Hasil untuk "Biotechnology"

G. Walker

L. Zucker, M. Darby

C. Martin, P. Kohli

S. Subramaniyan, P. Prema

R. Lenz, R. Marchessault

Heidi H. Hau, J. Gralnick

J. Lerner, Robert P. Merges

A.Y.A. Mohamed, Laurence Gill, Alejandro Monleon et al.

Microbial aggregates of different sizes in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems have been shown to exhibit distinct microbial community compositions. However, studies comparing the microbial activities of different-sized aggregates in AGS systems remain limited. In this study, genome-resolved metatranscriptomics was used to investigate microbial activity patterns within differently sized aggregates in a full-scale AGS plant. Our analysis revealed a weak correlation between the relative abundance of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and their transcriptomic activity, indicating that microbial abundance does not directly correspond to metabolic activity within the system. Flocculent sludge (FL; <0.2 mm) predominantly featured active nitrifiers and fermentative polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) from Candidatus Phosphoribacter, while small granules (SG; 0.2–1.0 mm) and large granules (LG; >1.0 mm) hosted more metabolically active PAOs affiliated with Ca. Accumulibacter. Differential gene expression analysis further supported these findings, demonstrating significantly higher expression levels of key phosphorus uptake genes associated with Ca. Accumulibacter in granular sludge (SG and LG) compared to flocculent sludge. Conversely, Ca. Phosphoribacter showed higher expression of these genes in the FL fraction. This study highlights distinct functional roles and metabolic activities of crucial microbial communities depending on aggregate size within AGS systems, offering new insights into optimizing wastewater treatment processes.

R. Kleerebezem, M. Loosdrecht

Diego Ocán-Torres, Walter José Martínez-Burgos, Maria Clara Manzoki et al.

Weeds cause significant agricultural losses worldwide, and herbicides have traditionally been the main solution to this problem. However, the extensive use of herbicides has led to multiple cases of weed resistance, which could generate an increase in the application concentration and consequently a higher persistence in the environment, hindering natural degradation processes. Consequently, more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as microbial bioherbicides, have been sought. Although these bioherbicides are promising, their efficacy remains a challenge, as evidenced by their limited commercial and industrial production. This article reviews the current status of microbial-based bioherbicides and highlights the potential of cell-free metabolites to improve their efficacy and commercial attractiveness. Stirred tank bioreactors are identified as the most widely used for production-scale submerged fermentation. In addition, the use of alternative carbon and nitrogen sources, such as industrial waste, supports the circular economy. Furthermore, this article discusses the optimization of downstream processes using bioprospecting and in silico technologies to identify target metabolites, which leads to more precise and efficient production strategies. Bacterial bioherbicides, particularly those derived from <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Xanthomonas</i>, and fungal bioherbicides from genera such as <i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Colletotrichum</i>, <i>Trichoderma</i> and <i>Phoma</i>, show significant potential. Nevertheless, limitations such as their restricted range of action, their persistence in the environment, and regulatory issues restrict their commercial availability. The utilization of cell-free microbial metabolites is proposed as a promising solution due to their simpler handling and application. In addition, modern technologies, including encapsulation and integrated management with chemical herbicides, are investigated to enhance the efficacy and sustainability of bioherbicides.

Hyuk Cheol Kwon, Hyun Su Jung, Do Hyun Kim et al.

Prolactin is essential for mammary gland development and lactation. Progesterone also induces ductal branching and alveolar formation via initial secretory differentiation within the mammary gland. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the role of progesterone as a prolactin substitute for the production of cell-cultured milk components in MAC-T cells. Cells were treated with various hormones such as prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4), 17β-estradiol (E2), cortisol (COR), and insulin (INS) for 5 d. MAC-T cells cultured in a P4 differentiation media (2500 ng/mL of P4, 25 ng/mL of E2, 25 ng/mL of COR, and 25 ng/mL of INS) showed similar levels of E74-like factor 5 (Elf5) and milk component synthesis (<i>α</i>-casein, <i>β</i>-casein, <i>α</i>-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and triglycerides) compared to those cultured in a PRL differentiation media (5000 ng/mL of PRL, 500 ng/mL of CORT, and 50 ng/mL of INS). The levels of <i>α</i>-casein and triglycerides in the optimal P4 differentiation media were present at comparable levels to those in the PRL differentiation media. Our results demonstrated that P4 induces the activation of Elf5 and the synthesis of milk components in MAC-T cells, similar to PRL. Therefore, P4 may be used as an effective substitute of PRL for cell-cultured milk production in in vitro frameworks.

Michelangelo Marasco, John Kirkpatrick, Teresa Carlomagno et al.

SHP2 is a tyrosine phosphatase that plays a regulatory role in multiple intracellular signaling cascades and is known to be oncogenic in certain contexts. In the absence of effectors, SHP2 adopts an autoinhibited conformation with its N-SH2 domain blocking the active site. Given the key role of N-SH2 in regulating SHP2, this domain has been extensively studied, often by X-ray crystallography. Using a combination of structural analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we show that the crystallographic environment can significantly influence the structure of the isolated N-SH2 domain, resulting in misleading interpretations. As an orthogonal method to X-ray crystallography, we use a combination of NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations to accurately determine the conformation of apo N-SH2 in solution. In contrast to earlier reports based on crystallographic data, our results indicate that apo N-SH2 in solution primarily adopts a conformation with a fully zipped central β-sheet, and that partial unzipping of this β-sheet is promoted by binding of either phosphopeptides or even phosphate/sulfate ions.

Irene Nobeli, Angelo D. Favia, J. Thornton

R. Abed, Sergey Dobretsov, K. Sudesh

Ulhas S. Kadam, Rupesh Deshmukh, Li Tian

Jacek Długosz, Anna Piotrowska-Długosz

While some studies regarding the effect of biofertilizers on plants, including their yield and quality, less is known about how they affect the soil properties, especially the microbial and enzymatic properties. Biofertilizers are promising for enhancing the nutrient availability in agricultural soils and reducing the reliance on inorganic fertilizers. The aim of this four-year-long field experiment was to assess the influence of the use of UGmax biofertilizer, which contains bacterial strains enhancing the soil phosphorus availability, e.g., the <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. strains from <i>Azotobacter</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> genera, on the soil P forms and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity (AcP, AlP) in the surface soil horizon (Ap). Winter wheat was cultivated in 2005, 2006, and 2008, while winter rapeseed was cultivated in 2007 in a research area (2 hectare) that was selected for the investigation. These plants were selected because they are the main agricultural crops in Poland. UGmax was applied in three successive years after the plants had been harvested. One dose of the biofertilizer (0.7 L per hectare) was applied after the harvesting of wheat had been harvested (2005–2007), while the second dose (0.3 L per hectare) was applied as a top dressing in the spring, when the plants were beginning to grow (2006–2008). Forty soil samples were taken in 2005 (the control year without the application of UGmax). In the following years (2006–2008), 20 soil samples were taken from the area after the UGmax had been applied in the previous year, as well as 20 soil samples from the control area. A grid soil sampling technique (40 m × 25 m) was used to assess the changes in the soil properties across both of the studied areas. The soil samples were taken from the surface (Ap) horizon. Only at the end of the experiment (2008) did the application of UGmax remarkably increase the organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) content, while the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content was notably higher in the field with UGmax than in the control. The available P content (Pavail) was significantly higher in the field with UGmax compared to these without the biofertilizer in 2006 and 2008, while no considerable relation was noted for the total phosphorus (Ptot) and water soluble P (Pwater) content in any of the study years. Over the entire period of the experiment, the AcP and AlP were notably lower in the soil samples that were collected from the UGmax field compared to that of the control soil. It was concluded that the application of UGmax exhibited a phosphate-solubilizing activity that could be an encouraging attitude for increasing P bioavailability in arable fields and that further studies ought to be carried out under different soil and climatic conditions in order to confirm such a phenomenon.

Jenita Immanuel, Sanguk Yun

The physiological functions of endothelial cells control vascular tone, permeability, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which significantly help to maintain a healthy vascular system. Several cardiovascular diseases are characterized by endothelial cell activation or dysfunction triggered by external stimuli such as disturbed flow, hypoxia, growth factors, and cytokines in response to high levels of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, aging, drugs, and smoking. Increasing evidence suggests that uncontrolled proinflammatory signaling and further alteration in endothelial cell phenotypes such as barrier disruption, increased permeability, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and metabolic reprogramming further induce vascular diseases, and multiple studies are focusing on finding the pathways and mechanisms involved in it. This review highlights the main proinflammatory stimuli and their effects on endothelial cell function. In order to provide a rational direction for future research, we also compiled the most recent data regarding the impact of endothelial cell dysfunction on vascular diseases and potential targets that impede the pathogenic process.

Bruce Nzimande, John P. Makhwitine, Nompumelelo P. Mkhwanazi et al.

The emergence of drug-resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 strains against anti-HIV therapies in the clinical pipeline, and the persistence of HIV in cellular reservoirs remains a significant concern. Therefore, there is a continuous need to discover and develop new, safer, and effective drugs targeting novel sites to combat HIV-1. The fungal species are gaining increasing attention as alternative sources of anti-HIV compounds or immunomodulators that can escape the current barriers to cure. Despite the potential of the fungal kingdom as a source for diverse chemistries that can yield novel HIV therapies, there are few comprehensive reports on the progress made thus far in the search for fungal species with the capacity to produce anti-HIV compounds. This review provides insights into the recent research developments on natural products produced by fungal species, particularly fungal endophytes exhibiting immunomodulatory or anti-HIV activities. In this study, we first explore currently existing therapies for various HIV-1 target sites. Then we assess the various activity assays developed for gauging antiviral activity production from microbial sources since they are crucial in the early screening phases for discovering novel anti-HIV compounds. Finally, we explore fungal secondary metabolites compounds that have been characterized at the structural level and demonstrate their potential as inhibitors of various HIV-1 target sites.

R. Varshney, K. Bansal, P. Aggarwal et al.

Liya Ma, Bin Liang, Huixian Hu et al.

The outcomes of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients with SF3B1 mutation, despite identified as a favorable prognostic biomarker, are variable. To comprehend the heterogeneity in clinical characteristics and outcomes, we reviewed 140 MDS patients with SF3B1 mutation in Zhejiang province of China. Seventy-three (52.1%) patients diagnosed as MDS with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS) following the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and 118 (84.3%) patients belonged to lower risk following the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R). Although clonal hematopoiesis-associated mutations containing TET2, ASXL1 and DNMT3A were the most frequent co-mutant genes in these patients, RUNX1, EZH2, NF1 and KRAS/NRAS mutations had significant effects on overall survival (OS). Based on that we developed a risk scoring model as IPSS-R×0.4+RUNX1×1.1+EZH2×0.6+RAS×0.9+NF1×1.6. Patients were categorized into two subgroups: low-risk (L-R, score &lt;= 1.4) group and high risk (H-R, score &gt; 1.4) group. The 3-year OS for the L-R and H-R groups was 91.88% (95% CI, 83.27%-100%) and 38.14% (95% CI, 24.08%-60.40%), respectively (P&lt;0.001). This proposed model distinctly outperformed the widely used IPSS-R. In summary, we constructed and validated a personalized prediction model of MDS patients with SF3B1 mutation that can better predict the survival of these patients.