У статті обґрунтовані напрями удосконалення методичних засад формування земельних ділянок державної, комунальної власності, на яких розташовані будівлі, споруди. Запропоновано методику формування земельних ділянок державної, комунальної власності, на яких розташовані будівлі, споруди, із урахуванням при формуванні земельних ділянок функціонального призначення, технічних характеристик будівель та споруд, а також місць їх розташування відносно інших об’єктів нерухомості, червоних ліній, територій та об’єктів загального користування, водних об’єктів, територій та об’єктів природно-заповідного фонду, пам’яток культурної спадщини, інших режимоутворюючих об’єктів. Запропоновано встановити єдиний, кількісно вимірюваний підхід до визначення допустимих меж такої ділянки через дві взаємопов’язані величини — ширину базової смуги обслуговування та спеціальний коефіцієнт для кожного класу будівель та споруд. Запропонований підхід до формування земельних ділянок державної, комунальної власності, на яких розташовані будівлі, споруди в цілому спростить роботу розробників документації із землеустрою завдяки єдиному набору кількісних параметрів. В той же час, буде забезпечено зменшення кількості випадків передачі надлишкових площ без торгів і відповідне збільшення пропозиції земель на конкурентному ринку.
Ключові слова: формування земельних ділянок, функціональне призначення, будівельні норми.
Agricultural land parcels (ALPs) are essential for effective agricultural management, influencing activities ranging from crop yield estimation to policy development. However, traditional methods of ALP delineation are often labor-intensive and require frequent updates due to the dynamic nature of agricultural practices. Additionally, the significant variations across different regions and the seasonality of agriculture pose challenges to the automatic generation of accurate and timely ALP labels for extensive areas. This study introduces the cadastral-to-agricultural (Cad2Ag) framework, a novel approach that utilizes cadastral data as training labels to train deep learning models for the delineation of ALPs. Cadastral parcels, which are relatively widely available and stable elements in land management, serve as proxies for ALP delineation. Employing an adapted U-Net model, the framework automates the segmentation process using remote sensing images and geographic information system (GIS) data. This research evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed Cad2Ag framework in two U.S. regions—Indiana and California—characterized by diverse agricultural conditions. Through rigorous evaluation across multiple scenarios, the study explores diverse scenarios to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of ALP delineation. Notably, the framework demonstrates effective ALP delineation across different geographic contexts through transfer learning when supplemented with a small set of clean labels, achieving an F1-score of 0.80 and an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.67 using only 200 clean label samples. The Cad2Ag framework’s ability to leverage automatically generated, extensive, free training labels presents a promising solution for efficient ALP delineation, thereby facilitating effective management of agricultural land.
The paper studies the peculiarities of changes in the value of land resources in the conditions of ensuring food security of Ukraine. It has been established that the land market is recognized as one of the key components of the agricultural sector and plays an integral role in the formation of the country's food security. It was found that the highest prices for arable land and perennial crops are observed in Kyiv region, hayfields and pastures in Kharkiv region, and pastures in Cherkasy region. It was established that as a result of Russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine, it was not possible to conclude more than 102 thousand agreements on the purchase and sale of agricultural land on a total area of 282 thousand hectares, with a total cost of UAH 11.5 billion. It was found that the highest activity of purchase and sale of agricultural land is observed primarily in the central regions of Ukraine, where the share of agricultural land in circulation exceeds 1%. It was established that the average price for 1 hectare of land in February 2022 was UAH 33,429 per hectare, and according to the results of May 2022, when deals on the land market began to be concluded again, the price was fixed at the level of UAH 37.4 until August 2022 showed positive dynamics, reaching UAH 43.9 thousand, and in September 2023, the average price was UAH 41,316 per hectare. It is established that the value of agricultural land is gradually increasing, where in 2023 the average price reached 35.4 thousand hryvnias per hectare, which is 13.5% higher than in 2022 and almost 22% higher than in 2021. It was found that the highest land prices are observed in Kyiv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv regions. It was established that the market capitalization fell, that is, in December 2021, purchase and sale agreements were concluded for 936 million UAH, in August 2022 - for 74.2 million UAH, and in July 2023, we observe positive dynamics of market recovery - agreements were concluded sales by UAH 596.9 million, in August by UAH 611 million and in September by UAH 636 million.
Key words: land market, land resources, food security, cost, purchase and sale agreements
QGIS is the leading free and open source desktop GIS. It is also a complete ecosystem, that allows to build complete workflows, from field data collection to publication on the web.
Central to it are QGIS projects, that define data sources, projections, styling and integration, and are reused from mobile to the web without a need to reconfigure them. We describe the main solutions available for data collection and seamless publication over the web: MerginMaps, Qfield, Lizmap, with an example form a water resources project in Gambia.
Cadastral marks constitute a dense source of information for topographical surveys required to update cadastral maps. Historically, in Italy, cadastral marks have been the cartographic network for the implementation of mapping updates. Different sources of cadastral marks can be used by cadastral surveyors. In recent years, the cadastre is moving toward a digital world, and with the advancement of surveying technology, GNSS CORS technology has emerged in the positioning of cadastral marks. An analysis of congruence among cadastral marks using GNSS CORS and official maps is missing. Thus, this work aims to analyze the positional accuracy of some cadastral marks, located in Palermo, Italy, with regard to the official maps produced by the cadastral bureau, the local cartography, and Google Earth maps. A survey of 60 cadastral marks was carried out by conventional GNSS NRTK procedures, with the lateral offset method due to their materialization (mostly building edges), which is not always directly detectable. The cadastral marks’ positioning was obtained from different maps: cadastral maps and related monographic files, numerical technical maps, and Google Earth maps, to check their coordinate congruence. A statistical approach was performed to check whether the distribution frequencies of the coordinate’s differences belonged to the bivariate normal distribution for the planimetric coordinates and the univariate normal distribution for the altimetric component. The results show that the hypothesis of a normal distribution is confirmed in most of the pairs, and specifically, most of the analyses indicate that the highest congruencies seem to characterize the coordinates determined by using the GNSS and with those that can be deduced by the numerical technical maps. The results obtained experimentally show centimetric accuracies obtained by the GNSS NRTK survey, in both the planimetric and altimetric components, while the accuracies obtained from the georeferencing of the cadastral maps show differences in the order of 0.4–0.8 m. Meanwhile, the differences resulting from comparing the technical cartography produced by the local authority and Google Earth maps show greater criticalities, with a metric order of magnitude.
Abdullah Alattas, E. Kalogianni, T. Alzahrani
et al.
Abstract This paper presents in detail the legislation and regulation related to the use and ownership of building complexes with multiple units (apartments, condominiums) in Saudi Arabia for the 3D registration of the legal spaces. The 3D Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)country profile for Saudi Arabia must be able to represent the identified concepts for multi-owner buildings. Today, there is a trend to directly design these buildings in 3D. Within the spatial development lifecycle thinking, this design will be reused via Building Information Modelling (BIM)/ Industry Foundation Class (IFC) encodings in the subsequent phases, such as, obtaining permits, financing, constructing, etc. However, in order to support the next step, the cadastral registration, we present, at this paper, a mapping from the BIM/IFC to the LADM, both at conceptual modelling and at the level of the individual units with their geometry and topology. This mapping requires that the BIM/IFC file contains sufficient information to identify the different spaces being part of a property. Three different main type of spaces are identified: private part, common part, and exclusive common part. A single property may contain multiple disconnected components, such as the main apartment, the storage in the basement, and a car park. In turn, a component, such as the main apartment, may contain multiple connected spaces, i.e. the various rooms of the main apartment. In addition to mapping the concepts at class level from IFC to LADM, we also extract rules for treating the spaces of various types of walls, slabs, roofs, and constructive elements, such as foundation and pillars. The presented approach is tested with a real-world example IFC file, identifying the issues to be improved, i.e. guidelines for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector to produce IFC file which can be more easy used as input for 3D Land Administration with minimal manual interventions. This research bridges the gap between the project-oriented world of the AEC sector (with BIM/IFC files) and the legal registration as described through the ISO 19152. Though many of the presented findings are based on the legislation and case study in Saudi Arabia, we have the rather strong impression, that these findings will not be very different in other countries.
Smart KADASTER Interactive Portal (SKiP) is a platform developed by the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM), where the cadastral survey information can be visualised in a 3D environment and expanded to satisfy other new-found requirement and beyond cadastral purposes. This paper outlines the approaches used to develop the SKiP phase 2 utilising 3D CityGML database schema. The 3D CityGML Level of Details (LoDs) reconstruction data source is derived primarily from cloud points and images of various airborne and terrestrial geomatic technologies. The 3D building models were constructed with Trimble SketchUp software and later imported into the respective CityGML LoD1, 2, 3 and 4 models (*.gml). The models were then imported into PostgreSQL database based on PostGIS schema and CityGML schema (3D City DB). A 3D Unique Parcel Identifier (UPI) is introduced to link the respective 3D LoD buildings with their corresponding 2D cadastral lot. Information (attribute) across multiple LoDs is retrievable via UPI ID query, and systematic updating tasks is feasible using the database. Quality assurance and control (QAQC) was applied to the CityGML LoD models and schema using FME workbench, 3DCityDB and CityDoctor. At the end of this paper, discussion and conclusion are outlined, with proposals for future work. Finally, this paper is hoped to help other users and researchers systematically build a 3D city model database and be aware of the possibilities of Smart KADASTER’s potential application beyond Malaysia’s cadastral purpose.
Mariusz Zygmunt, Tadeusz Gargula, Przemysław Klapa
Circular arcs are a graphical element present in the cadastral systems of many countries. Unfortunately, this type of record of the geometry of parcel borders is a problem described by the directives of Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels. Because of the difficulties of using such geometric objects, the solution to this problem, as recommended by the European Commission, should be monitored. The target effect should be a cadastral data model based solely on linear segments. Solutions based on a classic approach of converting such data (like arcs), unfortunately, always involves changes of one of the most important attributes of a parcel—its area. The paper presents a proposal for solving this important problem using an algorithm, ensuring the preservation of the area of the parcels after converting the arcs into linear segments. Moreover, attention was paid to the technical aspects of the proposed changes.
Socio-natural disasters are linked to the increase of weather events. This work analyses disaster risk transfer as well as clean technology production and transfer mechanisms in Latin American intermediate cities; our study case is the city Victoria of Durango, capital of the state by the same name in Mexico. In this regard, the theorizations on Climate Change (CC), Disaster Risk Transfer (DRT), Clean Technology Transfer (CTT), Sustainable Development (SD) and Resilience (Re) are reviewed. A mixed approach provided a complete understanding of the research, allowing the use of various tools for field work and the processing of the obtained data. The results reveal that Victoria de Durango, like the majority of Latin American's intermediate cities, shows potentialities for using its invaluable natural resources; but threats and weaknesses were also found: neither citizens nor institutions have a global understanding of risk for achieving sustainability, becoming resilient and being safe, whilst the capital of Durango must face two major risks such as floods and droughts. A Safe City Strategic Plan to face CC, incorporating DRT and CTT production strategies, would enable CC protection policies, as long as political will and active citizens exist.
The objective to fast-track the mapping and registration of large numbers of unrecorded land rights globally has led to the experimental application of Artificial Intelligence in the domain of land administration, and specifically the application of automated visual cognition techniques for cadastral mapping tasks. In this research, we applied and compared the ability of rule-based systems within Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), as opposed to human analysis, to extract visible cadastral boundaries from very high-resolution World View-2 images, in both rural and urban settings. From our experiments, machine-based techniques were able to automatically delineate a good proportion of rural parcels with explicit polygons where the correctness of the automatically extracted boundaries was 47.4% against 74.24% for humans and the completeness of 45% for the machine compared to 70.4% for humans. On the contrary, in the urban area, automatic results were counterintuitive: even though urban plots and buildings are clearly marked with visible features such as fences, roads and tacitly perceptible to eyes, automation resulted in geometrically and topologically poorly structured data. Thus, these could neither be geometrically compared with human digitisation, nor actual cadastral data from the field. The results of this study provide an updated snapshot with regards to the performance of contemporary machine-driven feature extraction techniques compared to conventional manual digitising. In our methodology, using an iterative approach of segmentation and classification, we demonstrated how to overcome the weaknesses of having undesirable segments due to intra-parcel and inter-parcel variability, when using segmentation approaches for cadastral feature delineation. We also demonstrated how we can easily implement a geometric comparison framework within the Esri’s ArcGIS software environment and firmly believe the developed methodology can be reproduced.
The changes in the quantitative and qualitative state of use of defense lands
in the period from 1990 to 2016were researched.
As a result, it became known that since 1990 the total area of defense lands
has decreased by 59.7%, and from 2010 to 20167 by 0.4%.
The lands of the Ministry of Defense in the category of defense lands
constitute 339.8 thousand hectares or 84.9% of the total area, the Ministry of
Internal Affairs - 11.8 thousand hectares or 2.9%, the National Guard - 10,0
thousand hectares or 2.5%, the State Committee for the Protection of the State
Border of 6.8 thousand hectares or 1.7%, the Society for the Defense of Ukraine -
3.1 thousand hectares or 0.8%, other military formations - 10.7 thousand hectares
or 2.7%.
Established, that significant changes that took place in the land use of
defense did not increase of ecological, economic and social security, and,
consequently, the safety of the life of the population of Ukraine.
The development of Low Altitude Airspace activities is a great opportunity for many companies. Work carried out by drones (inspections, surveillance and control, mapping etc.) will be supported by other new activities and services that will pave the way for new business models and revenues.
A new set of rules must be set up to allow the correct use of LAAs; UTM projects and U-Space were created for this purpose. Europe is very active in this regard and the Italian U-space project DIODE is an example of highly advanced experimentation.
Enterprises are already building large fleets; managing the drones, the people and procedures using advanced platforms that utilize the collected
data effectively. Working in compliance with LAA rules is fundamental for success. AI-Crew and AI-Inspection are two innovative platforms born to help Enterprises capitalize on LAA, maximizing their assets.
Raffaele Battaglini, Valerio Noti, Brunella Raco
et al.
TL-Ambiens is a geographical software platform for storing and analyzing large environmental data sets. Its use on the monitoring network of a landfill for special waste has made it possible to optimize the management of analytical data and was of fundamental importance as a tool
to support decision-making in the solution of significant environmental problems.
Recent developments of 3D technologies and tools have increased availability and relevance of 3D data (from 3D points to complete city models) in the geospatial and geo-information domains. Nevertheless, the potential of 3D data is still underexploited and mainly confined to visualization purposes. Therefore, the major challenge today is to create automatic procedures that make best use of available technologies and data for the benefits and needs of public administrations (PA) and national mapping agencies (NMA) involved in “smart city” applications. The paper aims to demonstrate a step forward in this process by presenting the results of the SENECA project (Smart and SustaiNablE City from Above – <a href="http://seneca.fbk.eu"target="_blank">http://seneca.fbk.eu</a>). State-of-the-art processing solutions are investigated in order to (i) efficiently exploit the photogrammetric workflow (aerial triangulation and dense image matching), (ii) derive topologically and geometrically accurate 3D geo-objects (i.e. building models) at various levels of detail and (iii) link geometries with non-spatial information within a 3D geo-database management system accessible via web-based client. The developed methodology is tested on two case studies, i.e. the cities of Trento (Italy) and Graz (Austria). Both spatial (i.e. nadir and oblique imagery) and non-spatial (i.e. cadastral information and building energy consumptions) data are collected and used as input for the project workflow, starting from 3D geometry capture and modelling in urban scenarios to geometry enrichment and management within a dedicated webGIS platform.
Possibilities of bee forage identification and mapping based on multispectral images
have been shown in the research. Spectral brightness of bee forage has been
determined with the use of satellite images. The effectiveness of some methods
of image classification for mapping of bee forage is shown.
Keywords: bee forage, mapping, multispectral images, image classification.