Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Ron Holzman, Shay Moran, Alexander Shlimovich

Uniform laws of large numbers form a cornerstone of Vapnik--Chervonenkis theory, where they are characterized by the finiteness of the VC dimension. In this work, we study uniform convergence phenomena in cartesian product spaces, under assumptions on the underlying distribution that are compatible with the product structure. Specifically, we assume that the distribution is absolutely continuous with respect to the product of its marginals, a condition that captures many natural settings, including product distributions, sparse mixtures of product distributions, distributions with low mutual information, and more. We show that, under this assumption, a uniform law of large numbers holds for a family of events if and only if the linear VC dimension of the family is finite. The linear VC dimension is defined as the maximum size of a shattered set that lies on an axis-parallel line, namely, a set of vectors that agree on all but at most one coordinate. This dimension is always at most the classical VC dimension, yet it can be arbitrarily smaller. For instance, the family of convex sets in $\mathbb{R}^d$ has linear VC dimension $2$, while its VC dimension is infinite already for $d\ge 2$. Our proofs rely on estimator that departs substantially from the standard empirical mean estimator and exhibits more intricate structure. We show that such deviations from the standard empirical mean estimator are unavoidable in this setting. Throughout the paper, we propose several open questions, with a particular focus on quantitative sample complexity bounds.

Nihan Koyuncu Aktaş

Arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmelerinin birçok görünümü mevcuttur. Arsa paylarının henüz başlangıçta yükleniciye devredilmesini öngören sözleşmelerde arsa sahibi yönünden bir teminat ihtiyacı belirir. Bu teminat ihtiyacını karşılamak amacı ile arsa sahibi lehine ipotek kurulması söz konusu olabilir. Çalışmamızda arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmesinde arsa sahibi lehine kurulan ve uygulamada inşaat teminat ipoteği olarak adlandırılan bu ipoteğin hukuki niteliği irdelenmektedir. Bu amaçla öncelikle asıl borç ilişkisi olan ve alacağı doğuran arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmeleri ele alınmaktadır. İpoteğin hukuki niteliği belirlenirken arsa sahibinin bu sözleşmeden doğan ve teminat altına almayı amaçladığı alacağından yola çıkılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda yüklenicinin inşaat yapma şeklinde tezahür eden yapma borcuna karşılık belirsiz bir alacağı teminat altına alması nedeni ile üst sınır ipoteği kurulmaktadır. Ancak alacağın miktarının belirli olduğu hallerde anapara ipoteğinin kurulmasının önünde engel yoktur. İpoteğin hukuki niteliğine bağlı olarak değişen sonuçlar ayrıca ele alınmaktadır.

Katrin Wendt-Potthoff, Chenxi Mi, Pouyan Ahmadi et al.

Abstract Background Microplastic (MP) pollution has garnered global attention due to its ubiquity in marine and freshwater systems, as well as its potential—though still uncertain—risks to human health. While MP concentrations in drinking water remain relatively low, safeguarding reservoir-based drinking water supplies against potential contamination remains a pressing concern. In this study, we applied a rigorously validated, two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (CE-QUAL-W2) to Germany’s largest drinking water reservoir, the Rappbode Reservoir, to examine MP retention under realistic inflow, meteorological, and operational conditions. Our primary aim was to quantify how varying particle settling velocities (0.1–1.0 m d⁻1) influence MP transport, sedimentation, and breakthrough to the raw water outlet over a 2-year simulation period. Results We demonstrate that reservoir-scale retention efficiency rises sharply with increasing MP settling velocity, with near-complete retention (> 95%) achieved at settling velocities of 0.9 m d⁻1 or higher. Conversely, slower-sinking particles (≤ 0.3 m d⁻1) exhibit significant downstream export, indicating that weak sedimentation can negate the reservoir’s inherent trapping capacity even under long residence times (~ 1 year). Furthermore, episodic phenomena such as stratification breakdown or shortcut currents can rapidly redistribute or mobilise MP particles, bypassing much of the reservoir volume and potentially delivering MP particles directly to outflows. These findings highlight the critical roles of both hydrodynamics (stratification, mixing, and lateral transport) and particle-specific traits such as settling velocity in determining MP fate. Conclusions By integrating comprehensive field-derived meteorological inputs and a validated numerical framework, this study provides novel insights into MP retention in drinking water reservoirs and underscores the vulnerability of such systems to episodic transport events. Our approach offers a robust tool for reservoir managers and policy-makers to anticipate MP contaminant pathways, optimise withdrawal strategies, and develop early warning systems for drinking water preparation. This work thus advances both the scientific understanding of MP dynamics in lentic systems and supports more informed, adaptive water-resource management.

Josh Culver, Aubrey Ayres, Evan Halloran et al.

We consider a system consisting of one conservation law and one balance law with a time-dependent source term, and provide a comprehensive analysis of Riemann solutions, including the non-classical overcompressive delta shocks. The minimal yet representative structure of the system captures essential features of transport under density constraints and, despite its simplicity, serves as a versatile prototype for crowd-limited transport processes across diverse contexts, including biological aggregation, ecological dispersal, granular compaction, and traffic congestion. In addition to non-self-similar solutions mentioned above, the associated Riemann problem admits solution structures that traverse vacuum states ($ρ= 0$) and the critical density threshold ($ρ= \barρ$), where mobility vanishes and characteristic speed degenerates. Moreover, the explicit time dependence in the source term leads to the breakdown of self-similarity, resulting in distinct Riemann solutions over successive time intervals and highlighting the dynamic nature of the solution landscape. The theoretical findings are numerically confirmed using the Local Lax-Friedrichs scheme.

Theuan Carvalho Gomes

A tragédia da Boate Kiss ganhou repercussão nacional e, no último mês de dezembro, foi julgada no Tribunal do Júri. Todavia, a principal controvérsia que decorreu do julgamento veio justamente do Supremo Tribunal Federal. No último dia 16 de dezembro, o Ministro Luiz Fux, a bem da verdade, impediu que o Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul concedesse Habeas Corpus aos acusados. No limite, houve supressão da garantia do Habeas Corpus. Se mantida tal decisão pelo plenário, todavia, o Brasil poderá ser condenado no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Diante desse quadro, à luz da Constituição Federal, evidencia-se o fundamental papel que o Plenário do Supremo desempenhará no julgamento do caso concreto.

Beatriz Pérez, Carolina Alveal-Álamos

Abstract: Myths about health and abortion in Chile have been identified as a barrier to the implementation of Law 21.030 on the Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy. However, no measure adapted to the Chilean socio-cultural reality with adequate psychometric properties would allow us to verify the extent of misinformation. This study aims to design and analyze the psychometric properties of the Myths About Health and Abortion Scale (MHAS) in a Chilean community population. This study presents a sample of 613 participants. We obtained a unidimensional 5-item scale by cross-validity (χ2 = 21.702; df = 4; p < .001); RMSEA = .085 (90% CI [.052, .122]); CFI = .993; TLI = .982; GFI = .995) with adequate reliability of scores in the study sample (Sub-sample 1, McDonald's omega = .871; Sub-sample 2, McDonald's omega = .842); and evidence of validity in relation to other variables (e.g., the MHAS correlates with Sexual Double Standard (r = .354; p < .001), and Group Dominance (r = .307; p < .001), for use on the Chilean population. The most uninformed participants have a low education level, are older, have a conservative ideological profile in terms of religion and politics, and have a higher agreement with sexual double standards and social domination. This new approach allows us to quantify the issue of stigmatization and decision-making faced by women contemplating abortion, as well as to expose the deliberate dissemination of misinformation as a political strategy to oppose permissive abortion legislation. Keywords: beliefs; voluntary termination of pregnancy; instrument; validity; reliability; misinformation. Resumen: Los mitos sobre salud y aborto en Chile han sido identificados como una barrera para la implementación de la Ley 21.030 sobre Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo. No obstante, no existe una medida adaptada a la realidad sociocultural chilena con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que nos permita constatar la extensión de la desinformación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Mitos sobre Salud y Aborto (EMSA) en población comunitaria chilena. Este estudio presenta una muestra de 613 participantes. Como resultado obtuvimos una escala de 5 ítems unidimensional mediante validez cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = ,995); con adecuada fiabilidad de las puntuaciones en la muestra de estudio (submuestra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; submuestra 2, Omega de McDonald = ,842); y evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables (p. ej., , EMSA correlaciona con Doble Moral Sexual (r = ,354; p < ,001), y Dominación Grupal (r = ,307; p < ,001) para su uso con población chilena. Las y los participantes más desinformados tienen un bajo nivel educativo, son mayores, un perfil ideológico conservador en lo religioso y lo político, y mayor acuerdo con el doble estándar sexual y la dominación social. Esta nueva herramienta nos brinda la posibilidad de medir una problemática implicada en la estigmatización y toma de decisión de las mujeres que se plantean el acceso al aborto; y de transparentar el uso de la desinformación como estrategia política para desincentivar políticas permisivas sobre el aborto. Palabras clave: creencias; interrupción voluntaria del embarazo; instrumento; validez; fiabilidad; desinformación. Resumo: Os mitos sobre saúde e aborto no Chile foram identificados como uma barreira à implementação da Lei 21.030 sobre a Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez. No entanto, não existe uma medida adaptada à realidade sociocultural chilena com propriedades psicométricas adequadas que nos permita verificar a extensão da desinformação. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenhar e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Mitos sobre Saúde e Aborto (EMSA) numa população comunitária chilena. Este estudo apresenta uma amostra de 613 participantes. Como resultado, obtivemos uma escala unidimensional de 5 itens, por validade cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = 995); com fiabilidade adequada das pontuações na amostra do estudo (Subamostra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; Subamostra, Omega de McDonald = ,842); e evidência de validade em relação a outras variáveis (por exemplo, o EMSA correlaciona-se com a Moral Sexual Dupla (r = ,354; p < ,001), e a Dominância de Grupo (r = ,307; p < ,001), para uso com a população chilena. Os participantes mais desinformados têm um baixo nível de escolaridade, são mais velhos, têm um perfil ideológico conservador na religião e na política, e têm uma maior concordância com a dupla moral sexual e a dominação social. Esta nova ferramenta dános a possibilidade de medir um problema implicado na estigmatização e na tomada de decisão das mulheres que consideram aceder ao aborto; e de tornar transparente a utilização da desinformação como estratégia política para desencorajar políticas permissivas sobre o aborto. Palavras-chave: crenças; interrupção voluntária da gravidez; instrumento; validade; confiabilidade; desinformação.

Ian Waudby-Smith, Martin Larsson, Aaditya Ramdas

We revisit the question of whether the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) holds uniformly in a rich family of distributions, culminating in a distribution-uniform generalization of the Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund SLLN. These results can be viewed as extensions of Chung's distribution-uniform SLLN to random variables with uniformly integrable $q^\text{th}$ absolute central moments for $0 < q < 2$. Furthermore, we show that uniform integrability of the $q^\text{th}$ moment is both sufficient and necessary for the SLLN to hold uniformly at the Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund rate of $n^{1/q - 1}$. These proofs centrally rely on novel distribution-uniform analogues of some familiar almost sure convergence results including the Khintchine-Kolmogorov convergence theorem, Kolmogorov's three-series theorem, a stochastic generalization of Kronecker's lemma, and the Borel-Cantelli lemmas. We also consider the non-identically distributed case.

Nuriyah Fara Muthia, Juajir Sumardi, Maskun Maskun

This research aims to analyze the legal implications of the increase in space debris generated through space commercialization activities. This research uses a normative legal method using a qualitative approach to determine the application of law in commercial activities carried out in space. The results of this study, namely: (1) the increase in space junk cases caused by commercial activities in space is increasing until 2022 due to various satellites being launched and causing junk to scatter freely in space. The rules of the Outer Space Treaty 1967 are still unable to guarantee legal certainty so that all parties carrying out commercial activities in space obey them; (2) the calculation of damage caused by commercial activities in space will result in liability that has been regulated in the Space Liability Convention 1972 that there are two legal principles governing the responsibility for compensation carried out by all parties in space, both state and private parties.

Massimo Preziuso, Franziska Koefer, Michel Ehrenhard

Abstract In the European Union (EU), the revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) aims to provide more convenient and customized financial products through open banking (OB) platforms. However, little attention has been paid to the role of OB in improving the financial well-being of the growing number of the EU’s underserved groups, which currently constitute approximately a quarter of its population. This study examines how the PSD2 and OB impact inclusive finance in the EU based on the perspectives of the Netherlands’ ecosystem, one of the leaders in the EU’s financial technology (FinTech) landscape. A fundamental distinction can be drawn between the OB users and the ecosystem’s players. Regarding the impact of financial services on the users’ inclusivity, while the PSD2 strengthens the infrastructure necessary for financial inclusion, many challenges remain, mainly because it was not designed for this purpose. This study identifies several areas of improvement that include adjustments to the know your customer and anti-money laundering processes for underserved customers, innovative ways to communicate the PSD2’s potential, and the regulation of technology providers’ activities to build trust. Meanwhile, from the ecosystem’s position, there is a need to strengthen and improve microfinance regulation according to the opportunities provided by the PSD2 to support microfinance institutions (MFIs) in scaling up and reaching underserved clients across borders with innovative services. OB improvements can also be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and FinTechs in collaboration with banks. Such hybrid institutions will combine the best features of each of them: knowledge of the needs of local underserved clients from MFIs, technological innovations from FinTechs, and large and trusted customer bases, infrastructures, and access to institutional investments and governments from banks. Finally, an EU inclusive OB sector depends on the centrality of trusted regulators as coordination bodies.

Nicolás Toro Garcés

La aplicación de los artículos 178 y 180 de la Ley 1607 de 2012, en cuya virtud se regularon los procedimientos de determinación y sancionatorios que adelanta la Unidad de Gestión Pensional y Parafiscal (UGPP) en el marco del ejercicio de sus facultades relacionadas con el control y vigilancia del cumplimiento de las obligaciones asociadas a los aportes parafiscales al sistema general de la seguridad social, podría constituir situaciones jurídicas generadoras de conflictos o de diferencia de criterios entre los contribuyentes y la administración. Lo anterior, como quiera que en las mencionadas disposiciones el legislador omitió establecer un término perentorio para la notificación del requerimiento para declarar o corregir, y para la notificación del pliego de cargos. Dicho aspecto, sin duda, amerita una revisión sobre la constitucionalidad de estos artículos al poder ser violatorios de principios o derechos fundamentales de los particulares.

Soumya Sankar, Ruizi Liu, Xue-Jian Gao et al.

Berry curvature multipoles appearing in topological quantum materials have recently attracted much attention. Their presence can manifest in novel phenomena, such as nonlinear anomalous Hall effects (NLAHE). The notion of Berry curvature multipoles extends our understanding of Berry curvature effects on the material properties. Hence, research on this subject is of fundamental importance and may also enable future applications in energy harvesting and high-frequency technology. It was shown that a Berry curvature dipole can give rise to a 2nd order NLAHE in materials of low crystalline symmetry. Here, we demonstrate a fundamentally new mechanism for Berry curvature multipoles in antiferromagnets that are supported by the underlying magnetic symmetries. Carrying out electric transport measurements on the kagome antiferromagnet FeSn, we observe a 3rd order NLAHE, which appears as a transverse voltage response at the 3rd harmonic frequency when a longitudinal a.c. current drive is applied. Interestingly, this NLAHE is strongest at and above room temperature. We combine these measurements with a scaling law analysis, a symmetry analysis, model calculations, first-principle calculations, and magnetic Monte-Carlo simulations to show that the observed NLAHE is induced by a Berry curvature quadrupole appearing in the spin-canted state of FeSn. At a practical level, our study establishes NLAHE as a sensitive probe of antiferromagnetic phase transitions in other materials, such as moiré superlattices, two-dimensional van der Waal magnets, and quantum spin liquid candidates, that remain poorly understood to date. More broadly, Berry curvature multipole effects are predicted to exist for 90 magnetic point groups. Hence, our work opens a new research area to study a variety of topological magnetic materials through nonlinear measurement protocols.

Michael Law, Peter Bühlmann, Ya'acov Ritov

We consider the problem of statistical inference on parameters of a target population when auxiliary observations are available from related populations. We propose a flexible empirical Bayes approach that can be applied on top of any asymptotically linear estimator to incorporate information from related populations when constructing confidence regions. The proposed methodology is valid regardless of whether there are direct observations on the population of interest. We demonstrate the performance of the empirical Bayes confidence regions on synthetic data as well as on the Trends in International Mathematics and Sciences Study when using the debiased Lasso as the basic algorithm in high-dimensional regression.

Leo Law, BingKan Xue

In varying environments it is beneficial for organisms to utilize available cues to infer the conditions they may encounter and express potentially favorable traits. However, external cues can be unreliable or too costly to use. We consider an alternative strategy where organisms exploit internal sources of information. Even without sensing environmental cues, their internal states may become correlated with the environment as a result of selection, which then form a memory that helps predict future conditions. To demonstrate the adaptive value of such internal memory in varying environments, we revisit the classic example of seed dormancy in annual plants. Previous studies have considered the germination fraction of seeds and its dependence on environmental cues. In contrast, we consider a model of germination fraction that depends on the seed age, which is an internal state that can serve as a memory. We show that, if the environmental variation has temporal structure, then age-dependent germination fractions will allow the population to have an increased long-term growth rate. The more organisms can remember through their internal states, the higher growth rate a population can potentially achieve. Our results suggest experimental ways to infer internal memory and its benefit for adaptation in varying environments.

Jorge Ulises Rojas-Guevara, Gabriel Bohórquez, Mauricio Gaviria et al.

El entrenamiento de los caninos de trabajo emplea diversos mecanismos de condicionamiento, los cuales permiten un rendimiento posterior superior, contrarrestando el sistema de drogas ilícitas, las organizaciones criminales, los grupos armados organizados (GAO) y residuales (GAOr), garantizando la seguridad y convivencia ciudadana en Colombia. Por lo anterior, se propone un enfoque cualitativo empleando una revisión sistemática de la literatura, con el objetivo de analizar el rol de la tecnología y aparatos para adiestrar caninos detectores, entre los años 2000 y 2020 dentro de las bases de datos Scopus, Elsevier y Scielo. Como resultados, se observa un aumento en la producción de artículos entre los años 2000 y 2019 (pasando de seis artículos a 86, respectivamente). Además, dentro de las herramientas empleadas en los estudios se encuentran las cajas; clickers; collares electrónicos y carruseles, los cuales discriminan el olor, utilizando sistemas de refuerzo, con diferencias dependiendo del tipo de estudio, el número de animales y el objetivo de entrenamiento. Como conclusión, es necesario desarrollar prototipos adecuados según las necesidades de entrenamiento en cada contexto, continuando con estudios que integren efectivamente los estímulos y los sistemas de recompensa para impactar los resultados en el rendimiento del perro de trabajo.

Neil A. Spencer, Jeffrey W. Miller

This article establishes novel strong uniform laws of large numbers for randomly weighted sums such as bootstrap means. By leveraging recent advances, these results extend previous work in their general applicability to a wide range of weighting procedures and in their flexibility with respect to the effective bootstrap sample size. In addition to the standard multinomial bootstrap and the m-out-of-n bootstrap, our results apply to a large class of randomly weighted sums involving negatively orthant dependent (NOD) weights, including the Bayesian bootstrap, jackknife, resampling without replacement, simple random sampling with over-replacement, independent weights, and multivariate Gaussian weighting schemes. Weights are permitted to be non-identically distributed and possibly even negative. Our proof technique is based on extending a proof of the i.i.d. strong uniform law of large numbers to employ strong laws for randomly weighted sums; in particular, we exploit a recent Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund strong law for NOD weighted sums.

Felipe R. Serras, Marcelo Finger

In this work, we carried out a study about the use of attention-based algorithms to automate the categorization of Brazilian case law documents. We used data from the Kollemata Project to produce two distinct datasets with adequate class systems. Then, we implemented a multi-class and multi-label version of BERT and fine-tuned different BERT models with the produced datasets. We evaluated several metrics, adopting the micro-averaged F1-Score as our main metric for which we obtained a performance value of F1-micro=0.72 corresponding to gains of 30 percent points over the tested statistical baseline. In this work, we carried out a study about the use of attention-based algorithms to automate the categorization of Brazilian case law documents. We used data from the \textit{Kollemata} Project to produce two distinct datasets with adequate class systems. Then, we implemented a multi-class and multi-label version of BERT and fine-tuned different BERT models with the produced datasets. We evaluated several metrics, adopting the micro-averaged F1-Score as our main metric for which we obtained a performance value of $\langle \mathcal{F}_1 \rangle_{micro}=0.72$ corresponding to gains of 30 percent points over the tested statistical baseline.

Alejandro Núñez, Marcel A. Agüeros, Kevin R. Covey et al.

X-ray observations of low-mass stars in open clusters are critical to understanding the dependence of magnetic activity on stellar properties and their evolution. Praesepe and the Hyades, two of the nearest, most-studied open clusters, are among the best available laboratories for examining the dependence of magnetic activity on rotation for stars with masses lower than $\approx 1\ M_{\odot}$. We present an updated study of the rotation X-ray activity relation in the two clusters. We updated membership catalogs that combine pre-Gaia catalogs with new catalogs based on Gaia Data Release 2. The resulting catalogs are the most inclusive ones for both clusters: 1739 Praesepe and 1315 Hyades stars. We collected X-ray detections for cluster members, for which we analyzed, re-analyzed, or collated data from ROSAT, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and XMM-Newton. We have detections for 326 Praesepe and 462 Hyades members, of which 273 and 164, respectively, have rotation periods, an increase of 6$\times$ relative to what was previously available. We find that at $\approx$700 Myr, only M dwarfs remain saturated in X-rays, with only tentative evidence for supersaturation. We also find a tight relation between the Rossby number and fractional X-ray luminosity $L_\mathrm{X}/L_\mathrm{bol}$ in unsaturated single members, suggesting a power-law index between $-3.2$ and $-3.9$. Lastly, we find no difference in the coronal parameters between binary and single members. These results provide essential insight into the relative efficiency of magnetic heating of the stars' atmospheres, thereby informing the development of robust age-rotation-activity relations.

International Linear Collider International Development Team

During the preparatory phase of the International Linear Collider (ILC) project, all technical development and engineering design needed for the start of ILC construction must be completed, in parallel with intergovernmental discussion of governance and sharing of responsibilities and cost. The ILC Preparatory Laboratory (Pre-lab) is conceived to execute the technical and engineering work and to assist the intergovernmental discussion by providing relevant information upon request. It will be based on a worldwide partnership among laboratories with a headquarters hosted in Japan. This proposal, prepared by the ILC International Development Team and endorsed by the International Committee for Future Accelerators, describes an organisational framework and work plan for the Pre-lab. Elaboration, modification and adjustment should be introduced for its implementation, in order to incorporate requirements arising from the physics community, laboratories, and governmental authorities interested in the ILC.

ЕЛЕНА СЕРГЕЕВНА ШЕХОВЦОВА, ВЕРА ГЕННАДЬЕВНА БУЛЫГИНА

Статья посвящена исследованию индивидуально-психологических особенностей саморегуляции у лиц с расстройствами личности и акцентуированными личностными чертами. Целью работы является конкретизация данных о регулятивных нарушениях с учетом характера совершенных правонарушений для повышения доказательности экспертных выводов и индивидуализации наказания, а также построения моделей вторичной психпрофилактики. Были исследованы 134 лица мужского пола, из них 94 – с расстройствами личности, 20 – с акцентуированными личностными чертами и 20 – без психической патологии. Методический комплекс, позволяющий определить степень нарушения способности руководить своими действиями, включал: методики «Сравнение похожих рисунков» Дж. Кагана, «Ситуационный анализ», «Новый опросник толерантности к неопределенности», «Словесно-цветовая интерференция» Дж. Струпа, «Стиль саморегуляции поведения». Статистическая обработка данных включала метод дескриптивной статистики и частотный анализ; t-критерий Стьюдента для независимых выборок; непараметрический критерий U-Манна – Уитни, непараметрический критерий Краскела – Уоллиса для сравнения трех независимых выборок. Установлено, что у лиц с расстройствами личности, совершивших агрессивно-насильственные правонарушения, регулятивные нарушения сопряжены со способностью адекватно прогнозировать последствия и предлагать социально приемлемые альтернативы разрешения проблемной ситуации. Показано, что в ситуациях информационного дефицита и при содержании противоречивой информации, наличии перцептивных помех или повышенной эмоциональной насыщенности ситуации вероятность нарушения осознанной регуляции поведения существенно увеличивается. Соответственно, для решения задач пенитенциарной науки и практики представляется целесообразным опираться на выявленные в рамках данного исследования показатели, которые могут не только являться предикторами дизрегуляции поведения и агрессивного реагирования, но и выступать в качестве мишеней психокоррекционной работы.

C. Mariottini, B. Hess

International conventions are often based on terms and concepts to be understood independently from domestic laws. While a uniform and coherent interpretation of international instruments signifies, in and of itself, a valuable interest, the development of autonomous concepts within the framework of an international convention may be faced with several inherent impediments. Against this backdrop, this paper examines whether the framework of international commercial arbitration supports the establishment of an autonomous concept of ‘arbitral award’ in the context of, in particular, the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. Relying on a comparative analysis of the notion of ‘arbitral award’ in core jurisdictions, this paper contextualizes the feasibility and even the desirability of an autonomous notion of ‘arbitral award’ in the framework of international commercial arbitration. In doing so, it draws, i.a., from a comparison of the underlying principles and objectives of the New York Convention and other treaties on the circulation of decisions and settlements in civil and commercial matters.