This paper proposes a conceptual economic framework, titled Economics Equation–3, to explain how economies transition from low or medium development levels to stronger and sustainable growth trajectories. Drawing from economic systems theory, conceptual modeling, and symbolic mathematical reasoning, the model identifies and integrates key positive growth factors, market flow dynamics, and negative constraints into a unified symbolic structure. The framework considers the interaction between product characteristics, manpower, market accessibility, policy intervention, and temporal–spatial variation. The study aligns with existing literature emphasizing the role of conceptual frameworks in modern economics, mathematical modeling for growth, and evolutionary economic theory (Fusfeld, 1980; Debreu, 1984; Dopfer, 2005; Vasconcelos, 2013; Czerwinski, 2024). The resulting conceptual model is intended to support future empirical studies, economic policy analysis, business strategy formulation, and long-term development planning. The work remains theoretical and hypothesis-driven, highlighting the need for empirical validation in diverse economic contexts.
This study is to examine how FDI and green economic growth are related in Southeast Asian economies. It also attempts to find out the role of fiscal policy development in the relationship between FDI and green growth in the economies of the region. For this purpose, a dynamic panel threshold model is used for the data over the period 2000–2018. The main results show that FDI has a positive impact on the progress of green growth in these economies, with a stronger impact in the group of Southeast Asian economies with high fiscal development. This result confirms the pollution halo hypothesis, which states that FDI can promote green growth in a country. Aligning economic priorities to improve green fiscal policies, reforming fiscal integration programs, planning for green job creation, and implementing policies to attract FDI are recommended as important policy implications over the COVID-19 period.
NASA is well underway in its plans to return humans to the Moon and build long-term infrastructure both in orbit and on the surface. Following the Artemis I and Artemis II flight tests, NASA will begin crewed landings and regular missions to the Moon. Artemis will return value to the American public and the global community, enable groundbreaking scientific discovery, and prepare NASA and its partners for exploration of the solar system. Work on the initial Human Landing System (HLS), procurement activities for future HLS, and work on the initial modules of the lunar-orbiting Gateway are underway. International partnerships are playing a critical role in the planning, development, and execution of these missions. As of December 2021, three international partners have entered agreements to contribute to the Gateway and 14 nations have signed the Artemis accords. A new spacesuit acquisition strategy will stimulate economic growth and meet the growing needs of NASA and emerging customers. Requirements development is underway for an unpressurized lunar surface rover and plans for a pressurized rover, foundation surface habitat, and the Artemis Base Camp are in work. This paper will provide an update on the HLS demonstration missions and the procurement status for HLS services; a comprehensive look at the Gateway's components and related statuses; a summary of planned surface systems; and an outline of the strategies NASA will use to successfully implement these plans, preparing for humanity's next giant leap: Mars.
Anna Tanina, Alexander Orel, Olga Zaborovskaia
et al.
Sustainable development has become a prominent
reference point in strategic planning and territorial improvement. Economic
growth necessitates intensified efforts to utilize resources, often resulting
in increased pressure on the environment and heightened social inequality. The
application of sustainable development principles holds particular importance
for urbanized territories. Assessing the regional sustainability integral
indicator can help alleviate unequal socio-economic development among
municipalities. This indicator comprises indexes of the sustainability of
individual territories. The authors propose the integral indicator as the
arithmetic mean of indexes reflecting the sustainable development level of each
component (economic, social, environmental). The authors applied this tool to
municipalities in the Leningrad Region. Additionally, they conducted a ranking
of municipal districts in the region based on the integral indicator. The
leaders in sustainable development were the districts included in the St. Petersburg
agglomeration. The authors suggest that a significant factor in the sustainable
development of a territory is the presence of small enterprises, which possess
the necessary flexibility for innovation in the social and environmental
spheres. The authors propose distributing the elements of small and
medium-sized enterprises (SME) potential according to the sustainable
development factors of the region. The obtained data will enable the making of
administrative decisions at the municipal and regional levels, including those
related to the intensity and support for SMEs operating in relevant industries.
This methodological approach to assessing the sustainability of the region and
its internal municipalities, particularly concerning SMEs, can be utilized to
make optimal administrative decisions related to government support for
specific business areas.
Motivated by swings in the exchange rate of many developing economies which
exert influence on firms’ input costs, output, stock prices, and profits,
the study investigated the asymmetric reactions of stock prices and
industrial output to various shocks in the exchange rate in Nigeria using a
multiple threshold nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model and high
frequency series from January 1999 to December 2021. Empirical results
suggest that stock prices and industrial output react asymmetrically in the
opposite direction to exchange rate depreciation. It further indicates that
the reactions of both stock prices and industrial output to exchange rate
changes are sensitive to the size of shocks. Exchange rate shocks above the
25th percentile significantly and inversely affect both stock prices and
industrial output, and the effects of exchange rate shocks on stock prices
and industrial output become pernicious if above the 75th percentile. The
main economic implication of the empirical finding is that in the upper
quantile, both exchange rate depreciation and appreciation hurt industrial
output, and hence, stock values. Thus, the multiple threshold nonlinear
autoregressive distributed lag results suggest that the reactions of both
stock prices and industrial output to exchange rate changes are highly
sensitive to the extent of the shocks.
Purpose ─ The paper empirically explores the conditioning role of loan portfolio diversification in the monetary policy pass-through via the bank lending and risk-taking channels.
Methods ─ Data of Vietnamese commercial banks during 2007–2019 is employed to perform regression using the two-step system generalized method of moments in dynamic panel models. For robustness, we approach different choices of monetary policy indicators, ranging from interest-based tools to quantitative-based policy, and consider a rich set of sectoral exposure measures to proxy loan portfolio diversification.
Findings ─ Lower interest rates or greater liquidity injection during monetary expansion may increase bank lending and bank risk, thus confirming the working of the bank lending and risk-taking channels of monetary policy transmission. Notably, the potency of these banking channels may be weakened for banks diversifying loan portfolios more into various economic sectors.
Implication ─ The findings call for monetary authorities to concentrate on certain types of banks, depending on their loan portfolios when setting monetary policy. When managing banking supervision, banking supervisors should also acknowledge the tradeoff between bank lending and bank risk in response to monetary shocks.
Originality ─ For the first time, this paper explores the conditional role of loan portfolio composition and thus further supports the recent upsurge in empirical studies highlighting the role of business models in monetary policy pass-through.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
This article is about how crowdfunding and crowdinvesting systems can be used during crises and hostilities. This article provides examples of different types of possible crowd-system. Research subject. Crowdfunding and crowdinvesting systems as the institutional instruments (P2P) which are used during crises and hostilities, among them are as follows: Violence Crowdfunding systems, General Crowdfunding Systems, and Crowdinvesting Systems alike. Methodology. The authors used a complex of research methods and approached as interdisciplinary approach, evidence-based approach, and practical business cases. Also, general scientific research methods were used (analysis and synthesis of information), as well as an inductive and deductive research methods. The goal of the article is to consider the prospects for the use of crowdfunding platforms as an element of solving the military crisis on the territory of Ukraine. Conclusions. The Special attention was paid to the war crises in Ukraine and the situation of the crowdfunding and crowdinvesting systems in Ukrainian society. It is provided detailed examples of the use of crowdsourcing systems in Ukraine during the war nowadays and explained the need for the creation of an independent Ukrainian crowdfunding platform. Additionally, the ways of the creation of such a platform are clarified. Ukrainian society during the military crisis gained experience in crowdfunding that was not familiar or even available. However, Ukrainian society is very actively popularizing crowdfunding or rather its foundations. Crowdfunding is currently most common when looking for funding for military needs: from mass arms purchases to financing individual soldiers. In a short time, thanks to the stress of war, many people have made crowdfunding a part of their lives and instilled this habit in society. The first crowdfunding platforms are already appearing to give Ukrainians the opportunity to fund some Ukrainian startups, companies, and ideas. One of the most difficult elements in creating and launching a crowdfunding platform is not building the platform itself, but integrating it. A decade ago, the creation of a crowdfunding platform and integration of the entire crowdfunding system, was a complicated and costly procedure. The most difficult thing is to integrate the platform into society so that mass use can begin.
نگاهی به فرازوفرودهای اجتماعی، فرهنگی، سیاسی و امنیتی استان استراتژیک سیستان و بلوچستان، نمایانگر وجود مسئله های متنوع در لایه های گوناگون آن بوده است. منطقه جنوب شرق ایران مزایای راهبردی بی نظیری همانند سواحل مکران، محصولات متنوع کشاورزی و میوه های با قابلیت صادرات، صنایع دستی روستایی و معادن غنی دارد. این پژوهش ضمن رصد و احصاء صدها مسئله در منطقه جنوب شرق، سعی دارد به این پرسش پاسخ گوید که «مسائل حیاتی تأثیرگذار بر توسعه و امنیت استان سیستان و بلوچستان مبتنی بر تحلیل شبکه مسائل چیست؟» لذا با هدف شناسایی مسائل اولویت دار استان و بررسی ریشه ها و موانع موجود، مبتنی بر یافته های حاصل از تحقیق و تتبع، به اصلی ترین راهکارهای اجرایی پرداخته شد. شواهد و قرائن در دهه های اخیر گویای سطح عمیق اثرگذاری مسائل استان بر مدار حرکت توسعه در استان بوده است. برای شناسایی مسئله ها و روش تحلیل ساختاری با هدف دسته بندی و تعیین اولویت مسائل از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی استفاده شد. در این پژوهش با 113 نفر شامل 58 نفر از مقامات (دولتی، نظامی، انتظامی، امنیتی)، 20 فعال مدنی و بخش خصوصی و 20 استاد دانشگاه و 15 نفر از افراد شاخص قومی-مذهبی استان، مصاحبه انجام شد و تعداد 176 مسئله و ریزمسئله از جامعه هدف استخراج شد که در نهایت 88 مسئله اصلی شناسایی شد. بر اساس یافته های پژوهش تعداد 5 مسئله اولویت دار تعیین شد که عبارتند از موانع تحقق اقتصاد مقاومتی، ترسیم چهره نامناسب از استان نزد افکار عمومی، عدم وجود وفاق و همدلی بین مدیران، عدم وجود امنیت پایدار و عدم توجه به اهمیت جایگاه استان در عرصه ملی. در نهایت ضمن ترسیم مسئله در ابعاد مختلف، پیامدها و اثرات آن ذکر شده است.
The problem of regional development disparity, economic growth and poverty has always been a strategic issue in regional development. Although the direction of the association differs in each region depending on trends in regional development disparity, economic growth and poverty. The purpose of this research is to analyze the association of development disparity between regions, the rate of economic growth to poverty in South Sulawesi Province, with period 2004 – 2019. This study used simple linear regression analysis. The result study is the level of regional development disparity is significant and positively associated with the poverty rate in South Sulawesi. The rate of economic growth has a significant negative association with the poverty rate in South Sulawesi. The variable that has the greatest association with the poverty rate in South Sulawesi Province is the variable of development disparity
The aim of the article is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of housing rents using the example of the City of Krakow. This study is based on objective data on rental prices and subjective information obtained from real estate agents using a questionnaire survey. The research revealed that the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic actually led to a 6-7% decrease in prices in the rental market in Krakow, while at the same time the surveyed real estate agents had estimated that rents would drop by about 13%. With the second wave of the pandemic, it is possible to see that its immediate impact, i.e. between the third and fourth quarter of 2020, has led to a further 6.25% drop in rents. It should be noted that the latter decrease was very accurately predicted, both by the survey respondents and by the econometric models used. Finally, the results of the analysis also indicated that the worsening of the pandemic in the last quarter of 2020 will have a significant impact on rent levels in Krakow for all of next year. Regardless of how the economy develops, rental prices are forecast to fall further in 2021q1. However, in the subsequent quarters of 2021, rents are projected to increase, but ultimately their level will not return to pre-pandemic values even in 2021q4. The latter is likely to happen only in the second half of 2022.
Abstract In the article, we propose a comprehensive methodology of value chain analysis in the international input–output framework that introduces a new measure of value chain participation and an extended typology of value chains, with the novel inclusion of domestic value chain to address the extent of fragmentation of purely domestic production. This allows for the simultaneous analysis of both global and domestic production fragmentation, the complex patterns of their evolution and their impact on economic development. The main contribution of the proposed methodology is conceptual: it permits the measurement of all value chain paths that pass through each country-sector from production to final consumption, whether the path includes downstream linkages, upstream linkages or their combination. Empirical application of this methodology shows the importance of including domestic fragmentation in value chain analysis: The fragmentation of both global and domestic levels of production has a significant positive correlation with economic growth. This implies that the effects of global production fragmentation must be analysed together with the changing structure of the fragmentation of domestic production to obtain the whole picture, one that might provide important information for policymaking and industrial policy.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economics as a science
The current examination aims to explore the critical relationship of energy, in the form of electricity with economic growth of Indonesia. Contrary to traditional approach of assessing the impact of energy consumption, the present study analyzes the association from production point of view by assessing the impact of electricity production on economic development. In doing so, the current study has adopted the refined methodology of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) bound testing approach to examine the dynamic relationship among renewable electricity generation, non-renewable electricity generation and economic growth with amplified understanding of the critical association to support the course of economic planning and policy making. The results of ARDL bound testing approach confirm that renewable electricity generation, non-renewable electricity generation and carbon dioxide emission are solid determinants of economic development in Indonesia. Moreover, the results avow that renewable electricity and non-renewable electricity generation have a useful and beneficial outcome on economic development in Indonesia
ABSTRACT Urbanization is one of the most important social and economic phenomena in the world today. This paper reviews the formation of megacities and summarizes the main problems, challenges and opportunities faced by the sustainable development of such large megacities. Issues discussed include the problems of land subsidence in megacities, environmental issues, traffic problems and energy supply aspects. The sustainable development of megacities in other parts of the world provided the references and experiences for the countermeasures of megacity planning and development in China. The vision of Digital Earth and Digital Cities can play a major role in the efficient management and sustainable growth of such megacities all around the world.
The idea of sustainable development has been discussed in tourism research for almost a quarter of a century. During that time, sustainability has become an important policy framework for tourism and regional developers guiding their planning and development thinking. Sustainability has also emerged academically as an important field of research with an emphasis on defining the limits to growth and responsibilities in tourism. However, while there are urgent needs to incorporate sustainability into tourism, there is also a growing amount of frustration among scholars on the conceptual nature of sustainability and how tourism as a private-driven economic activity relates to the ideals of sustainable development. This has created an increasing need to understand and potentially reframe the concept. The purpose of this paper is to overview the conceptual dimensions of sustainable tourism and discuss some of the main sources of frustration. Based on this, it is concluded that while a conceptual plurality seems to be unavoidable, there is a need to re-frame i.e., rescale and decentralize tourism in policy frameworks and practices aiming towards sustainability.
A major challenge we face globally is that cities are growing rapidly and most of this growth is inevitably is occurring in peri-urban areas. The concept of balanced urban development is complex and is linked to liveability of urban areas along with water, food and energy security. Increasingly, liveability is becoming important for urban planners and governments at all levels. There are many environmental, economic, political and social challenges if the goals of achieving sustainable, liveable and productive urban regions are to be achieved. The concept of sustainable development and liveable cities symbolise the big visionary ideas for urban planning and balanced development but implementation of these popular visions can encounter a host of confl icts due to a range of interests and stakeholders involved. The process of achieving balanced urban development may require learning from the past successes and mistakes to identify what makes a good practice for balanced urban development and guide local governments, planning agencies and developers to plan and design future cities that are highly liveable. At present there is insuffi cient policy focus on the challenges of the peri-urban areas of growing mega-urban regions around the world, because they are not recognised as an integral part of the functional activities that drive the growth of these urban areas. Thus, policies for peri-urban regions have to be given priority at both national and global levels, if ‘globally just urban places’ are to emerge.