools are Fibonacci representation, finite automata, and the Walnut theorem-prover. We also prove two new results about synchronized sequences.

David Sauzin

Resurgence Theory and Mould Calculus were invented by J. Ecalle around 1980 in the context of analytic dynamical systems and are increasingly more used in the mathematical physics community, especially since the 2010s. We review the mathematical formalism and touch on the applications. This is an invited contribution to the 2nd edition of the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics.

Nils Carqueville, Michele Del Zotto, Ingo Runkel

This is a survey article for the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, 2nd Edition. Topological defects are described in the context of the 2-dimensional Ising model on the lattice, in 2-dimensional quantum field theory, in topological quantum field theory in arbitrary dimension, and in higher-dimensional quantum field theory with a focus on 4-dimensional quantum electrodynamics.

Carlo Maccaferri

String Field Theory is a formulation of String Theory as a Quantum Field Theory in target space. It allows to tame the infrared divergences of String Theory and to approach its non-perturbative structure and background independence. This article gives a concise overview on the subject and of some of the main recent progress. Note: Review article for Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Physics

Yuni Lestari, Yusuf Muhtarom, Maksudin Maksudin

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the paradigm of the humanistic approach in 21st-century interactive Arabic language instruction at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. This research employs a library research methodology, sourcing data from literature, various websites, journals, dictionaries, encyclopedias, documents, and magazines. The findings demonstrate that the humanistic approach is instrumental in helping students comprehend Arabic by integrating contemporary digital learning developments. This approach focuses on nurturing students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills through a supportive and engaging educational environment. The study highlights the necessity of this approach in overcoming the challenges students face in learning Arabic, ensuring a more enjoyable and less daunting learning experience. The humanistic approach serves as a strategic framework to facilitate effective Arabic language acquisition, aligned with the demands of 21st-century education.

Thibault Gauthier, Josef Urban

We present a self-learning approach for synthesizing programs from integer sequences. Our method relies on a tree search guided by a learned policy. Our system is tested on the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. There, it discovers, on its own, solutions for 27987 sequences starting from basic operators and without human-written training examples.

Vladyslav Mukha, Svitlana Ocheretianko, Ruslan Pylypchuk et al.

The communication is dedicated to the memory of Ivan Dziuba, a public influencer, literary critic, co-chairman of the main editorial board of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine who passed away at the age of 91. [Повідомлення присвячено пам’яті Івана Михайловича Дзюби, громадського діяча, літературознавця, спів­голови Головної редакційної колегії “Енциклопедії Сучасної України”, який на 91-му році життя відійшов у вічність.]

Muhammad Khairul Mustaghfirin, Saiful Mujab

The research aims to stand on the method of judging the hadith on the validity, goodness, weakness, or condition of the narrators, and to identify the origins of the hadith imams, past and present, in correcting and weakening according to certain standards and scientific standards that are subject to the law of the novel, the origins of hadith and its sciences, wound and modification. It also aims to study Sheikh Al-Albani’s approach to correction and weakening. Objective scientific critical study, in this research, the researcher pursued an objective analytical and critical approach. It also relies on the study of hadith books, their collections, and abundant encyclopedias. It is based on the aspect of hadith sciences, in a sufficiently library method, so that it is based on the study of references and available sources specialized in the subject in question, and the most important findings of the researcher through research and reading of this. The matter is that judging a hadith is a matter of discretion, so it is the case of a mujtahid in jurisprudential rulings that he is right and wrong.

blue tackr, Muhammad Babagana

In view of the reality of the modern era and its rapid development strangely, in addition to some problems affecting Islamic Jurisprudence since the age of stagnation, which have been weakening its ability to organize what achieves the interests and developments of its people in some aspects of life, this research is designed to clarify the reality of contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence and explain solutions to some of the problems from which it has been suffering. The researchers have defined the concept of Islamic Jurisprudence, and mentioned its stages of compilation. They have finally posited to the views that underscore that Islamic Jurisprudence has passed through some stages, and has acquired a highly scientific method in the modern era, where jurisprudential councils, organizations and encyclopedias have appeared as a result of the emergence of a number of scholars and jurists who do not adhere to any school in their fatwa. The researchers have also recommended that it is a necessity for Muslims to establish Islamic councils in their countries, because of its significant impact on the consensus of the opinion of scholars, and reduction of jurisprudential differences in the Islamic societies

Mohammad Keshavarz

Introduction In a general definition, any study of Iran is called Iranology. Iranology in its specific meaning is the identification of Iranian literature, history, culture and civilization. Knowledge that is four centuries old and is essentially a European science. Iranology, both in the general sense and in the specific sense, has been monopolized by Westerners during these four centuries. All linguistic, historical, literary, cultural and artistic studies, both in scientific and non-scientific aspects, have been done by Westerners and in fact have been the direction of this science.But in the last century, some Iranians entered the field of Iranology due to traveling to Europe and observing the work of orientalists and Iranologists. Among these people was Mohammad Qazvini, who travelled to Europe and accompanied English, French and German orientalists, and became acquainted with their method of work and the nature of Western Iranology.Since much of the Western research has been flawed, Allameh Mohammad Qazvini thought of persuading Iranians to enter the field of Iranology and in correspondence and contacts with Iranian researchers encouraged them to do so. Allameh Mohammad Qazvini, by entering all the fields that were previously in the possession of the Westerners, broke the Western monopoly on Iranology. His collection of activities, which was accompanied by the utmost care and interest, made him a national Iranologist who had never held this position before. Methodology This research is based on collecting information from libraries and archival centers and descriptive-analytical method. First, the data were collected and then, according to the research topic, the data were processed. While doing the research, we came across two categories of data: data related to Allameh Qazvini and his historical and literary activities, which are under the subject of Iranology and data related to Iranology from which national Iranology has been extracted. Discussion Iranology in its specific meaning is the historical and literary studies of Iran. Fields in which Allameh Mohammad Qazvini was a unique master. The most important activities of Qazvini Iranology were: Commentary on Grammar of Persian Language, Persian poetry and comparison of Orientalists theories on literary issues, Documentary and the expression of rules and principles related to it, bibliography (See: Qazvini, 1953: 1 / 31-33, 34-45, 61, 70; See: Jorbozehdar, 1983: 1 / 238-241, 244-265, 133-144, 233-236), Codicology (Qazvini, 1956: 66-71; Jorbozehdar, 1983: 1/260-265), Genealogy of historical dynasties (Qazvini, 1944: 7-12), Biographical evaluation (See: Jorbozehdar, 1983: 1/9-98; Qazvini, 1945 c: 59-70), Morphology and Persian and Arabic meters of prosody (Jamalzadeh, 1971: 396-400), Dialectology(Qazvini, 2009: 389-390), Library issues such as: Descriptions of some librarians, booksellers and private library owners, Publishing words, history of the oldest Arabic manuscripts, old and contemporary libraries and organization of library materials (Shabani, 2000: 100-108) and following the contents of European newspapers about Iran (Abolhassani (Monzar), 2006: 12-17) and etc.In the field of textual criticism, Qazvini has critically examined the works of Iranologists and believes that not all of them should be trusted and the works that come from the west need to be re-examined. Qazvini's way of thinking and enlightenment in this field caused the entry of Iranian researchers into this field, which is in fact one of the branches of Iranology.Qazvini's goal was not only to criticism or recognize this and that manuscript, but also he tried to give a proper meaning to our cultural and national identity by identifying, collecting and recording documents related to the history and culture of Iran and fairly criticizing those documents (Ajoudani, 2014: 284).Mohammad Qazvini, in addition to researching, editing and textual criticism, is a pioneer in preparing photographs of important and rare manuscripts related to the history and culture of Iran in the libraries of East and West of the world (Bahramian and Motalebi Kashani, 2004: 153).Allameh Qazvini in the introduction to the photographed books addressed specific issues of Iranology such as historical geography, biographical evaluation, bibliography, Codicology and Oriental studies around the same book and author (see: Qazvini, 1982: Introduction). In addition, Qazvini preferred the introduction of Iranian scholars such as Mojtaba Minavi and Abbas Eqbal over the photographed manuscripts to Orientalists (National Arshives of Iran, 297/37756: 1-4; Motalebi Kashani, 2008: 447 -448).The sum of these activities was somehow useful in promoting and developing Iranian critical studies (Iranology) (Afshar, 1978: 132-133) and made many Iranian researchers interested in this field.In addition to text photographing and editing, Qazvini, after returning to Iran in 1939, wrote a biography of some contemporaries in Yadegar magazine under the title of Vafyat-e-Moaserin. It includes a brief biography and history of the greats of the Islamic world who more or less contemporary with the late Qazvini and he saw them or was aware of their names and symbols (Eqbal Ashtiani, 1949: 53). Also, in his writings, wherever he saw the name of Orientalists or Iranologists, he gave a brief description of their biographies in a margin or footnote. This issue is of special importance for introducing Iranologists and Orientalists to Iranians (see: Qazvini, 1945 a: 28-37).Allameh Qazvini, by dominating the research of Iranians and Westerners on the history, culture and literature of Iran, had gained a firm belief in some Iranian scholars. He talks about Eqbal: “with the presence of a person like Mr. Mirza Abbas Khan Eqbal, whose existence in Tehran is a conclusive reason that the research force and critical method of the Iranian race is no less than the European race” (Qazvini, 1953: 99). With the same encouragement and motivation, Allameh Qazvini created the grounds for Iranians to enter Iranology.In addition to historical and literary research, Allameh Mohammad Qazvini has also made great efforts in the field of geographical declaration. He has presented remarkable and enlightening explanations about many geographical locations whose exact location is unknown or that were ambiguities about them, with research and accurate follow-up among the encyclopedias and Persian and Arabic books of Al-Masālik Wa L-Mamālik. Qazvini  in removing ambiguity from the geographical places, in addition to the views of Iranian historians and geographers, has considered  the researches of famous Iranologists such as Schefer, Markwart and Barthold (see: Qazvini, 1948: 30-37).Communication with foreign Iranologists and Iranians abroad caused Allameh Qazvini to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Iranology and guide Iranian researchers to advance Iranology. As a result of these efforts, national Iranology gradually spread in Iran individually and organizationally and the Iranians believed that they could conduct a sample of Western studies on Iran.Finally, Allameh Qazvini has a very important role in the emergence of institutions promoting Iranology. He was always dissatisfied with the situation of Persian language in publications at that time and its extreme fusion with other languages, asked people like Mahmoud Afshar Yazdi to take the necessary actions to protect the Persian language (Afshar, 1959: 275). Although Mahmoud Afshar does not consider himself a fanatic in adhering to the rules and principles of the Persian language like Qazvini, he is influenced by such thoughts that in 1958 the "Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Endowment Foundation" was established to generalize the Persian language and consolidation of national unity. In the following years, many books entitled "Collection of Iranology" were published in the same foundation with the cooperation and assistance of Iraj Afshar. Conclusion In the early twentieth century, following the travel of a number of Iranian scholars to Europe and the observation of the work of orientalists this motivation raised in them that they can also do Iranology; among these people was Mohammad Qazvini, who, due to his association with great Iranologists in Britain, France and Germany, decided to conduct research like them and in their own way. As a result of Qazvini's Iranian studies, Iranians gradually became acquainted with the nature of Western Iranology and its strengths and weaknesses, and came to believe that they, like Westerners, could conduct Iranian studies.Qazvini's literary and historical activities in the field of criticism of historical and literary texts, historical geography, biographical evaluation, manuscript photography, introduction and annotation on prominent Iranian texts made him a national Iranologist, which had no precedent before him. His researches on Iranology, whose accuracy and importance were well-known, are among the first achievements of national Iranology. After him, many scholars continued his research fields, which led to the development of national Iranology.After Qazvini, Iranian scholars, many of whom were trained in Qazvini, developed Iranian studies activities individually and collectively. Holding world congresses and national and international conferences on Iranology in the following decades, provided fields of entry of foreign Iranologists to Iran and Iranology fell into the hands of national Iranologists after four centuries of Western history and its general policies in Iran were determined.

Akram Fathian Dastgerdi

Purpose: This study aims to design and implement a comprehensive database of the written heritage of science and technology in the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) and determine the metadata elements required to describe the manuscripts. Method: This research was carried out by the content analysis method to identify the metadata elements needed to describe the collection of manuscripts. The study population includes a microfiche collection of Arabic manuscripts in RICeST in science and technology, including Encyclopedias, Protosciences, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, and Miscellaneous works (about 1203 manuscripts). Due to the study’s comprehensiveness, all manuscripts in science and technology were considered, and sampling was not performed. The data gathering method was structured or systematic observation (of non–participant type), and the data gathering tool was a checklist. Findings: The metadata elements were first identified through a process including a review of the studies conducted in this field, an analysis of manuscript databases available inside and outside the country, and an examination of the specific needs, vision, and policies of the RICeST, and then design of the database was carried out in seven stages. These stages include identifying and organizing manuscript microfiches, identifying metadata elements to describe manuscripts, identifying appropriate software and developing the manuscript data entry form in the database, digitizing the manuscript microfiches collection, documenting and cataloging the manuscripts, data entry into the database, and uploading files, and evaluating and editing the information entered in the database. This collection is currently available at https://manuscript.ricest.ac.ir. Originality/value: The mission of the RICeST in disseminating written knowledge and the need to organize, digitize and make manuscripts accessible to users made it necessary to conduct research in order to identify the required metadata elements and design the ‘comprehensive database of the written heritage of science and technology’. Given the emphasis of the RICeST on the fields of science and technology, in the first step, creating a database for these fields was prioritized. As an educational and research support for Iran’ universities and scientific centers, this database can solve some of the information needs of the scientific community at the national and regional levels. One of the features of the present research is the selection of required metadata elements according to the characteristics of the Iranian-Islamic context and relying on the studies conducted in this field to provide users with suitable access points for effective retrieval of manuscripts. The content coverage of the database and the variety of its metadata elements are such that different groups of audiences (including general users, researchers, students, copyists, etc.) can benefit from its services depending on the type of needs. This research brought valuable achievements and outputs in different phases, including preparing a manual for manuscript cataloging and data entry, creating a comprehensive manuscript database, equipping and launching a manuscript section in RICeST, training human resources for cataloging manuscripts, holding several workshops, interacting with other manuscript centers in Iran and creating areas for cooperation, and providing a bibliography for all references used in the process of documenting and cataloging manuscripts.

María Sefidari

Lyubov A. Fadeeva

L.A. Fadeeva is the author of numerous publications and key co-author of fundamental encyclopedias published by the Russian Academy of Sciences (Identity: The Individual, Society and Politics. An Encyclopedia, 2017) and the Russian Political Science Association (Trends and problems of the development of Russian political science in the global context: Tradition, reception and innovation, 2018), representing the leading scientific school for identity studies in Russia (see: Perm School of Political Science: Sources, Development, Content, 2019), who has served multiple times as guest editor for the thematic issues of the best Russian political science journals on this topic (Political science (RU), 2020, No. 4). In this introductory article, our guest editor L.A. Fadeeva presents the materials of the current issue of our journal, interpreting their cross-cutting themes as the politicization of the non-political through the prism of identity processes at the macro-regional, regional and national levels.

Martianus Frederic Ezerman

The article surveys quantum error control, focusing on quantum stabilizer codes, stressing on the how to use classical codes to design good quantum codes. It is to appear as a book chapter in "A Concise Encyclopedia of Coding Theory," edited by C. Huffman, P. Sole and J-L Kim, to be published by CRC Press.