Hasil untuk "Commercial law"

Paul R. Milgrom, D. North, Barry R. Weingast

T. Beck, A. Demirguc-Kunt, R. Levine

G. Duranton, M. Turner

Alexander Master, Jaclyn Fox, Nicolas Starck et al.

Despite current security implementations, Internet activity on DoD networks is susceptible to web trackers and commercial data collection, which have the potential to expose information about service members and unit operations. This report documents the outcomes of a study to characterize web tracking occurring on Army CONUS unclassified networks. We derived a dataset from the Cloud-Based Internet Isolation (CBII) platform, encompassing data measured over a two-month period in 2024. This dataset comprised the 1,000 most frequently accessed Internet resources, determined by the number of connection requests on CONUS DoDIN-A during the study period. We then compared all domains and subdomains in the dataset against Ghostery's WhoTracks.me, an open-source database of commercial tracking entities. We found that over 21% of the domains accessed during the study period were Internet trackers. The ACI recommends that the Army implement changes to its enterprise networks to limit commercial Internet-based tracking, as well as policy changes towards the same end. With relatively minor configuration changes, CBII can serve as a more effective mitigation against risks posed by commercially available information.

Arvita Hastarini

Death as a legal event causes consequences in the form of the transfer of the property of the heir to the heir through the inheritance mechanism stipulated in the Civil Code and the compilation of Islamic law. One of the forms of inheritance is the will as stipulated in Article 875 of the Civil Code, which, in principle, is a unilateral legal act and can be made in the form of an authentic deed by a notary in order to guarantee legal certainty. However, the freedom of Will is not absolute, especially when the object of the Will is the common property of the marriage, which, according to the law of marriage, requires the consent of both parties. This study uses normative juridical method with statute approach, based on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials that are analyzed descriptively. A review of the Supreme Court Decision No. 1983 K/Pdt / 2017 shows that the Supreme Court affirms that the freedom of testamentair is limited by the provisions regarding joint property as lex specialis, so that the transfer without the consent of the spouse is declared legally defective and null and void. The implication is that although the Will has perfect evidentiary power outwardly, formally, and materially, the power remains subject to the fulfillment of material conditions and must not conflict with the law. This ruling emphasizes the balance between legal certainty, justice, and the protection of the rights of spouses and heirs in the Indonesian legal system.

Hikari Yanagawa, Yuichi Hiroi, Satomi Tokida et al.

While commercial metaverse platforms offer diverse user-generated content, they lack effective navigation assistance that can dynamically adapt to users' interests and intentions. Although previous research has investigated on-demand agents in controlled environments, implementation in commercial settings with diverse world configurations and platform constraints remains challenging. We present Navigation Pixie, an on-demand navigation agent employing a loosely coupled architecture that integrates structured spatial metadata with LLM-based natural language processing while minimizing platform dependencies, which enables experiments on the extensive user base of commercial metaverse platforms. Our cross-platform experiments on commercial metaverse platform Cluster with 99 PC client and 94 VR-HMD participants demonstrated that Navigation Pixie significantly increased dwell time and free exploration compared to fixed-route and no-agent conditions across both platforms. Subjective evaluations revealed consistent on-demand preferences in PC environments versus context-dependent social perception advantages in VR-HMD. This research contributes to advancing VR interaction design through conversational spatial navigation agents, establishes cross-platform evaluation methodologies revealing environment-dependent effectiveness, and demonstrates empirical experimentation frameworks for commercial metaverse platforms.

Chengyue Dong, Mansur M. Arief

With increasing demands for fuel efficiency and operational adaptability in commercial aviation}, this paper provides a systematic review and classification of morphing wing technologies, analyzing their aerodynamic performance characteristics and atmospheric condition adaptability. We first develop a comprehensive classification framework for morphing wing designs based on their scale of morphing, actuation mechanisms, and intended purposes. Through analysis of historical developments and current implementations, we evaluate two significant case studies: the Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing (MACW) and Adaptive Aspect Ratio (AdAR) morphing wing, demonstrating performance improvements of up to 25% in drag reduction and 40% in control authority. Our investigation reveals critical trade-offs between full-span and partial morphing approaches, particularly regarding implementation complexity, certification requirements, and operational reliability. The study concludes with an assessment of technical barriers and opportunities, providing specific recommendations for advancing morphing wing technology in commercial aviation applications. Key findings indicate that while material science and control system advances enable practical implementation, certification pathways and maintenance considerations remain critical challenges for widespread adoption.

Roberto Miranda Pimentel Fully, Danilo Soares Monte-Mor, Neyla Tardin

Contexto: a regulação constitui um campo analítico de elevada complexidade, no qual persistem controvérsias na literatura econômica acerca de seus determinantes, mecanismos e efeitos. Com o propósito de ampliar a compreensão das múltiplas perspectivas sobre o tema, transcendendo a abordagem estritamente econômica, este estudo propõe um método de mensuração do efeito regulatório sobre firmas de capital aberto no Brasil. O método culmina na formulação de um índice que viabiliza a comparação do peso relativo da regulação entre empresas pertencentes a distintos setores da economia nacional. Objetivo: o objetivo deste artigo é propor e aplicar um conjunto de indicadores que mensurem, de forma comparativa, o peso relativo da regulação sobre empresas de capital aberto no Brasil, considerando a intensidade regulatória por firma, indústria e mercado. Embora não constitua uma métrica direta de impacto econômico ou concorrencial, o índice fornece subsídios para estudos posteriores sobre a relação entre regulação, estratégia corporativa e desempenho setorial, podendo também contribuir para análises acerca dos reflexos regulatórios sobre a dinâmica concorrencial em diferentes segmentos da economia. Método: para identificar tal comportamento que distancia o efeito da regulação sobre a empresa em relação à indústria em que ela informa operar, utilizou-se o conceito de Nível de Distanciamento da Indústria (NDI), no qual se avalia o quanto a empresa está próxima ou distante do índice da sua indústria. Conclusões: o trabalho identificou clusters de comportamento das empresas frente ao peso da regulação estatal, o que permite auxiliar na compreensão das estratégias das empresas na adaptação aos aspectos regulatórios no Brasil.

Federico Pablo Notrica

Both the legislation and the doctrinal and jurisprudential creation have begun to recognize the notion of socio-affectivity as a structuring element of family relationships among its members, often granting it primacy over the biological bond or relationships derived from kinship. Although affection has always been a constitutive component of human relations, the classical approach refused and refuses to recognize in it a source of Law and, as such, share the halo of legitimacy that kinship ties have enjoyed since ancient times. This resistance was able to generate many problems in reality, since the lack of legal recognition in some of the figures ruins the advances in the field of human rights. A clear example in Argentine legislation turns out to be the contents of articles 611, 643 and 657 of the Civil and Commercial Code on the prohibition of de facto guardians except the kinship bond between parents and guardians; or the delegation of the exercise of parental responsibility and the granting of custody of a child or adolescent, limiting it only to a relative. Well, while this legal limit occurs, reality prevails and, in some cases, the affective bond overlaps the biological one, owing value to the guiding principle of the best interest of the child to solve the problem raised. From this, the present work will try to demonstrate, through the analysis of the jurisprudence, the solutions reached that combine said guiding principle with the notion of socio-affectivity.

Asra Tufail Dahraj

The increasing commercialization of space, coupled with the increasing number of private parties, cross-border commercial agreements, and complex technical disputes, has created a need for effective dispute resolution mechanisms. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), particularly arbitration and mediation, is attracting attention from space investors due to its confidentiality, technical expertise, and procedural flexibility. At the same time, advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly simulation and creative systems, are being integrated into ADR workflows, from document review and case simulation to scoring systems, predictive analytics, and resolution recommendations. This article examines the regulatory challenges associated with the use of AI-based simulation software in ADR for disputes arising from or related to space trade. It summarises the relevant international legal framework (space treaties and international arbitration instruments), identifies gaps and risks (jurisdiction, liability, transparency, due process, probative value of simulation results, State liability and insurance) and proposes a multi-layered regulatory and administrative framework that combines international soft law, rules of arbitration institutions, contract drafting, technical standards and national enforcement measures. The central argument is that the legal framework for space activities and established arbitration structures together provide a framework for regulating the use of AI in ADR in space commerce. However, proactive and coordinated intervention by COPUOS/UNOOSA, UNCITRAL, arbitration institutions, and national law is needed to ensure fairness, accountability, and enforcement.

Xuetao Li, Yuxia Zhang, Cailean Osborne et al.

Open source software (OSS) has been playing a fundamental role in not only information technology but also our social lives. Attracted by various advantages of OSS, increasing commercial companies take extensive participation in open source development and have had a broad impact. This paper provides a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) of existing research on company participation in OSS. We collected 92 papers and organized them based on their research topics, which cover three main directions, i.e., participation motivation, contribution model, and impact on OSS development. We found the explored motivations of companies are mainly from economic, technological, and social aspects. Existing studies categorize companies' contribution models in OSS projects mainly through their objectives and how they shape OSS communities. Researchers also explored how commercial participation affects OSS development. We conclude with research challenges and promising research directions on commercial participation in OSS. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of commercial participation in OSS development.

Félix do Carmo, Diptesh Kanojia

The tutorial describes the concept of edit distances applied to research and commercial contexts. We use Translation Edit Rate (TER), Levenshtein, Damerau-Levenshtein, Longest Common Subsequence and $n$-gram distances to demonstrate the frailty of statistical metrics when comparing text sequences. Our discussion disassembles them into their essential components. We discuss the centrality of four editing actions: insert, delete, replace and move words, and show their implementations in openly available packages and toolkits. The application of edit distances in downstream tasks often assumes that these accurately represent work done by post-editors and real errors that need to be corrected in MT output. We discuss how imperfect edit distances are in capturing the details of this error correction work and the implications for researchers and for commercial applications, of these uses of edit distances. In terms of commercial applications, we discuss their integration in computer-assisted translation tools and how the perception of the connection between edit distances and post-editor effort affects the definition of translator rates.

Serap Püren

Tax amnesty, which is not regulated in the Tax Procedure Law, has been implemented from time to time since 1924. Tax amnesty, which is seen as an urgent source of income for governments, can have positive or negative consequences for taxpayers. It is understood from the literature that the opinions on tax amnesty practices are divided into two as positive and negative and that there is no full consensus on the subject. The study aims to concretize the theory with a qualitative analysis of the participant opinions covering five different types of taxpayers subject to income tax. For this purpose, content analysis was used in the qualitative study and for this analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five groups of taxpayers subject to income tax (commercial, agricultural, self-employment income, real estate capital income, wage earners) and the results were analyzed with the QSR Nvivo program. Although the analysis results do not present surprising results, they concretely reveal the opinions of income taxpayers on tax amnesty through direct quotations. The results showed that tax amnesties frequently implemented by governments cause taxpayers to expect a new amnesty and cause tax compliance to deteriorate, and are perceived as unfair and unjust by taxpayers who fulfill their tax obligations. In this sense, it was revealed from the qualitative analysis results that taxpayer opinions support the negative view in the theory and literature on tax amnesty practices, but they may accept tax amnesty to revive the economy during or after economic, political or financial crises. In addition to contributing to the literature by focusing on taxpayer opinions in order to concretize the views in the theory and literature on tax amnesty, the qualitative study also draws attention to the need for tax policies to be implemented for a more equitable application of tax amnesties perceived as unjust and offers suggestions.

Lisa Koutsoviti Koumeri, Magali Legast, Yasaman Yousefi et al.

Empirical evidence suggests that algorithmic decisions driven by Machine Learning (ML) techniques threaten to discriminate against legally protected groups or create new sources of unfairness. This work supports the contextual approach to fairness in EU non-discrimination legal framework and aims at assessing up to what point we can assure legal fairness through fairness metrics and under fairness constraints. For that, we analyze the legal notion of non-discrimination and differential treatment with the fairness definition Demographic Parity (DP) through Conditional Demographic Disparity (CDD). We train and compare different classifiers with fairness constraints to assess whether it is possible to reduce bias in the prediction while enabling the contextual approach to judicial interpretation practiced under EU non-discrimination laws. Our experimental results on three scenarios show that the in-processing bias mitigation algorithm leads to different performances in each of them. Our experiments and analysis suggest that AI-assisted decision-making can be fair from a legal perspective depending on the case at hand and the legal justification. These preliminary results encourage future work which will involve further case studies, metrics, and fairness notions.

Cristian Napole, Mohamed Derbeli, O. Barambones

Abstract Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are devices with huge potential for renewable and clean industries due to their high efficiency and low emissions. Since the proton exchange membrane fuel cell employed in this research supplied a low output voltage, it was encouraged to use a boost converter with a designed non-linear controller to provide a suitable end-user voltage. In this paper, we proposed a novel control framework based on sliding mode control, which is a global integral sliding mode control linked with a quick reaching law that has been implemented in a commercial fuel cell system Heliocentris FC50 through a dSpace 1102 control board. We compared the strategy with a conventional sliding mode controller and an integral terminal sliding mode controller where we addressed a Lyapunov stability proof has for each structure. We contrasted the experimental outcomes where we proved the superiority of the proposed novel design in terms of robustness, convergence speed. Additionally, as the sliding mode controllers are well known by the energy consumption caused by the chattering effect, we analysed every framework in these terms. Finally, it was found that the proposed structure offered an enhancement in the energy consumption issues. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed control scheme has been demonstrated through the real time implementation over a commercial fuel cell.

Xuebing Han, M. Ouyang, Languang Lu et al.

Tian Gu, Hyun Jung Kim, Clara Rivero-Baleine et al.

Active optical metasurfaces are rapidly emerging as a major frontier in photonics research, development, and commercialization. They promise compact, light-weight, and energy-efficient reconfigurable optical systems with unprecedented performance and functions that can be dynamically defined on-demand. Compared to their passive counterparts, the reconfiguration capacity of active metasurfaces also set additional challenges in scalable design, manufacturing, and control toward their practical deployment. This perspective aims to review the state-of-the-art of active metasurface technologies and their applications while highlighting key research advances essential to enabling their transition from laboratory curiosity to commercial reality.

Yi-Chen Lu, S. Pentapati, S. Lim

Placement is one of the most crucial problems in modern Electronic Design Automation (EDA) flows, where the solution quality is mainly dominated by on-chip interconnects. To achieve target closures, designers often perform multiple placement iterations to optimize key metrics such as wirelength and timing, which is highly time-consuming and computationally inefficient. To overcome this issue, in this paper, we present a graph learning-based framework named PL-GNN that provides placement guidance for commercial placers by generating cell clusters based on logical affinity and manually defined attributes of design instances. With the clustering information as a soft placement constraint, commercial tools will strive to place design instances in a common group together during global and detailed placements. Experimental results on commercial multi-core CPU designs demonstrate that our framework improves the default placement flow of Synopsys IC Compiler II (ICC2) by 3.9% in wirelength, 2.8% in power, and 85.7% in performance.

Bob L. Sturm, M. Iglesias, Oded Ben-Tal et al.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to music stretches back many decades, and presents numerous unique opportunities for a variety of uses, such as the recommendation of recorded music from massive commercial archives, or the (semi-)automated creation of music. Due to unparalleled access to music data and effective learning algorithms running on high-powered computational hardware, AI is now producing surprising outcomes in a domain fully entrenched in human creativity—not to mention a revenue source around the globe. These developments call for a close inspection of what is occurring, and consideration of how it is changing and can change our relationship with music for better and for worse. This article looks at AI applied to music from two perspectives: copyright law and engineering praxis. It grounds its discussion in the development and use of a specific application of AI in music creation, which raises further and unanticipated questions. Most of the questions collected in this article are open as their answers are not yet clear at this time, but they are nonetheless important to consider as AI technologies develop and are applied more widely to music, not to mention other domains centred on human creativity.

Carroll Seron

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