Hasil untuk "City population. Including children in cities, immigration"

Katrin Firl, Anna Hebel

Women and mothers perform the lion’s share of unpaid family labor (i.e., housework and childcare) in Germany, negatively affecting their finances, time resources, opportunities in life, and mental health. The constraints brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the pandemic-related changes in working hours, are thought to have reorganized the division of unpaid family labor. However, changes in time availability alone cannot explain couples’ heterogeneous pandemic responses. While framing the pandemic as a natural experiment, we first examine how individuals’ pre-pandemic gender role attitudes (GRAs) shape the division of family labor during the pandemic. Second, we examine how individuals’ pre-pandemic GRAs moderate the effect of changing working hours during the pandemic on the division of family labor. We use Waves 11 and 13 of the German Family Panel “pairfam” to analyze two samples and questions. We examine (1) respondents in heterosexual, cohabitating relationships with and without children to study the division of housework and (2) respondents in heterosexual, cohabitating relationships living with at least one child to study the division of childcare. We find that individuals holding traditional pre-pandemic GRAs are, to some degree, more likely to have had a higher female share of family labor during the pandemic: for both housework and childcare, this association can be found for the samples as a whole, as well as for the sample with only men, but not for only women. However, the association is small and – for housework – only marginally significant. Most notably, we find evidence for a three-way-interaction between gender, GRAs, and changes in time availability for childcare: egalitarian men who reduced working hours took on a significantly greater share of childcare than traditional men did, consistent with the idea of “gender deviance neutralization”. Traditionally-oriented men might take on less female-connotated unpaid labor, as their reduced engagement in the labor market does not match their masculinity ideals. We found no moderation effect of GRAs on the influence of increasing working hours during the pandemic on the division of family labor, neither for women nor men. Our analysis provides new insights into gendered interactional processes regarding time availability and its association with the gendered division of housework and childcare in a quasi-experimental setting that reduces endogeneity. While association sizes are small, our findings support the notion of a complex interplay between gender, GRAs, and time availability in the gendered division of labor.

Katie S. Davis, Olga Karina Cohen, Aquitta Jana Parker et al.

New York City's simultaneous expansion of early childhood education and implementation of K−12 class-size mandates has strained limited space, staffing, and funding. This policy brief compares these two initiatives based on five criteria: cost-effectiveness and resource efficiency, strength of supporting evidence base, implementation feasibility including staffing and facilities, equity outcomes and impact on underserved populations, and long-term fiscal sustainability. Prior research suggests that early childhood education delivers stronger, more consistent benefits than class-size reduction alone, including gains in language, social-emotional development, school readiness, and long-term academic success. Early evaluations of NYC's Pre-K and 3-K programs mirror national findings, showing improved early literacy and readiness, especially for underserved children. The Class Size Reduction Law, which is grounded in more limited evidence, offers no coordinated plan for space or staffing, and thus risks reductions in early-childhood seats. Policymakers must prioritize coherent, evidence-based planning to protect 3-K and Pre-K capacity and ensure equitable outcomes citywide.

Qian Chen, Yuting Dong, Xinyue Lyu

Background Rapid population aging has prompted most emerging economies to consider introducing long-term care insurance (LTCI) as part of a comprehensive social health protection scheme. China is also in the process of establishing its own LTCI framework. However, the details of the scheme are still being explored in pilot cities, and a long-term solution has yet to be finalized. This study aims to examine the insurance preferences of potential enrollees, providing insights to inform further adjustments to the existing framework. Methods We examine discrete choice experiment (DCE) evidence from LTCI and evaluate several relevant attributes, including the elimination period, maximum monthly benefit, out-of-pocket rate, and annual premium. The study uses a mixed logit model to elicit respondents’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for these attributes of LTCI and uses physical health status to assess heterogeneity in responses to insurance choice. Results We found that most respondents would consider purchasing LTCI, with respondents most preferring the following attributes: (1) an out-of-pocket rate of 25%, (2) a maximum monthly benefit level of 2000 CNY (about 296 USD), and (3) a three-month elimination period. In addition, among the control variables, marital status, personal self-rated health, and the number of children were significant to varying degrees. Conclusion The study can provide a reference for further adjustments to the existing scheme, increasing residents’ willingness to participate in insurance and promoting the sustainable development of long-term care insurance.

Mariana Alvarado, Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Sandra Lavenex et al.

Abstract Largely unnoticed by the migration literature, business migration has established itself as a form of labour migration that is substantial in terms of numbers and receives preferential treatment in international and national migration law. Intra-corporate transferees, contractual service suppliers and business visitors all fall within this category and benefit from facilitated admission procedures agreed under trade agreements and corresponding provisions in national legislation. Assigned for temporary stays and retaining their work contract in the home country, these business migrants represent a “market model” of migration policy exploiting the economic benefits of human movement while avoiding migrants’ integration into the host countries’ labour market and society. This article conceptualizes business migration at the nexus of trade law, international labour markets and migration research and uses a mix of legal analysis, population register and other statistical data as well as survey data from Switzerland to demonstrate the scale and importance of this under-investigated yet significant type of economic migration. Amounting to nearly half of the regulated labour immigration into Switzerland, business migration is strongly associated with trade and investment ties as well as the presence of multinational companies. In contrast, trade agreements facilitating this type of labour mobility have no systematic effect.

Maria Teresa Rossi, Martina De Sanctis, Ludovico Iovino et al.

The Smart City concept was introduced to define an idealized city characterized by automation and connection. It then evolved rapidly by including further aspects, such as economy, environment. Since then, many publications have explored various aspects of Smart Cities across different application domains and research communities, acknowledging the interdisciplinary nature of this subject. In particular, our interest focuses on how smart cities are designed and modeled, as a whole or as regards with their subsystems, when dealing with the accomplishment of the research goals in this complex and heterogeneous domain. To this aim, we performed a systematic mapping study on smart cities modeling approaches identifying the relevant contributions (i) to get an overview of existing research approaches, (ii) to identify whether there are any publication trends, and (iii) to identify possible future research directions. We followed the guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies by Petersen et al. to analyze smart cities modeling publications. Our analysis revealed the following main findings: (i) smart governance is the most investigated and modeled smart city dimension; (ii) the most used modeling approaches are business, architectural, and ontological modeling approaches, spanning multiple application fields; (iii) the great majority of existing technologies for modeling smart cities are not yet proven in operational environments; (iv) diverse research communities publish their results in a multitude of different venues which further motivates the presented literature study. Researchers can use our results for better understanding the state-of-the-art in modeling smart cities, and as a foundation for further analysis of specific approaches about smart cities modeling. Lastly, we also discuss the impact of our analysis for the Model-Driven Engineering community.

P. Vasyliev, M. Vasylieva

The article is dedicated to the study of modern approaches to the formation of a barrier-free environment within the historical public spaces of Ukrainian cities. The authors address the issue of ensuring accessibility of public spaces for all population groups, particularly persons with disabilities, the elderly, parents with children, and other groups with limited mobility. The paper emphasizes the importance of implementing the principles of universal design, which ensure equal access to the urban environment regardless of users’ physical capabilities. Particular attention is paid to the challenges that arise during the transformation of historical environments, especially restrictions related to cultural heritage preservation, regulatory barriers, and persistent stereotypes about accessibility in historic cities. The article explores examples of international practice that demonstrate the possibility of integrating barrier-free solutions into environments with high historical and cultural value. The article also highlights the impact of the war in Ukraine as a factor influencing changes in the demographic structure of cities, including an increase in the number of people with temporary or permanent disabilities, internally displaced persons, and veterans who require a comfortable and accessible environment. This context reinforces the urgent need to revise existing standards and to develop new strategies for inclusive spatial development. The research results include an analysis of Ukrainian legal and regulatory frameworks concerning accessibility, a critical evaluation of existing architectural solutions, and recommendations for integrating barrier-free principles into the design of public spaces in historical settings. The authors underscore the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and the need for collaboration among architects, urban planners, local authorities, and civil society organizations to achieve real inclusion. Thus, the article makes a significant contribution to the academic discourse on social inclusion, universal design, and sustainable urban development and may serve as both a theoretical and practical foundation for further research and project implementation in the fields of architecture and urban studies.

D. Macharadze, E. A. Rassanova, T. Ruzhentsova et al.

The increasing prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) over recent decades suggests that environmental factors play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Nonspecific factors refer to external (or exposomal) factors and include human and natural factors that influence the health of a population: for example, the socioeconomic status of the patient; climate, including air temperature, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, air pollution; and living in a city or rural area. Although studies have shown the influence of these factors on the course of AD, in general, none of them significantly increases or decreases the risk of developing the disease. This review briefly discusses studies on the role of nonspecific environmental risk factors and their impact on the course of AD in children and adults.

Flavia Mazzeo, Christine Schwartz, Stefani Scherer et al.

Couples in which wives have more education than their husbands have been found to be more likely than other couples to divorce. But this relationship varies across time and place. We compare the relationship between spouses’ relative education and marital dissolution across four birth cohorts born between 1951 and 1990 in East and West Germany using 37 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel (1984-2021) and Cox proportional hazard models. The comparison between East and West Germany provides contrasting levels and trends in women’s education, employment, and gender cultures, with East Germany persistently being a more gender egalitarian context compared to West Germany. Our results show that marriages in which wives have more education than their husbands are less stable in West Germany, but not in East Germany, where the point estimates indicate that these couples are more stable than other couples, but this association is not statistically significant. We do not find evidence of cohort change in these associations in either East or West Germany. These findings are consistent with the idea that the consequences of non-traditional gender arrangements are weaker in more egalitarian contexts and confirm that notable differences between East and West Germany persist after reunification. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Changes in Educational Homogamy and Its Consequences”.

Azlizan Mat Enh, Andika Wahab, Arina Anis Azlan et al.

Abstract This study examines the state of migrants’ cultural adaptation in Malaysia, and how such an adaptation can help build our understanding of migrants’ life and employment experiences in the country. In doing so, this study has adopted a quantitative approach, with a completed survey towards 410 migrant respondents, living and working temporarily in Selangor, Malaysia. A multiple regression analysis finds that the three most significant predictors contributing to the respondents’ cultural adaptation are “positive experiences” (β = .677, p = .000), “closeness” (β = − .107, p = .008), and “social relationships” (β = .095, p = .032). While “positive experiences” and “social relationships” influence the migrant workers’ adaptation positively, the “closeness” predictor on the contrary (negative). Another predictor, “disconnection”, is found to be not statistically significant. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals significant differences in the respondents’ cultural adaptation based on such demographic characteristics as age, gender, level of education, nationality, length of employment, and sector of employment. For instance, female migrants are strongly associated with a higher level of “positive experiences” [F(1, 408) = 6.321, p = .013] and “social relationships” [F(1, 408) = 5.634, p = .018], while male migrants tend to rely on cultural proximity (i.e., “closeness”) [F(1, 408) = 6.828, p = .009]. The discussion section highlights attributes such as the gender factor in cultural adaptation, preservation of cultural identities, and creation of migrants’ symbolic places to understand how cultural adaptation intersects with the migrant workers’ daily lives and experiences. This study concludes that as Malaysia’s economy continues to rely on migrant workers, it needs to better understand the workers’ cultural adaptation and their far-reaching impact on their life experiences and employment conditions in the country.

Magdalena Adamus, Matúš Grežo

Abstract Extant literature shows that well-being is one of the key drivers of attitudes towards migrants as well as preferences for asylum and refugee policies. Less in is known, however, about the relationship between well-being and attitudes towards migrants during sudden micro-level events that may elicit the sense of existential threat. To investigate the underpinnings of these relationships, two studies on samples of 600 Slovaks each were conducted before the Russian invasion of Ukraine and during its initial phase. The results show that well-being had a stable positive relationship with attitudes towards migrants across the studies, albeit not with preferences for asylum and refugee policies. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the negative feelings elicited by the war predicted preferences for asylum and refugee policies beyond well-being. The results indicate that incorporating psychological factors, such as emotional responses to the looming threat of war, may considerably inform the debate surrounding the support for inclusive asylum and refugee policies.

John R. Parsons, Sara Riva

Abstract Media and political discourse in the USA often depict migration as an invasion and people who cross borders as criminals dangerous to the nation. Through ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two places on the USA-Mexico Southern border, we want to analyze how invasion narratives influence practices on-the-ground. We first explore how these narratives inform the views of a border militia who see themselves as protectors of the nation and understand people who cross borders as threats. We then argue that migrant women’s presence in areas where the militia operates disrupts the dominant narrative that defines migrants as dangerous, as militia members come to understand migrant women as victims of the Cartel. Despite their innocence, to maintain the narrative’s consistency, militia members still consider migrant women criminals for crossing the border “illegally.” Finally, we move on to explore the materiality of these xenophobic discourses by examining how migrant women are mistreated at a family immigration detention center. Using the militias as an example, we highlight why political narratives circulate and have meaning for individuals and how discourses have material consequences.

Viktor Bezborodov, Tyll Krueger, Cornelia Pokalyuk et al.

This study examines the effectiveness of regional lockdown strategies in mitigating pathogen spread across regional units, termed cities hereinafter. We develop simplified models to analyze infection spread across cities within a country during an epidemic wave. Isolation of a city is initiated when infection numbers within the city surpass defined thresholds. We compare two strategies: strategy (P) consists in prescribing thresholds proportionally to city sizes, while the same threshold is used for all cities under strategy (U). Given the heavy-tailed distribution of city sizes, strategy (P) may result in more secondary infections from larger cities than strategy (U). Random graph models are constructed to represent infection spread as a percolation process. In particular, we consider a model in which mobility between cities only depends on city sizes. We assess the relative efficiency of the two strategies by comparing the ratios of the number of individuals under isolation to the total number of infections by the end of the epidemic wave under strategy (P) and (U). Additionally, we derive analytical formulas for disease prevalence and basic reproduction numbers. Our models are calibrated using mobility data from France, Poland and Japan, validated through simulation. The findings indicate that mobility between cities in France and Poland is mainly determined by city sizes. However, a poor fit was observed with Japanese data, highlighting the importance to include other factors like e.g. geography for some countries in modeling. Our analysis suggest similar effectiveness for both strategies in France and Japan, while strategy (U) demonstrates distinct merits in Poland.

H. Aurand

era youth more generally embraced radicalism, Mexicandescent parents sometimes shifted toward a conservative embrace of “antitax sentiment, law-and-order politics, and do-it-yourself bootstrappism” (15). In this way Making Mexican Chicago complements stories of the youthful Chicano Movement told in books like Lilia Fernandez’s Brown in the Windy City (2012), which reflects the other side of the coin of Mexican Americans’ growing dissatisfaction and frustration with mid-century liberalism. Amezcua’s story continues into the latter decades of the twentieth century by exploring Mexican and white reactions to gentrification. Both communities resisted Chicago’s redevelopment plans for their neighborhood, which they rightly viewed as likely to displace them in favor of wealthier residents. As what Amezcua calls “an ostensibly color-blind gentrifying class” (17) replaced restrictive populists, community members continued to debate the best way to stabilize Mexican communities in the face of gentrification as well as ongoing exploitation, dispossession, poverty, and racialization. Mexican-descent people continued trying to control the way in which they were incorporated into Chicago, with many still embracing homeownership and private property as the path to what they hoped would be full inclusion in American society. In this way, Amezcua’s book complements recent scholarship like A. K. Sandoval’s Barrio America, which illuminates how Latinos reinvigorated cities like Chicago and Dallas by buying homes, starting businesses, and creating vibrant communities. The book ends with a conclusion that briefly explores the twentyfirst century story of Mexican Chicago, particularly the way the encroachment of the “creative class” into neighborhoods now seen as hip and desirable reflect ongoing displacement of ethnic Mexican residents, who continue to fight to retain their neighborhoods as sites of community and culture. Besides his intervention in the history of conservatism, Making Mexican Chicago makes a few other key interventions in our understanding of Chicago’s history. First, it centers Mexicans and Mexican Americans, and fills in a story often told from the Black/white/white ethnic perspective. Amezcua rightly claims that issues like neighborhood control, segregation, and property rights can only be understood in a multiracial context, meaning in this case by incorporating Mexican-origin people alongside the more often told story of Black and white Chicago. Amezcua frequently situates the story of Mexican Chicago in relation to Black Americans, including by showing both how white ethnics fought to keep both Blacks and Mexicans out of their neighborhoods and both communities were segregated, disenfranchized, under-resourced and scapegoated, but also by showing how Mexicans found more fluidity in residential segregation than Black Chicagoans. Amezcua points out how Mexicans’ transformation in the 1960s from “property menace to property asset” (13) was linked to a negative comparison with Black Americans. Another particularly interesting aspect of the difference between the two communities is what they left behind for historians. Amezcua explains that Mexicandescent people cast as alien and criminal worked to avoid leaving documentary evidence, and what they did leave was sometimes fraudulent. This poses a different kind of challenge to scholars trying to excavate their stories, unlike with communities without this fear who left a wider range of records. In this way, “the history of Mexican settlement in US metropolitan areas is also a history of fraudulence and concealment... and the obscuring and hiding of these acts” (6). This keen observation raises the question of whether framing Mexican and Mexican American Chicago in a different context, alongside for example Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans, whose “paper sons” and other stories of illegality, concealment, and assumptions of perpetual foreignness, might be fruitful. While Chicago’s Chinesedescent population was, and continues to be, significantly smaller than its Mexican-origin community, such a comparison, beyond the Black/Brown one, could yield insights about race and belonging in twentieth-century Chicago. Through careful archival and oral history research, Making Mexican Chicago excavates an important story of attempts by Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans to claim and shape their place in Chicago. It should be essential reading for anyone interested in Chicago, Mexican and Mexican American, immigration, and urban history.

Könül Jafarova

Education is a meritocratic determinant which is perceived as a means to go ahead: the higher one’s education is, the higher one’s social status and income is (or should be). The literature in the field is limited in viewing education abroad as a way of accumulating human capital and valorising on the host labour market to gain an international career. However, education (abroad) can also entail life experiences and travel and a ‘second chance’ at success, where a decision about education abroad is not solely made for the sake of education but is also influenced by other social and political factors. This article sheds light on the different meanings and use of education (abroad) by high-skilled Azerbaijanis who migrate to Poland. Preliminary findings from biographical narrative interviews demonstrate that the meanings of education are more complex, with no single narrative. Pre-migration education is highly emphasised by both the internal and the external environment. Yet, within the migratory trajectory, education is utilised for different purposes, including as a motive for an ‘escape from’ troubles and conflicts in Azerbaijan. This takes place against the backdrop of the specifics of the Polish labour market accompanied by economic growth and facilitating policies, as well as the efforts of migrants to maintain their social class, while trying to outsmart institutional mechanisms in Poland.

Karin Amit, Pnina Dolberg

Abstract The current study focuses on immigrants’ perceived identity—that is, the way immigrants think the locals perceive them—and examines the link between the first name (ethnic or local) they use in everyday social encounters and their local identity and belonging perceptions. The study model was tested on data obtained from an online survey filled out by 837 immigrants who arrived in Israel from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) or Ethiopia as children or adolescents (1.5 generation). The main findings indicate that immigrants expressing a higher sense of belonging to the host society and using a local first name report higher levels of perceived local identity. FSU immigrants reported higher levels of perceived local identity compared to Ethiopian immigrants. However, contrary to our expectations, the first name played a more significant role among Ethiopian immigrants. Possible explanations for our findings lie in the different naming practices related to the two immigrant groups and in the different social and economic position they hold in the host society. Implications of the first name immigrants use in social encounters are discussed.

Olga Czeranowska, Violetta Parutis, Agnieszka Trąbka

Abstract Although research on return migration is growing, little is known about returnees’ plans and attitudes regarding further migration. This article contributes to the filling of this knowledge gap by studying the likelihood of engaging in further mobility among Polish and Lithuanian returnees. Using a mixed method approach we explore under which circumstances return migrants intent to stay in their country of origin permanently and what factors would make them consider leaving again. Our quantitative sample (CAWI survey) consists of 740 responses from Poles and Lithuanians who returned to their home countries from the UK. We conducted a binary logistic regression analysis concerning plans to move abroad again. In the qualitative part of the analysis, based on in-depth interviews with 60 Polish or Lithuanian returnees, we have contextualised quantitative results by presenting four case studies representing different likelihoods of re-migrating. Our research shows that both return and post-return plans are always negotiated in the context of a variety of personal, family and professional considerations. Having a job, having children and strong attachment to the current place of living turned out to be the strongest negative predictors of the likelihood of further migration.

Lucie Macková, Andrea Preissová Krejčí

This study describes the experiences of child refugees from Ukraine residing in the Czech Republic and sheds light on the perception of their situation. Our research is based on selected stories of 22 children from Ukraine – who wrote down their experiences of the war – and additional sources containing children’s memories of the war from other contexts and historical periods. Using qualitative analysis of their narratives, we look at their life stories, which we have recorded, code, and sorted into analytical categories. The results indicate children’s agency and the importance of their social relations. Moreover, we stress similarities with other refugee situations from the past that led to shaping children’s identities. Attention should also be paid to the importance of children’s vulnerabilities and special needs in refugee situations, especially when it comes to securing their emotional needs and education.

Tijmen Weber, Christof Van Mol

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the relationship between development and outgoing international student mobility (ISM) for the years 2003–2018 using data from UNESCO. Starting from migration transition theory, we expect that development and outgoing migration follows an inverted U-shape due to changes in capabilities and aspirations of populations. As predicted, we find that outgoing ISM also follows this pattern. Probing deeper into this finding, we investigated whether students from countries of different levels of development favor different destination countries, focusing on destination countries’ academic ranking, GDP per capita, and linguistic and colonial ties. We find that these destination country characteristics indeed have different effects for students from origin countries with different stages of development, and that these effects cannot simply be reduced to a dichotomy between developed/developing countries. Together, the findings highlight the nonlinearity of ISM processes. In turn this opens up new avenues of research regarding the diversity of international student populations.

Gabriela Viale Pereira, Lukas Daniel Klausner, Lucy Temple et al.

Smart city solutions require innovative governance approaches together with the smart use of technology, such as digital twins, by city managers and policymakers to manage the big societal challenges. The project Smart Cities aNd Digital Twins in Lower Austria (SCiNDTiLA) extends the state of the art of research in several contributing disciplines and uses the foundations of complexity theory and computational social science methods to develop a digital-twin-based smart city model. The project will also apply a novel transdisciplinary process to conceptualise sustainable smart cities and validate the smart city generic model. The outcomes will be translated into a roadmap highlighting methodologies, guidelines and policy recommendations for tackling societal challenges in smart cities with a focus on rescaling the entire framework to be transferred to regions, smaller towns and non-urban environments, such as rural areas and smart villages, in ways that fit the respective local governance, ethical and operational capacity context.

Zeynep Sahin-Mencutek, Soner Barthoma, N. Ela Gökalp-Aras et al.

Abstract This paper takes stock of the emerging literature on the governance and framing of both migration and asylum as ‘crises’. This study carries forward this line of thinking by showing how the crisis governance of migration is not just a representation or a discourse but emerges as a mode of governance with specific features. The study focuses on the refugee emergency of 2015–2016, covering however a longer time frame (2011–2018) and a wide set of 11 countries (those neighbouring Syria: Lebanon, Iraq and Turkey; countries that were mainly transit points: Greece, Italy, Poland and Hungary; and countries that were mainly destination points (Austria, Germany, Sweden and the UK). Through the meta-analysis of a broad set of materials arising out of the RESPOND research project, we identified three interacting governance features in times of crisis. These include (1) a multilevel but complex actor landscape (2) complicated and fragmented legal systems and policy provisions that may vary both at the temporal and territorial level; (3) a renationalisation narrative that seeks to bring this multifaceted and fragmented governance landscape together under the promise that the national state can re-establish control and solve the ‘crisis.’