Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Zafar Abbas

This article investigates the construction of poetic meaning through two competing theoretical frameworks: the classical Aristotelian concept of mimesis (imitation) and the contemporary theory of cognitive mimesis. By contrasting these paradigms, we reveal fundamental divergences in their mechanisms of meaning-making. Our analysis begins with concrete examples embodied metaphor and imaginative projection—to demonstrate how each theory interprets poetic language. We then trace the historical development of meaning in poetic theory, from Aristotle’s emphasis on repressentation to modern cognitive approaches that prioritize embodied experience. This progression highlights how poetic meaning has evolved into an interdisciplinary nexus, bridging literary criticism, rhetoric, poetics, and cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive poetics, in particular, reframes poetic imagery through models of induction, generalization, and implicature (implied meaning). These models treat the image not as a static symbol but as a dynamic construct shaped by the reader’s imagination and perceptual grounding. Central to this approach is the principle of embodiment, which ties linguistic meaning to sensory-motor experiences and challenges traditional binaries between figurative and literal language. By examining how images emerge from and interact with everyday speech, cognitive poetics reveals the deep cognitive underpinnings of poetic effect.

Nicolas Lema Habash, Giovana Suárez Ortiz

Proponemos un estudio del filme Hojas de otoño (2023) de Aki Kaurismäki en términos de una reflexión cinemática acerca de cómo es posible perseverar afectivamente en el mundo contemporáneo dominado por la lógica de la extracción de plusvalía por medio del trabajo asalariado. Luego de una contextualización de este filme dentro la obra de Kaurismäki, donde destaca una reflexión sobre el mundo laboral contemporáneo, argumentamos que en su cine se da una revalorización del amor romántico. Aunque ciertamente escenificado por motivos heterosexuales tradicionales, se trata de una forma de amor romántico que implica un intento rupturista por encontrar una suerte de refugio afectivo en medio de una estructura de la sociedad y el mundo que tiende a la aniquilación de la vitalidad. De ahí que propongamos la idea de un “conservadurismo paradojal” en los motivos del amor romántico en Kaurismäki: paradojal, puesto que las formas tradicionales del amor con las cuales piensa Hojas de otoño implican formas de potenciamiento afectivo y no simplemente la mantención del statu quo. 

Mariano Vilar

Este artículo analiza el De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione de Lorenzo Valla a partir de sus vínculos con el género dialógico que cultivó en obras como De vero bono, De libero arbitrio y De professione religiosorum. Aunque estructurado como una oratio forense, el texto incorpora recursos propios de la disputatio humanística —prosopopeya, apóstrofe, enargeia, concessio— que lo convierten en un “diálogo in absentia” con adversarios históricos e imaginarios. El estudio muestra cómo Valla construye escenas verosímiles para resaltar la inverosimilitud del Constitutum Constantini, personifica figuras como el falsificador “Palea” para exhibir su ignorancia o hipocresía, y emplea la concessio como trampa dialéctica que refuerza la refutación. Estas estrategias no cumplen solo una función estilística, sino que configuran una “crítica dialógica” en la que la filología se vuelve performativa, revive el pasado y despoja de autoridad a textos e instituciones. Se concluye que esta obra combina retórica forense y dramatización dialógica para transformar la crítica filológica en un acto de emancipación intelectual, afirmando la primacía de la razón y de la evidencia frente a toda jerarquía.

Jozef Makiš, Alexander Meduna, Zbyněk Křivka

This application-oriented study concerns computational musicology, which makes use of grammar systems. We define multi-generative rule-synchronized scattered-context grammar systems (without erasing rules) and demonstrates how to simultaneously make the arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a whole orchestra, consisting of several instruments. Primarily, an orchestration like this is illustrated by examples in terms of classical music. In addition, the orchestration of jazz compositions is sketched as well. The study concludes its discussion by suggesting five open problem areas related to this way of orchestration.

Weizhi Tang, Yixuan Li, Chris Sypherd et al.

Grammar plays a critical role in natural language processing and text/code generation by enabling the definition of syntax, the creation of parsers, and guiding structured outputs. Although large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across domains, their ability to infer and generate grammars has not yet been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we aim to study and improve the ability of LLMs for few-shot grammar generation, where grammars are inferred from sets of a small number of positive and negative examples and generated in Backus-Naur Form. To explore this, we introduced a novel dataset comprising 540 structured grammar generation challenges, devised 6 metrics, and evaluated 8 various LLMs against it. Our findings reveal that existing LLMs perform sub-optimally in grammar generation. To address this, we propose an LLM-driven hybrid genetic algorithm, namely HyGenar, to optimize grammar generation. HyGenar achieves substantial improvements in both the syntactic and semantic correctness of generated grammars across LLMs.

Santiago Herrera, Caio Corro, Sylvain Kahane

Descriptive grammars are highly valuable, but writing them is time-consuming and difficult. Furthermore, while linguists typically use corpora to create them, grammar descriptions often lack quantitative data. As for formal grammars, they can be challenging to interpret. In this paper, we propose a new method to extract and explore significant fine-grained grammar patterns and potential syntactic grammar rules from treebanks, in order to create an easy-to-understand corpus-based grammar. More specifically, we extract descriptions and rules across different languages for two linguistic phenomena, agreement and word order, using a large search space and paying special attention to the ranking order of the extracted rules. For that, we use a linear classifier to extract the most salient features that predict the linguistic phenomena under study. We associate statistical information to each rule, and we compare the ranking of the model's results to those of other quantitative and statistical measures. Our method captures both well-known and less well-known significant grammar rules in Spanish, French, and Wolof.

Sunil Kumar Kopparapu, Chitralekha Bhat, Ashish Panda

Spoken language assessment (SLA) systems restrict themselves to evaluating the pronunciation and oral fluency of a speaker by analysing the read and spontaneous spoken utterances respectively. The assessment of language grammar or vocabulary is relegated to written language assessment (WLA) systems. Most WLA systems present a set of sentences from a curated finite-size database of sentences thereby making it possible to anticipate the test questions and train oneself. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end SLA system to assess language grammar from spoken utterances thus making WLA systems redundant; additionally, we make the assessment largely unteachable by employing a large language model (LLM) to bring in variations in the test. We further demonstrate that a hybrid automatic speech recognition (ASR) with a custom-built language model outperforms the state-of-the-art ASR engine for spoken grammar assessment.

Ömer Eğecioğlu, Benedek Nagy

We consider languages defined by signed grammars which are similar to context-free grammars except productions with signs associated to them are allowed. As a consequence, the words generated also have signs. We use the structure of the formal series of yields of all derivation trees over such a grammar as a method of specifying a formal language and study properties of the resulting family of languages.

Svitlana Sokolova

The article analyses the situational change in the language behaviour (code switching) of representatives from different regions of Ukraine based on the data of a statistically significant mass survey of the adult population of different regions in 2017. The dependence of language behaviour on the language situation in a region is confirmed and certain patterns inherent in each of the regions are revealed. The use of the Ukrainian language has a similar dependence on the language situation in all regions, but at different levels: it is used more often when communicating with Ukrainian-speakers, officials, in education, etc. It is rarely used in the information sphere. The connection between the degree of Russification of a certain territory and the laws of language choice in a particular situation is revealed. The articles proposes using the results of mass surveys to study language behaviour through the prism of territorial features, which will help to pursue a balanced state language policy, adjusting tactics in accordance with regional language features.

Surabhi Adhikari, Surendrabikram Thapa, Priyanka Singh et al.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neuropsychological disorder in elderly people. It is a slow progressive disease affecting the brain cells. This affects the cognitive abilities of people and their daily activities. During the course of the disease, memory gets brutally affected too. Working as well as long-term declarative memory deteriorates in AD patients. Due to this deterioration of the memory, AD patients tend to show a decline in their communicative skills as well. This decline is reflected in their speech. AD patients usually have poor grammar along with very low coherent ideas. Also, they tend to repeat the words very often and hence become unclear on the message they are trying to convey. As the disease progresses, the speech is completely impaired, and the patients are left to sing or utter words that are totally out of context. Stopwords are the words that are most commonly used in language and it is often hypothesized that AD patients use them much often as compared to Control Normal (CN) subjects. It is seen that due to the degeneration of brain cells in AD patients, they have a tendency to use a lot of stopwords to fill their perplexities in their statements. In this paper, the usefulness of the stopwords in capturing the linguistic information of the patients suffering from AD are discussed. Learning algorithms are evaluated by including stopwords and dropping stopwords at preprocessing to draw comparisons.

Syzana Kurtaj

Abstract This research paper deals with how dictogloss technique and cooperative listening can be combined to promote the development of listening, writing and speaking skills of a second language learners. Data has been collected data from students’ of the 10th grade, who study in the Pre-university School ‘Luciano Motroni’ in Prizren. This research, include 80 students from them 33 boys and 47 girls. These students were chosen because they had mixed proficiency in English and they were more compatible with joining in listening, writing, reading and grammar. The methodology I used to conduct this research paper, include the dictogloss technique and means of comparative and analytical methods. The results have shown that the use of dictogloss technique in teaching grammar through writing is an effective and useful way to improve the students’ grammar.

Meriem Harrizi, Ayoub Loutfi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY). The article is published with Open Access at www.alscjournal.com Abstract. This article purports to examine how the expectations of the educational reforms in Moroccan higher education have impacted the teaching and testing of tertiary level grammar. In particular, the hypothesis we defend here is that teaching and testing tertiary level grammar remain constant; therefore, the impact of the various reforms on tertiary level testing is of little consequence. In pursuance of this aim, this paper uses a qualitative approach and content analysis method of the course descriptions of the grammar courses that were suggested across the various reforms. The course descriptions we attempt to analyze are adopted in the English Studies tracks of four major departments in Moroccan universities. The main dimensions that we look at and examine here as the measures for our comparative evaluation are; course objectives, time allotted, the syllabi they contain, teaching methodology, and evaluation modes. The findings confirm that the various reforms, have had little impact on the teaching and testing of grammar in higher education. The paper concludes by suggesting a few pedagogical recommendations vis-à-vis the teaching and testing of grammar in Moroccan Departments of English studies.

R. Ilgūnaitienė

Lecturers of Vytautas Magnus University Institute of Foreign Languages have noticed that students’ English grammar comprehension as well as their interest and motivation for learning it have dropped significantly. It was decided to carry out the research and find the answers to the topical questions. Do students thoroughly understand the importance of grammar in language acquisition context? What are the factors predisposing the diminishing value of grammar? What is the students’ insight into the grammar teaching/ learning process in level C1? The questionnaire was compiled and on the basis of a comparative – quantitative method the conclusions were drawn that students do not think that grammar plays an important role in learning the English language, they suppose that their grammar competence is sufficient to be fluent in English, thus, there is no need to continue learning grammar in level C1. If we do not make an attempt to solve this problem, it might lead to a dangerous outcomethe level of the English language proficiency may fall down drastically.

Gabriela Machado Ramos de Almeida, Danielly Bezerra dos Santos

Neste texto, partimos das apreciações conceituais da pós-modernidade propostas por Jean-François Lyotard (2020) para observar e discutir a posição de legitimidade do cientista enquanto especialista envolvido na chamada ‘crise da expertise’ contemporânea, apresentada pelo autor Gil Eyal (2019). No percurso, refletimos brevemente sobre as principais mudanças na formação da ciência moderna, a ocorrência da pós-modernidade e a tensão nas relações de especialização. O material empírico se refere a uma série de comentários negativos a uma postagem opinativa do biólogo brasileiro Atila Iamarino na rede social Twitter, em junho de 2020. Na avaliação sobre quais elementos são evidenciados por usuários críticos ao cientista, as análises demonstraram a ausência de argumentos por parte dos opositores e a resistência ao uso de uma argumentação científica totalizante, com críticas não ao trabalho, mas à pessoa do cientista.

Giuseppe Trovato

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la traducción de una serie de palabras y expresiones con carácter soez y malsonante mediante el proceso de subtitulación en la dirección español > italiano. Se trata de un fenómeno muy interesante, ya que la traducción del lenguaje vulgar es un campo de investigación poco explorado hasta ahora. Nuestro interés radica en analizar el tratamiento traductológico de determinadas palabras y expresiones generalmente clasificadas como soeces y/o vulgares en el marco del subtitulado entre dos lenguas afines. Las conclusiones serán interesantes en cuanto a los resultados del trasvase interlingüístico y a cómo se concibe la vulgaridad en las dos lenguas examinadas.

Ziyang Luo

With the success of pre-trained language models in recent years, more and more researchers focus on opening the "black box" of these models. Following this interest, we carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of constituency grammar in attention heads of BERT and RoBERTa. We employ the syntactic distance method to extract implicit constituency grammar from the attention weights of each head. Our results show that there exist heads that can induce some grammar types much better than baselines, suggesting that some heads act as a proxy for constituency grammar. We also analyze how attention heads' constituency grammar inducing (CGI) ability changes after fine-tuning with two kinds of tasks, including sentence meaning similarity (SMS) tasks and natural language inference (NLI) tasks. Our results suggest that SMS tasks decrease the average CGI ability of upper layers, while NLI tasks increase it. Lastly, we investigate the connections between CGI ability and natural language understanding ability on QQP and MNLI tasks.

Songyang Zhang, Linfeng Song, Lifeng Jin et al.

We investigate video-aided grammar induction, which learns a constituency parser from both unlabeled text and its corresponding video. Existing methods of multi-modal grammar induction focus on learning syntactic grammars from text-image pairs, with promising results showing that the information from static images is useful in induction. However, videos provide even richer information, including not only static objects but also actions and state changes useful for inducing verb phrases. In this paper, we explore rich features (e.g. action, object, scene, audio, face, OCR and speech) from videos, taking the recent Compound PCFG model as the baseline. We further propose a Multi-Modal Compound PCFG model (MMC-PCFG) to effectively aggregate these rich features from different modalities. Our proposed MMC-PCFG is trained end-to-end and outperforms each individual modality and previous state-of-the-art systems on three benchmarks, i.e. DiDeMo, YouCook2 and MSRVTT, confirming the effectiveness of leveraging video information for unsupervised grammar induction.

Francisco P Dumanig, L. Symaco

ABSTRACT This paper examines how internationalisation of higher education institutions is reflected through their mission and vision statements by comparatively analysing the mission and vision statements of selected universities in Malaysia and the Philippines. To carry out the study, twenty (20) mission and vision statements of public and private universities in Malaysia and the Philippines were collected and analysed, underlined by the importance of textual agency in policy orientations. The framework used in analysing the mission and vision statements includes the analysis of textual practice and discourse practice. The micro-level analysis of the discourse focused on the textual practice, such as vocabulary, grammar, and text structure. Moreover, the genre and style of text were also analysed. The findings of the study reveal that the mission and vision statements of universities in Malaysia and the Philippines align with respective country policies, and have something in common as far as the concept of internationalisation in higher education is concerned. It is also evident that universities in both countries emphasise the importance of producing global and competent graduates, and obtaining international recognition and world-class education.

David Rushing Dewhurst

A structural time series model additively decomposes into generative, semantically-meaningful components, each of which depends on a vector of parameters. We demonstrate that considering each generative component together with its vector of parameters as a single latent structural time series node can simplify reasoning about collections of structural time series components. We then introduce a formal grammar over structural time series nodes and parameter vectors. Valid sentences in the grammar can be interpreted as generative structural time series models. An extension of the grammar can also express structural time series models that include changepoints, though these models are necessarily not generative. We demonstrate a preliminary implementation of the language generated by this grammar. We close with a discussion of possible future work.

Diego Díaz-Domínguez, Gonzalo Navarro

We describe a grammar for DNA sequencing reads from which we can compute the BWT directly. Our motivation is to perform in succinct space genomic analyses that require complex string queries not yet supported by repetition-based self-indexes. Our approach is to store the set of reads as a grammar, but when required, compute its BWT to carry out the analysis by using self-indexes. Our experiments in real data showed that the space reduction we achieve with our compressor is competitive with LZ-based methods and better than entropy-based approaches. Compared to other popular grammars, in this kind of data, we achieve, on average, 12\% of extra compression and require less working space and time.